形合与意合ppt课件.ppt
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1、火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生,不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物,要当机立断,披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去形合与意合形合与意合n n所谓形合,指的是句中的词语或分句之间用语言所谓形合,指的是句中的词语或分句之间用语言形式手段(如关联词)连接起来,表达语法意义形式手段(如关联词)连接起来,表达语法意义和逻辑关系。和逻辑关系。The American Heritage Dictionary The American Heritage Dictionary 给形合给形合定义为:定义为:“The dependent or subordinate“The dependent or subordinat
2、e construction or relationship of clauses with construction or relationship of clauses with connectives,for example,I shall despair connectives,for example,I shall despair if if you dont you dont come.”come.”n n所谓意合,指的是词语与分句之间不用语言形式所谓意合,指的是词语与分句之间不用语言形式手段连接,句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语手段连接,句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分句的含
3、义表达。或分句的含义表达。The World Book Dictionary The World Book Dictionary 给意给意合定义为:合定义为:“The arranging of clauses one after the“The arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation other without connectives showing the relation between them.Example:The rain fell;the river bet
4、ween them.Example:The rain fell;the river flooded;the house washed away”flooded;the house washed away”火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生,不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物,要当机立断,披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去n n英语句子结构特点:主谓搭架,枝叶上挂,叠床架屋,都有语法。这说明英语是形合的语言,结构严谨。n n汉语句子结构特点:话题说明,叙述分层,可断可续,意尽为界。这说明汉语是意合的语言,结构松散,形散而神聚,用词简洁。n n英译汉技巧:形合变意合,显性变隐性,去掉关联词语。n n汉译英技
5、巧:意合变形合,隐性变显性,增加关联词语。火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生,不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物,要当机立断,披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去n n英语形合法英语形合法英语形合法英语形合法n n英语造句常用各种形式手段连接词、语、分句或从句,英语造句常用各种形式手段连接词、语、分句或从句,注重显性接应注重显性接应(overt cohesion)(overt cohesion),注重句子形式,注重,注重句子形式,注重结构完整,注重以形显义。英语句中的连接手段和形结构完整,注重以形显义。英语句中的连接手段和形式式(cohesive ties)(cohesive ties)不仅数量大,种类多
6、,而且用得十不仅数量大,种类多,而且用得十分频繁:分频繁:n n1 1关系词和连接词。关系词和连接词。关系词和连接词。关系词和连接词。n n关系词包括关系代词、关系副词、连接代词和连接副关系词包括关系代词、关系副词、连接代词和连接副词,如词,如who,whom,whose,that,which,what,when,where,who,whom,whose,that,which,what,when,where,why,how why,how 等,用来连接主句和定语从句、主语从句、等,用来连接主句和定语从句、主语从句、宾语从句或表语从句。连接词包括并列连词和从属连宾语从句或表语从句。连接词包括并列
7、连词和从属连词,如词,如and,or,but,yet,so,however,as well as,(n)either and,or,but,yet,so,however,as well as,(n)either(n)or,(n)or,及及when,while,as,since,until,sothat,unless,when,while,as,since,until,sothat,unless,lest lest 等,用来连接词、词组、分句或状语从句。英语等,用来连接词、词组、分句或状语从句。英语造句几乎离不开这些关系词和连接词,汉语则少用甚造句几乎离不开这些关系词和连接词,汉语则少用甚至不用
8、这些词。至不用这些词。火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生,不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物,要当机立断,披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去n n1)All was cleared up some time later 1)All was cleared up some time later when when news came news came from a distant place from a distant place thatthat an earthquake was felt the very an earthquake was felt the very day the littl
9、e copper ball fell.day the little copper ball fell.n n过了一些时候,从远方传来了消息:在小铜球坠落的当天,过了一些时候,从远方传来了消息:在小铜球坠落的当天,过了一些时候,从远方传来了消息:在小铜球坠落的当天,过了一些时候,从远方传来了消息:在小铜球坠落的当天,确实发生了地震。这一切终于得到了澄清。确实发生了地震。这一切终于得到了澄清。确实发生了地震。这一切终于得到了澄清。确实发生了地震。这一切终于得到了澄清。n n2)2)When When I try to understand I try to understand whatwhat
10、it is that prevents so it is that prevents so many Americans from being many Americans from being asas happy happy as as one might expect,one might expect,it seems that there are two causes,of it seems that there are two causes,of which which one goes much one goes much deeper than the other.deeper
11、than the other.n n为什么如此众多的美国人不能如想象中那样幸福呢?我认为什么如此众多的美国人不能如想象中那样幸福呢?我认为什么如此众多的美国人不能如想象中那样幸福呢?我认为什么如此众多的美国人不能如想象中那样幸福呢?我认为原因有二,而两者之间又有深浅之分。为原因有二,而两者之间又有深浅之分。为原因有二,而两者之间又有深浅之分。为原因有二,而两者之间又有深浅之分。n n3)It had been a fine,golden autumn,a lovely farewell to 3)It had been a fine,golden autumn,a lovely farewel
12、l to those those who who would lose their youth,would lose their youth,and and some of them their some of them their lives,lives,before before the leaves turned again in a peacetime fall.the leaves turned again in a peacetime fall.火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生,不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物,要当机立断,披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去n n那是个天气晴朗、金黄可爱
13、的秋天,美好的秋色为那些青那是个天气晴朗、金黄可爱的秋天,美好的秋色为那些青年们送别。待到战后和平时期,黄叶纷飞的秋天再度来临年们送别。待到战后和平时期,黄叶纷飞的秋天再度来临时,当日的青年已经失去了青春,有的丧失了生命。时,当日的青年已经失去了青春,有的丧失了生命。n n4)It is flattering to believe 4)It is flattering to believe thatthat they are too profound to be they are too profound to be expressed expressed so so clearly clea
14、rly thatthat all all whowho run may read,and very run may read,and very naturally it does not occur to such writers that the fault is naturally it does not occur to such writers that the fault is with their own minds which have not the faculty of precise with their own minds which have not the facul
15、ty of precise reflection.reflection.(W.S.Maugham:W.S.Maugham:Lucidity,Simplicity,Lucidity,Simplicity,EuphonyEuphony)n n认为自己的思想深奥,不可能表达得很清楚,让任何人都认为自己的思想深奥,不可能表达得很清楚,让任何人都认为自己的思想深奥,不可能表达得很清楚,让任何人都认为自己的思想深奥,不可能表达得很清楚,让任何人都能理解,这是一种虚荣的念头。这样的作家当然不会想到,能理解,这是一种虚荣的念头。这样的作家当然不会想到,能理解,这是一种虚荣的念头。这样的作家当然不会想到,能理解
16、,这是一种虚荣的念头。这样的作家当然不会想到,问题还是出在自己脑子缺乏精确思考的能力。问题还是出在自己脑子缺乏精确思考的能力。问题还是出在自己脑子缺乏精确思考的能力。问题还是出在自己脑子缺乏精确思考的能力。n n5)It was5)It was what what sentimentalists,sentimentalists,whowho deal in very big words,deal in very big words,call a yearning after the ideal,call a yearning after the ideal,and and simply mea
17、nssimply means that that women are not satisfied women are not satisfied untiluntil they have husbands they have husbands and and children on children on whomwhom they may centre affections,they may centre affections,which which are are spent elsewhere,as it were,in small change.(W.spent elsewhere,a
18、s it were,in small change.(W.Thackeray:Thackeray:Vanity FairVanity Fair)火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生,不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物,要当机立断,披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去n n一般情感主义者喜欢用大字眼,称之为对于理想爱情的渴一般情感主义者喜欢用大字眼,称之为对于理想爱情的渴望。换言之,它们认为女人的情感平时只能零星发泄,必望。换言之,它们认为女人的情感平时只能零星发泄,必须有了丈夫和孩子,情感收聚起来有了归宿,自己才能满须有了丈夫和孩子,情感收聚起来有了归宿,自己才能满足。足。n n2 2介词介词介词介词n n
19、介词包括简单介词(如介词包括简单介词(如with,to,in,of,about,between,with,to,in,of,about,between,throughthrough)、合成介词(如、合成介词(如inside,onto,upon,within,without,inside,onto,upon,within,without,throughoutthroughout)和成语介词(如和成语介词(如according to,along with,apart according to,along with,apart from,because of,in front of,on behal
20、f of,with regard tofrom,because of,in front of,on behalf of,with regard to)。)。据据G.Curme G.Curme 统计,英语各类介词共约统计,英语各类介词共约286286个。介词是英语个。介词是英语里最活跃的词类之一,是连接词、语或从句的重要手段。里最活跃的词类之一,是连接词、语或从句的重要手段。R.Bander R.Bander 指出:指出:“A preposition may be defined as a“A preposition may be defined as a connecting word sho
21、wing the relation of a noun or substitute connecting word showing the relation of a noun or substitute for a noun to some other word in the sentence.Prepositions for a noun to some other word in the sentence.Prepositions appear constantly in English speech and writing.Over ninety appear constantly i
22、n English speech and writing.Over ninety percent of preposition usage involves these nine prepositions:percent of preposition usage involves these nine prepositions:with,to,from,at,in,of,by,for and on.”with,to,from,at,in,of,by,for and on.”英语造句几乎离不开英语造句几乎离不开介词,汉语则常常不用或省略介词。介词,汉语则常常不用或省略介词。火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃
23、生,不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物,要当机立断,披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去n nThe many colors The many colors ofof a rainbow range a rainbow range fromfrom red red on on the the outsideoutside to to violet violet onon the inside.the inside.n n彩虹有多种颜色,外圈红,内圈紫。彩虹有多种颜色,外圈红,内圈紫。彩虹有多种颜色,外圈红,内圈紫。彩虹有多种颜色,外圈红,内圈紫。n n2)He had a disconcerti
24、ng habit 2)He had a disconcerting habit of of expressing expressing contradictory ideas contradictory ideas in in rapid succession.rapid succession.n n他有一种令人难堪的习惯:一会儿一个看法,自相矛盾,他有一种令人难堪的习惯:一会儿一个看法,自相矛盾,他有一种令人难堪的习惯:一会儿一个看法,自相矛盾,他有一种令人难堪的习惯:一会儿一个看法,自相矛盾,变化无常。变化无常。变化无常。变化无常。n n3)This was an intelligentl
25、y organized and fervent 3)This was an intelligently organized and fervent meeting meeting in in a packed Town Hall,a packed Town Hall,withwith Mr.Strong in the Mr.Strong in the chair.chair.n n 这是一次精心组织起来的会议。市政厅里济济一堂,这是一次精心组织起来的会议。市政厅里济济一堂,这是一次精心组织起来的会议。市政厅里济济一堂,这是一次精心组织起来的会议。市政厅里济济一堂,热情洋溢,主持会议的是斯特朗先
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