fidic质量下降的原因.ppt

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1、 Quality Outcomes The FIDIC PerspectivePresented at BIMILACI 2005Washington,DCApril 7,2005Gregs G.Thomopulos,P.E.,FACECThe IssueGeneralobservationthatthequalityoftheconstructedprojecthasbeendeteriorating.ThisobservationisconfirmedbytheBanksProjectManagers,ExecutingAgenciesandInternationalConsultants

2、.ItisalsoperceivedthatgoodInternationalConsultantsarelosinginterestinBank-fundedprojects.ThecurrenttrendindiminishedQualityOutcomeoftheconstructedprojectneedstobereversed.What are the causes of deterioration in Quality?Amajorcauseisthediminishedqualityofdesign.Lowerqualitydesignresultsinlowerquality

3、constructionandincreasedvariationorders,resultinginincreasedcostoftheproject.Otherfactorscontributeaswell,including:Corruption;IncompetentContractors;PoorProjectManagement;LackofResourcestoManageContractors.BackgroundForseveraldecades,FIDIC,theBanksandtheconsultingindustryachievedgoodQualityOutcomes

4、byfocusingonthelife-cyclecostoftheconstructedprojects.Thisalignmentwasachievedthroughtheuseofqualityprocurementprocedures.Morerecently,thefocusoncosthasshiftedfromtheprojectslife-cyclecosttothecostofdesign.Thefocusonthecostofdesignhasresultedinlesserqualitydesign.“It is unwise to pay too much,but it

5、s worse to pay too little.When you pay too little,you sometimes lose everything because the thing you bought was incapable of doing the thing you bought it to do.“The common law of business balance prohibits paying a little and getting a lot it cant be done.”“It is unwise to pay too much,but its wor

6、se to pay too little.When you pay too little,you sometimes lose everything because the thing you bought was incapable of doing the thing you bought it to do.John Ruskin(1819-1900)British Poet,Scientist and Philosopher“Price has no meaning except in terms of the quality of the product.”Dr.W.Edwards D

7、eming(1900-1993)What is a Quality Outcome?AQualityOutcomeisacompletedprojectthat:SuccessfullyachievestheOwnersvisionfortheproject;Incorporatesthelong-termdevelopmentalneedsofthelocalpopulaceandtheglobalenvironment;Accomplishestheaboveatthelowestpossiblelife-cyclecost.AQualityOutcomeissignificantlymo

8、relikelywhenaprojectisexecutedusingQuality-BasedPrinciples.The FIDIC Strategy“Duringallphasesoftheprojectlife-cycle,theoverridingconcernshouldbethequalityoftheservicesprovided.”Quality-Based PrinciplesInformedPurchaser;Quality-BasedSelectionofConsultants;Employer/Consultant&Employer/ContractorContra

9、cts;BusinessIntegrityManagement;CapacityBuildingandSustainability;Quality-BasedProjectManagementandConstruction;andMonitoringofOutcomes.Informed PurchaserAnInformedPurchaserisanOwnerwhoeitherhasthein-housetechnicalexpertiseorengagesoutsideexpertsnecessaryto:clearlyconveyprojectvision;evaluateandsele

10、ctconsultants;understandtherisksandproceduresinherentinprojectexecution;andfollowthroughwithproperO&Mproceduresandmonitoringofoutcomes.Informed PurchaserTheInformedPurchaserwillbebetterequippedtoincorporateotherQuality-BasedPrinciplesattheprojectdevelopmentphase,including:CapacityBuilding;Sustainabi

11、lity;andMonitoringofOutcomes.Procurement of Engineering ServicesThe procurement of engineering services is one of the most important aspects of,and has the greatest impact on,ensuring quality in the constructed project.The Clients challenge is to get a good“return on investment”in design services.Qu

12、ality-Based Selection of Consulting EngineersQualityOutcomeissignificantlymoreobtainablewhenQBSisemployed.Thisistrueforallprojects.TheQBS/QCBSdecisionisnotamatterofwhichprocurementprocessleadstogreaterquality;itisamatteroftowhatdegreequalitymatters.ToachieveaQualityOutcome,Life-CycleCostmustbeconsid

13、ered;QBSresultsinlowerLife-CycleCosts.TheprocurementofconsultingengineerserviceshasthegreatestimpactontheLife-CycleCostoftheproject,yetistheleastcostlycomponent.TheOwnerschallengeistogetagood“returnoninvestment”indesignservices.Quality-Based Selection of Consulting EngineersTheQBSprocessalsoprovides

14、agreateropportunitytosuccessfullyrealizetheprojectvisionthrough:Innovation.ThenegotiationphaseprovidestheOwnerwiththeopportunitytoconsideralternativeapproaches,whichcanimprovetheprojectandsavecosts.Greaterpublicsafetyandwelfare.Themorequalifiedtheconsultant,thegreatertheassurancethattheprojectwillpr

15、omoteandprotectthepublichealth,safetyandwelfare.Quality-Based Selection of Consulting EngineersQuality-Based Selection of Consulting EngineersTheQBSprocessgenerallyincludestheselectionofthebestqualifiedfirmbyobjectivecriteriaandthennegotiatesscopeofworkandprice.RefertoFIDICGuidelinesfortheSelectiono

16、fConsultants.Thebestqualifiedfirmisselected;Ascopeofservicesfullyunderstoodbybothpartiesisnegotiated;Afairandreasonablefeeisnegotiated;Failingagreement,negotiationsareterminatedandaninvitationofferedtothenext-rankedfirmtonegotiate.Result of Good Quality OutcomeQBSproducesqualitydesigns.Qualitydesign

17、sproducequalityprojects.Qualityprojectshavefewervariationordersduringconstruction.Fewervariationordersresultinlowerconstructioncosts.Qualitydesignsandlowerconstructioncostsresultinlowerlife-cyclecosts.QBSisintheOwnersbestinterest.Result of Poor Quality OutcomeHighmaintenancecosts.Projectsfail,e.g.,r

18、oadpavementscollapse.Costandtimeoverruns.Disputationsandlitigation.Contractorsdefaultanddonotcompleteprojects.“selection of an Architect or Engineer solely on price-competition basis provides the potential for reductions in quality due to initial underestimation of the costs and resources required t

19、o adequately perform the work.”U.S.House of RepresentativeSubcommittee Report on Structural FailuresCONTRACTS(Employer/Consultant and Employer/Contractor)Fairtobothparties.Transparentandplainlanguage.Harmonized(standardforms).Risksandresponsibilitiesclearlyidentified.Meticulousinidentifyingscope/ext

20、ent.Business Integrity ManagementCorruptionunderminestheachievementofaQualityOutcome,andthepracticeofbusinessintegrityiscrucialtofightingcorruption.FIDICrecommendsthatconsultingengineersadopttheFIDICBusinessIntegrityManagementSystem(BIMS),andthatOwnershaveregardtothispolicyduringselection.Business I

21、ntegrity ManagementBIMSisapracticalinternaltooldesignedtopreventcorruptbehaviourandencourageintegritybyfocusingon:Aclearcommitmentbyleadershipdemonstrated,amongotherways,throughadoptionandrequiredadherencetoaBIMS.Involvementofstaff.Aplannedprocessapproachthatanticipatespotentialopportunitiesforcorru

22、ption,incorporatespreventativemeasures,andrequiresdocumentationoftheadministrativemanagementofeachactivity.Capacity BuildingImprovestheQualityOutcomeoftheconstructedproject.FeecompetitionisdetrimentaltoCapacityBuilding.Asaresultoffeecompetition,localfirmsarenotadequatelycompensated.Banksmaywanttoexa

23、minetheneedfor“set-asides”ofprojectsforlocalconsultants.Theprocurementforsuch“set-asides”shouldbebasedonqualityprinciples.SustainabilitySustainabilityintegratestheenvironmental,economic,andsocialdimensionsofdevelopment,andisthereforefundamentaltoaQualityOutcome.TheFIDICProjectSustainabilityManagemen

24、t(PSM)processprovidesaframeworkfortheOwnerandEngineertobalanceprojectvisionagainstcostandavailablealternatives,andselectappropriateprojectgoalsandindicatorsforsustainabledevelopment.Theindicatorsarelinkedbacktohigherlevelgoalssuchasglobalwarming,biodiversity,accesstofreshwater,andmaterialsandenergyu

25、se.Quality-Based Project ManagementFIDICrecommendsthatconsultingengineersadoptaQualityManagementSystem,andthatOwnershaveregardtothispolicyduringselection.AQualityManagementSystemisaformalizedprojectmanagementstructurethatincorporates:Customer-focusedleadershipandorganization;Employeeinvolvement;Apro

26、cessandfactualapproachtodecisionmaking;Continuousimprovement;and Mutuallybeneficialsupplier(subconsultant)relationships.Quality-Based ConstructionQualityprinciplesextendtothetenderingandconstructionphase.Meanstoincorporatequalityprinciplesinclude:Prequalificationofcontractors;Quality-basedconstructi

27、onmanagementprocedures;and Documentationofcontractorperformance.Monitoring of OutcomesAQualityOutcomerequiresalong-termcommitmentonthepartoftheOwnertoQuality-BasedPrinciplesduringtheoperationallifeoftheproject,includingSustainabilityandCapacityBuilding.ThesuccessoftheotherQuality-BasedPrinciplesshou

28、ldbemonitoredandanalyzed,andthisinformationshouldbeusedtorefinetheprinciples.ConclusionTheincorporationofQuality-BasedPrinciplesintheexecutionofBank-fundedprojectsisessentialtotheachievementofthestatedgoal:areversalofthetrendofdiminishedQualityOutcomesonBank-fundedprojects.“End the practice of award

29、ing business on price tag alone.”Dr.W.Edwards Deming“There is scarcely anything in the world that some man cannot make a little worse,and sell a little more cheaply.The person who buys on price alone is this mans lawful prey.”John Ruskin(1819-1900)British Poet,Scientist and Philosopher“I told you to use QBS to build this bridge.”Thank YouThank You