英语词汇学 Chapter 9 主要英语国家词汇特征.ppt

《英语词汇学 Chapter 9 主要英语国家词汇特征.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《英语词汇学 Chapter 9 主要英语国家词汇特征.ppt（46页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、Chapter 12英语词汇的国别特征 nTeaching focus:n1.American English and British Englishn2.Canadian n3.Australiann4.Neuzeland n1.American English wordsn1.1 History of American Englishn1607 Jamestown:permanent colonyn1773-1783 War of Independencen英国政府于1773年颁布茶税法企图垄断北美的茶叶生意，他们给予东印度公司在北美倾销茶叶的专卖权。此举激起了殖民地人民的强烈反对。12月

2、16日夜晚，“自由之子社”的部分成员登上三艘停泊在港口的英国运茶船，将船上343箱茶叶统统倒入大海。这就是有名的波士顿倾茶事件。n年月日，大陆会议通过独立宣言，宣告美利坚合众国诞生。n1783年9月3日，英国正式承认美国独立。n1882 Noah Webster American English Dictionary:American languagenTwo wars of the world led to the changes of political status of Britain and America:nThe degradation of BritonnThe hegemon

3、y of America 霸主 nSir Earnest Gowers:symptoms of surrender by the older competitor to the younger and more vigorousn1.2 Causes leading to the differences between British and American Englishn1.2.1 The development of EnglishnAmerican colony:the 17th century EnglishnBritain has developed.n17th English/

4、American now in EnglishnGottengotnMad生气的疯狂的nrare未煮熟的罕见的，稀罕的nfall,意为“秋天”,来源于the fall of leaves(落叶时节),而标准英语从乔叟(Geoffrey Chaucer,约13461400年)就开始用“autumn”一词(来自法语)表示“秋天”nbug一词在美国英语中泛指“虫子”,而现在在英国英语中却专指“臭虫”n1.2.2 The independent development of American EnglishnAssemblynPresidentnSenatenCongressnHarmonicanTa

5、r and feathernTelephonenTo advocate n1.2.3 American English words borrowed words from other cultures:nIndian language:chinquapin美国栗树,chipmunk金花鼠,hickory山核桃,hominy玉米粥,igloo园丁茅屋nFrench:bureau局,cache地窖,prairie,pumpkinnSpanish:abode住处,lasso套索,ranch庄园,corral畜栏,cockroach nDutch:boss,scow敞舱驳船nGerman:noodle

6、,poker拨火棍,seminar,semester,hamburger,frankfurter牛肉香肠n1.2.4 Mutual influence of British and American English:n1775-1783:the predominance of British English over American Englishn1861-1865:the gradual independence of American EnglishnAfter the Civil War to date:the predominance of American English ove

7、r British English1.3 Differences between British English and American Englishn1.3.1 In vocabularynSame words,different meaningsnDifferent words,same meaningsn1.3.2 In spelling and pronunciationn1.3.3 In grammarn1.3.1 In vocabularynSame words,different meaningsnDifferent words,same meaningsnWords use

8、d only in one countrysame word,different meanings英音美音vest汗衫西服背心Pants短裤裤子Public school私立学校公立学校Cupboard壁橱食品柜cracker爆竹饼干billion万亿十亿pressman新闻工作者印刷工人英音美音vest汗衫西服背心Pants短裤裤子Public school私立学校公立学校Cupboard壁橱食品柜cracker爆竹饼干billion万亿十亿pressman新闻工作者印刷工人Different words share the same meaning英音美音包裹parcelpackage汽油

9、petrolgas大轿车saloonsedan消声器silencerMuffler酒吧pubBar垃圾rubbishgarbage律师solicitorlawyer英音美音包裹parcelpackage汽油petrolgas大轿车saloonsedan消声器silencerMuffler酒吧pubBar垃圾rubbishgarbage律师solicitorlawyer影片filmMovie电梯Liftelevator汽车Motor-carAutomobile行李Luggagebaggage询问处Inquiry officeBureau of information月票Season ticket

10、Communtation ticket寄宿lodgingboarding作业taskassignment影片filmMovie电梯Liftelevator汽车Motor-carAutomobile行李Luggagebaggage询问处Inquiry officeBureau of information月票Season ticketCommutation ticket寄宿lodgingboarding作业taskassignmentnMore examples:nAmerican English 900nI guess youre right.nBritish English 901nI su

11、ppose youre right.nP.350-351nWords used only in one countrynAmerica characteristic words：nBritain characteristic words：nP.3501.3.2 Difference in spelling p.352n美式拼写使有些词符合拼写规则或与读音一致n美式拼写省略重写辅音字母n省略不发音的字母n其它nP.352-353Consistency between pronunciation and spellingnBritish nFibrenCentrenRealise nDefence

12、 nFavour nEnquire nGasolene nCatalogue nAmericannFibernCenternRealizenDefensenFavornInquire nGasoline nCatalog Omission of the second consonantnBritish nTravellernWaggonnProgrammenCigarettenWhizz nAmerican nTraveler nWagonnProgramnCigaretnWhiz Omission of the unvoiced soundnBritishnAxenGood-byenPlou

13、gh nAmerican nAxnGood-bynPlow nBritish nPedlarnScepticnChequenSmouldernMediaevalnDraughtnFusenTsar nAmerican nPeddlernSkepticnChecknSmoldernMedievalnDraftnFuzenTzar 1.3.3 In grammarnBritishnIve just had lunch.nHave you finished your homework yet?nAmericannI just had lunch.nDid you finish your homewo

14、rk yet?nBritish n have nHave you got a car?nShe has got a beautiful new home.nHe hasnt got any friends.nAmerican n donDo you have a car?nShe has a beautiful new home.nHe doesnt have any friends.In prepositionnBritish nFill in a formnMeet somebodynMonday to FridaynStay at homenAmerican nFill out a fo

15、rmnMeet with somebodynMonday through FridaynStay homeIn subjunctive moodnBritish nI insist that you should attend the meeting.nI move that Mr.Smith should be appointed secretary.nAmerican nI insist that you attend the meeting.nI move that Mr.Smith be appointed secretary.Canadian EnglishnP.354-356Aus

16、tralian EnglishnP.356-357New Zealand EnglishnP.357-360China English VS.ChinglishnChina English:n1980 年葛传槼先生提出“中国英语”的概念。n谢之君认为“中国英语以规范英语为基础,能够进入英语交际,其使用频度和交际效果与使用者的水平有关”。n罗运芝简单概括为“中国英语是载汉语语言特征的英语变体”n科举n翰林院n五四运动n赛先生n德先生n白话文n双百方针n人民公社n四个现代化n菜篮子工程nimperial examinationsnhanlinyuan nMay Fourth Movement nM

17、r.Science nDemocracynbaihua wen nTwo hundred policies npeoples commune nfour modernizationsnvegetable basketprojectn小康水平n计划经济”nfairly comfortable standard of livingnplanned commodity economyChina Englishn第一种,按汉语习惯说出的英语与其本族语者的英语并没有区别。如,economic control system宏观调控体系,a collective ownership employee集体所有

18、制员工等。这些词是按照汉语习惯翻译的,但也符合英语的语言习惯。n第二种,有些中国英语虽然不符合或不完全符合英语本族语者的习惯,但符合语法。如,running dogs走狗,work units工作单位,one country two system一国两制等。这些词语英语本族语者一般不会使用,具有鲜明的中国特色,但翻译出来也符合英语的语法,也能被英语本族语者的语言习惯。n第三种,有些中国英语虽然不符合语法,但是可能符合英语本族语者的习惯,能被接受。如,Hainanese海南人等等。这类词都是根据英语本族语者的语言习惯创造出来的词。n第四种,有些中国英语目前确实还没有被所谓的“规范英语”接受,但是

19、对于英语本族语来讲意思十分清楚,理解不成问题,或者一经解释就会明白,并且对于中国人来讲学习起来不费功夫,用起来得心应手,能够发挥语言作为工具的功能。如,people mountains and people seas人山人海,iron rice bowl铁饭碗,running dogs走狗等等,这类词往往最具中国特色,最具中国标志.ngeli,ungelivable (2010年中国网络英语新词汇)nChinglish n中国式英语则是指中国的英语学习和使用者由于受母语的干扰和影响,硬套汉语规则和习惯,在英语交际中出现的不合规范或不合英语文化习惯的畸形英语。n你的身体很健康。n张老师n你吃过了

20、吗?n好好学习，天天向上n给你点颜色看看n方便面n人山人海nYour body is very healthynTeacher ZhangnHave you eaten up?nGood good study,day day up.ngive you some color to see seenConvenience foodnmountain people,sea people.n你的身体很健康.n张老师n你吃过了吗?n好好学习，天天向上n给你点颜色看看n方便面n人山人海nYou look very healthy.nMr.ZhangnHow are you?nStudy hard,and

21、make progress every dayn？nFast foodnA sea of peoplenEx.5,7,8 P.365-368Ex.5 P.364n1.block of flatsn2.solicitor/barristern3.pramn4.luggage vann5.galleryn6.bank noten7.grilledn8.draughtsn9.guardn10.biscuit(sweet)n11.biscuit(unsweetened)n12.turn-upsn13.packn14.nappyn15.draperyn16.chipsn17.rubbishn18.dyn

22、amon19.trampn20.bonnetn21.caravann22.crossroadsn23.sitting roomn24.digsn25.pillar boxn26.flyovern27.parceln28.record pulsoryn31.jumble salen32.timetablen33.gymshoesn34.toffeen35.undercutn36.roundaboutn37.bootn38.dinner jacketn39.roller blindn40.zipEx.7n1.draftn2.plown3.litern4.offensen5.pajamasn6.ch

23、eckn7.fliern8.skepticismn9.harborn10.insuren11.cozyn12.maneuvern13.civilizen14.anemicn15.jailn16.inflectionn17.mustachen18.esophagusn19.cuen20.showex.8n1.counselorn2.remoldn3.axn4.cigaretn5.jewelryn6.omeletn7.storyn8.good-byn9.specialtyn10.towardn11.wagonn12.catalogn13.aluminumn14.leveledn15.moltn16.programn17.judgmentn18.licensen19.amidn20.practice