化学专业英语有机化合物中英文命名一.ppt

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1、有机化合物的命名n系统命名IUPAC names(systematic names)n 俗名法trivial names(popular names)n国际纯粹化学和应用化学联合会 IUPAC:International Union of Pure and Applied ChemistryNomenclature of Organic Compounds有机化合物的命名n系统命名IUPAC names(systematic names)nCCS命名法-中文系统命名法CCS-Chinese Chemical Society,CCS以IUPAC基本原则为准则，结合中文特点稍有不同.n不含官能团化

2、合物 Nonfunctional Compounds1烃类-（烷烃 Alkane烯烃 Alkene炔烃Alkyne）2单环化合物（Monocyclic compounds）n官能团化合物 Functional compounds有机化合物的命名1烃类-（烷烃 Alkane烯烃 Alkene炔烃Alkyne）nAlkane 烷烃，链烷nAlkene 烯烃，链烯nAlkyne 炔烃烷烃命名nAlkane十二十二十一十一十十九九NumberNumberoctaocta-八八heptahepta-七七hexahexa-六六pentapenta-五五PrefixPrefixNumberNumbertet

3、ra-tetra-四四tri-tri-三三didi-二二mono-mono-一一PrefixPrefixNumberNumberdodecadodeca-undecaundeca-decadeca-nonanona-PrefixPrefix希腊前缀prefix十三十三tridecatrideca十七十七heptadecaheptadeca十四十四tetradecatetradeca十八十八octadecaoctadeca十五十五pentadecapentadeca十九十九nonadecanonadeca十六十六hexadecahexadeca二十二十icosaicosa链烷烃命名(The na

4、mes of linear alkanes)CH4MethaneC8H18OctaneC15H32pentadecane C2H6EthaneC9H20NonaneC16H34hexadecaneC3H8PropaneC10H22DecaneC17H36heptadecaneC4H10ButaneC11H24UndecaneC18H38octadecaneC5H12PentaneC12H26DodecaneC19H40nonadecane C6H14HexaneC13H28TridecaneC20H42icosaneC7H16HeptaneC14H30TetradecaneNames of c

5、ontinuous-chain alkanes(C1-C20)后缀Suffix-ane 烯烃的命名（Alkene）n-ene（Suffix）nIUPAC names：Ethene propene butenenTrivial name:ethylene propylene butylenen如果不是端烯烃则需要给出双键在碳链中的位置give position of C=C烯烃的命名（Alkene）C8H18OcteneC15H32pentadecene C2H6EtheneC9H20NoneneC16H34hexadeceneC3H8PropeneC10H22DeceneC17H36hepta

6、deceneC4H10ButeneC11H24UndeceneC18H38octadeceneC5H12PenteneC12H26DodeceneC19H40nonadecene C6H14HexeneC13H28TrideceneC20H42icoseneC7H16HepteneC14H30TetradeceneNames of continuous-chain alkenes(C1-C20)炔烃的命名（Alkyne）n-yne（Suffix）nIUPAC names：Ethyne propyne butyneIcosyne nTrivial name:acetylene n如果不是端烯烃则

7、需要给出叁键的位置give position of CC直链烃基取代基(substituents)的命名n烷基alkyl-alkanen Rule:omit the suffix“ane”and add“yl”to the end of the name(去掉后缀“ane”,加上“yl”)methyl nonadecyl icosyl直链烃基取代基的命名n烯基alkenyl-alkenenRule:omit the last letter“e”and add“yl”to the end of the name(去掉最后一个字母“e”，加上后缀“yl”)ethenyl 乙烯基）1-propeny

8、l(丙烯基)ntrivial names:vinyl,allyl(烯丙基)直链烃基取代基的命名n炔基alkynyl alkynenRule:omit the last letter“e”and add“yl”to the end of the name(去掉最后一个字母“e”，加上后缀“yl”)1-propynyl（丙炔基）,1-pentynyl（戊炔基）n苯基 benzene=phene phenyl（苯基）-benzyl（苯甲基，苄基）n如果相同的烷基（简单的烷基）在一个分子中超过一个，用前缀来表示：di-,tri-,tetra-n如果相同的烷基（复杂的烷基）在一个分子中超过一个，用前缀来

9、表示：bis-,tris-,tetrakis-,pentakis-nbi-:biphenyl（联苯）,binuclear-（双核）烃基取代基的命名支链烃的命名（Branched-alkyl group）nRule i.Choose the longest continuous chain with the greatest number of substituents as the parent body.n规则1.选择最长、取代基最多的碳链作为主链.支链烃的命名3-methylheptane（3-甲基庚烷）2,3,5-trimethyl-4-propylheptaneRule ii.Give

10、 the lowest position numbers for substituents.规则2.取代基的位置数目总和最小。支链烃的命名2,3,3-trimethylpentane2,2,4-trimethylpentane2,3,5-trimethylhexanenRuleiii.Give the first listed substituent a lower position number;the sum of the position numbers for all sbustituents should be as low as possible.n规则3.数字较小的取代基排在前面

11、，表示取代基位置的数字总和尽可能小。支链烃的命名支链烃的命名（Branched-alkyl group）nThe names of the substituents are given in alphabetical order in the systematic names of organic compounds.nExcept the prefixes iso-and neo-,the other prefixes,such as di-,tri-,sec-,tert-are not involved in alphabetical listing.支链烃的命名 2,3,5-trichl

12、orohexaneNot 2,4,5-trichlorohexane 2,7,8-trimethyldecaneNot 3,4,9-trimethyldecane烃基取代基的命名n如果是枝状的烷基，用前缀iso-,neo-,sec-,tert-表示n-normal(正）iso-isomeric(异）tert-tertiary(叔）烃基取代基的命名nneo-neos(新),nsec-secondary(仲）烃基取代基的命名nsec-（仲）,tert-（叔）只用于丁基：sec-butyl,tert-butyl niso-（异）,neo-（新）既可以用于化合物的命名，又可以用于取代基 的命名。iso

13、butyl,isobutane,isohexyl,neopentyl,neopentane烃基取代基的命名nExercises:2-methylpentane5-ethyl-2,2-dimethyloctane2,2-dimethyl-5-ethyloctane4-sec-butyl-3-methylnonane（壬烷）3-methyl-4-sec-butylnonane5-isopropyl-4-propyldecane（癸烷）4-propyl-5-isopropyldecane3-propyl-1,3,5-hexatriene4,4-bis(tert-butyl)-2-methylocta

14、ne（叔丁基）5-sec-butylnonane 仲丁基5-(2-butyl)nonane5-2-butylnonane2-methyl-4,4-bis(tert-butyl)octane4,4-bis(tert-butyl)-2-methyloctane（叔丁基）4-vinyl-1-hepten-5-yne3-acetylenyl-1,5-hexadiene3-vinyl-4-propyl-1,3-hexadien-5-yne2单环化合物（Monocyclic compounds）的命名n命名规则：环烷烃 cyclo+alkane cyclo+alkyl 环烯烃 cyclo+alkene c

15、yclo+alkenyl 环炔烃 cyclo+alkyne cyclo+alkynyl cyclohexane cyclohexenemonocyclic compounds cyclo+the name of alkane cyclopropane cyclopentane cyclohexane monosubstituted:chlorocyclohexane methylcyclopentanemultisubstituted:Give the functional group the lowestposition number.The sum of position numbers

16、for all substituents should be as low as possible.cyclopentylcyclohexanetrans-1-ethyl-4-methylcyclohexane5-cyclopentyl-2-methylheptane环烷烃环烯烃1,3 cyclohexadiene3-ethyl-1,4,5-trimethylcyclohexene支链取代基的命名xyleneo,m,p-benzenetoluene芳香化合物Arometic compounds邻位-ortho 间位-meta 对位-paramesitylenestyrene单取代苯 Monos

17、ubstituted benzenesnitrobenzeneethylbenzenechlorobenzeneanilinecyanobenzenephenol一些重要的取代基Other important substituentshydroxy-alkoxy-(C1-C4 methoxy,ethoxy,Propoxy,butoxy;C5 pentyloxy decyl oxy)phenoxymercapto(巯基）AlkylthioaminoformylcyanonitronitrosylacetyloxoAlkanoyl(acyl，hexanoyl）C1-C5酰基（acyl）俗名:for

18、myl,acetyl,propionyl,butyryl valerylbenzoyl3-oxobutyric acidbenzoic acido-(ethylthio)phenol多取代的芳香化合物 Multisubstituented aromatic compoundsp-acetylbenzoic acido-hydroxybenzoic acidm-sec-butyl（仲丁基）chlorobenzenep-bromomethoxybenzene3-ethyl-4-phenyl cyclohexenep-ethyltoluenem-methylanilineo-cyanophenolperfluorobenzeneo-xylenephthalic acid