2018届高考英语阅读主旨大意题.ppt

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1、主旨大意题是阅读理解中考生失分最多的主旨大意题是阅读理解中考生失分最多的题目，因为该类试题不仅考查考生略读文题目，因为该类试题不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力，也对考生的归纳、章、领会大意的能力，也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求，文章中没有概括能力提出了较高的要求，文章中没有明显的解题依据，需要考生从文章中提炼、明显的解题依据，需要考生从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨。才能归纳出文章的主旨。此类题目可分为此类题目可分为三大类，即三大类，即标题归纳题、文章大意题和段标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落大意题。落大意题。

2、典例 If humans were truly at home under the light of the moon and stars，we would go in darkness happily，the midnight world as visible to us as it is to the vast number of nocturnal(夜夜间间活活动动的的)species on this planet.Instead，we are diurnal creatures，with eyes adapted to living in the suns light.(2015浙江，

3、浙江，C片段片段)This is a basic evolutionary fact，even though most of us dont think of ourselves as diurnal beings.Yet its the only way to explain what weve done to the night：Weve engineered it to receive us by filling it with light.54.What might be the best title for the passage?()A.The Magic Light B.The

4、Orange HazeC.The Disappearing Night D.The Rhythms of Nature解析解析解解析析标标题题归归纳纳题题。整整篇篇文文章章都都在在说说明明光光污污染染给给生生物物带带来来的的巨巨大大影影响响，本本来来是是宁宁静静、舒舒适适的的夜夜晚晚也也被被人人类类设设计计的的灯灯光光所所影影响响。所所以以，标题应该是标题应该是The Disappearing Night。（2014陕西）Areyougoingtohighschooltogoonwithyourstudy?Whatwillyoudoifyoucant?Dontworry.Vocational(

5、职业的)schoolsareopenforyoubecauseourcountryisinneedofpeoplewithspecialskills.Comparedwithcommonhighschools,vocationalschoolshavemoreadvantages.Firstly,inordertopromote(促进)thedevelopmentofvocationaleducation,ourcountryspendsalotofmoneyonit.Soyouneedtopayonlyasmallpartoftheschoolfee(学费).Secondly,inherey

6、ouhavealreadystartedlearningpracticalskillsthatyoucanuseallyourlife.Butsomeotherstudentsmaystillworryabouthowtospendthelongthreeyearsathighschools.Why?Becausetheydidntchoosetheschoolthatsuits(适合)them.Andfinally,whentheyarestillwonderingwheretogo,youarealreadyabletoliveonyourownhandsproudly.Andperhap

7、sitwontbelongbeforeyouareontheroadtosuccess.Peopletakedifferentroadsbecausetheyhavedifferentpotentials(潜力).Sodifferentstudentsshouldchoosedifferentschools.Gotohighschoolifyouthinkthatyoucangofartheronthatroad.Chooseakeyhighschoolifyouareluckyenoughtohavethechance.Enteravocationalschoolifyouareintere

8、stedinthelessonsthereandyouarebetteratmakingthingswithyourhands.Inaword,thinkcarefullyandseewhatkindofpersonyouare.Remember,alwayschoosethingsthatsuityou.49.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A.Peopleshouldtakethesameroad.B.Keyhighschoolstudentsmustbegoodatmakingthings.C.Cleverstudentsarebetteratusingthei

9、rhands.D.Weshouldchoosethingsthatsuitus.50.Thispassageiswrittento.A.advisesomestudentstochoosevocationalschoolsB.talkabouttheadvantagesofcommonhighschoolsC.discusshowtodividestudentsintodifferentgroupsD.comparedifferentschools(2016浙江，浙江，C片段片段)Viewing childhood development as a scientific investigati

10、on throws light on how children learn，but it also offers an inspiring look at science and scientists.Why do young children and scientists seem to be so much alike?Psychologists have suggested that science as an effort the desire to explore,explain,and understand our worldis simply something that com

11、es from our babyhood.Perhaps evolution(进进化化)provided human babies with curiosity and a natural drive to explain their worlds,and adult scientists simply make use of the same drive that served them as children.The same cognitive(认认知的知的)systems that make young children feel good about figuring somethi

12、ng out may have been adopted by adult scientists.As some psychologists put it,“It is not that children are little scientists but that scientists are big children.”Q：What is the main idea of the last paragraph?AThe world may be more clearly explained through childrens play.BStudying babies play may l

13、ead to a better understanding of science.CChildren may have greater ability to figure out things than scientists.DOnes drive for scientific research may become stronger as he grows.解题思路第一步读本段文字，试找出本段的主题句，并标出能总结段落大意的关键词Viewing childhood development as a scientific investigation throws light on how ch

14、ildren learn，but it also offers an inspiring look at science and scientists.第二步根据该题选项的特点以及找到的主题句选BAIhateBlackFridaysales.Itsoftenagatheringofpeoplewhoarethereformanydifferentreasons.Somearelookingforadealonthatoneitemfortheirlovedone,orperhapsthemselves.Theirintentionsarecompletelyunrelatedtothefest

15、ivetimeoftheyear.ItwasseveralyearsagowhenmywifeaskedmetomeetheratthelocaldepartmentstoreonBlackFridaymorning.Theyhadadvertisedachildsbikethatshewantedtopurchaseforourson.Westoodwithaverylargecrowd,waitingforthemanagertoblowthewhistle.Afterawhilethewhistleblew.Itwaslikethrowingabucketofsmallfishintoa

16、tankofsharks.Itoldmywifethatifweobtainedabike,fine,butifwedidnot,IwasOKwiththattoo.Asthepileofbikesbegantograduallydecreaseinsize,Isawmypoliteopportunitytowrapmyhandsaroundthecornerofoneoftheboxes.Ilifteditupandsuddenlyfeltsomemildresistance.IlookeduptoseeoneofthelargestgentlemenIhadeverseeninmylife

17、.Frighteningwasnotthewordtodescribehispresence.Heworelotsofbeltsofmetalstuddedleatheraroundbotharmsandevenhisneck.Tattoos(文身文身)wereanobviouspassionofhis.Istartedtogiveuptheboxbuthegentlypusheditbackinmydirectionandbackintomyhands.Hethendirecteditintomyshoppingcart.Helookedatme,smiled,andsaid,“MerryC

18、hristmas.”MywifeandIwenttothecheckout,paidforthebikeandwenthome.AllthewayhomeIwasthinkingthatthismomentwasbyfarthebestgiftIhadeverreceivedforChristmas.Thekindnessofastrangerbrokeallpreconceivednotions(预想预想)Imayhavehadofstereotypesandprejudices.解析：解析：B考查推理判断。根据第二段中的考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“Itoldmywifethatifweo

19、btainedabike,fine,butifwedidnot,IwasOKwiththattoo”可可知作者进入商店时已经做好了买不到自行车的知作者进入商店时已经做好了买不到自行车的打算，故选打算，故选B项。项。干扰项分析：根据第二段中的干扰项分析：根据第二段中的“Itwaslikethrowingabucketofsmallfishintoatankofsharks”可知，它就好比往鲨鱼池里扔一桶可知，它就好比往鲨鱼池里扔一桶小鱼一样小鱼一样,因此因此crowd应是被比作鲨鱼，而不是应是被比作鲨鱼，而不是小鱼，故排除小鱼，故排除A项；项；2Whathappenedwhentheauthor

20、wasbuyingthebike?AHewasscaredbyamanslookatfirst.BAgentlemanboughtthebikeforhim.CAstrangerhelpedhimliftthebox.DHegaveupthebikehefirsttouched.解析：解析：A考查细节理解。根据第三段的考查细节理解。根据第三段的“IlookeduptoseeoneofthelargestgentlemenIhadeverseeninmylife.Frighteningwasnotthewordtodescribehispresence”可知，可知，“吓人吓人”这这个词已经不足以

21、形容这个人地出现了。故个词已经不足以形容这个人地出现了。故选选A项。项。解析：解析：D考查推理判断。根据第三段中对陌考查推理判断。根据第三段中对陌生人的描写可知，作者一开始因陌生人的外生人的描写可知，作者一开始因陌生人的外表而觉得他是个可怕的人；根据第四段的内表而觉得他是个可怕的人；根据第四段的内容可知，陌生人把盒子让给了作者，作者由容可知，陌生人把盒子让给了作者，作者由此发出感慨此发出感慨“Thekindnessofastrangerbrokeallpreconceivednotions(预想预想)Imayhavehadofstereotypesandprejudices”，即陌生人的善意打

22、破了作者对，即陌生人的善意打破了作者对他人的偏见，让作者知道不能以貌取人。他人的偏见，让作者知道不能以貌取人。解析：解析：C考查主旨要义。文章讲述了作者考查主旨要义。文章讲述了作者和妻子为儿子买自行车作为圣诞礼物时受和妻子为儿子买自行车作为圣诞礼物时受到了陌生人的帮助的故事，作者认为那一到了陌生人的帮助的故事，作者认为那一时刻是他收到过的最好的圣诞节礼物。故时刻是他收到过的最好的圣诞节礼物。故C项作标题最佳。项作标题最佳。(2017湖南省部分重点中学考前演练)Itswellknowntocardriversthatredmeans“stop”，greenmeans“go”，andyellowm

23、eans“hurryupandmakethatdamnlight”.Whythosecolors,though?Theanswerliesinthefactthattheearliesttrafficsignalsweredesignedfortrains,notcars.Theywereredandgreen,gaspowered,andmorethanalittledangerousintheeventofaleak.Redisaninherited(继承的继承的)symbolfromrailroads,whichsymbolizesdangerinmanycultures.Asredha

24、salongerwavelengththananyothercoloronthevisiblespectrum(光谱光谱),itcanbeseenfromagreaterdistancethanothercolors.Redhasmeant“stop”sincelongbeforecarsexisted,withtrainsignalsuseofreddatingbacktothedayswhenmechanicalarmsliftedandloweredtoindicatewhethertherailaheadwasclear.Greenswavelengthisnexttoyellowso

25、nthevisiblespectrum,meaningitsstilleasiertoseethananycolorotherthanredandyellow.Backintheearlydaysofrailwaylights,greenmeant“caution”，whilethe“allclear”lightwas,well,clearorwhite.Itissaidthatseveraldisastrouscollisionshappenedafteranengineermistookstarsinthenightforanallclear.Thus,greenbecame“go”，an

26、dforalongtime,railwaysusedonlygreenandredtosignaltrains.Fromtheearliestdaysofmotoringupuntilthemid1900s,notallstopsignswereredmanywereyellow,becauseatnightitwasallbutimpossibletoseearedstopsigninapoorlylitarea.In1915theyellowstopsigncrazebeganinDetroit,acitythatfiveyearslaterinstalleditsfirstelectri

27、ctrafficsignal,whichhappenedtoincludetheveryfirstyellowtrafficlight.Butwhatofthosemysteriousyellowstopsigns?Asmaterialsandtechnologiesevolved,theabilitytoproducehighlyreflectivesignsmeantthatredcouldresumeitsnaturalspotinthesignhierarchy,leavingthestillhighlyvisibleyellowtothedomain(领域)of“caution”.T

28、hatswhyschoolzonesandbuses,crosswalks,andotherimportantwarningsareyellowtoday.【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文。我们都知道【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文。我们都知道“红灯停，绿灯行，黄灯亮了快点走红灯停，绿灯行，黄灯亮了快点走”的交通规则，的交通规则，但交通信号灯为什么是红、黄、绿三种颜色呢？但交通信号灯为什么是红、黄、绿三种颜色呢？本文主要介绍了交通信号灯的起源和发展。本文主要介绍了交通信号灯的起源和发展。5Whatweretrafficlightsoriginallyintendedfor?ATrains.BCars.

29、CPlanes.DShips.解析：A考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“Theanswerliesinthefactthattheearliesttrafficsignalsweredesignedfortrains,notcars”可知，最初，交通信号灯是为火车而不是汽车的通行而设计的。故选A。6Whatsthemainreasonforredslongbeingusedtomean“stop”？AItcanbeseenevenindarkareas.BItrepresentsdangerinmanycultures.CIthasthelongestwavelength.DPeopleprefe

30、rredtoothercolors.解析：C考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“Asredhasalongerwavelengththananyothercoloronthevisiblespectrum(光谱),itcanbeseenfromagreaterdistancethanothercolors”可知，由于红色在可见光谱中波长最长，因此可视距离要比其他颜色更远，这也是其能长期被用作表示“停止”的交通信号的原因。故选C。7Whichofthefollowingmaytheauthoragreewith?A.Themeaningofredisculturespecific.BYellowfun

31、ctionedasstopsignsinthe1900s.CGreenswavelengthisjustsecondtothatofred.DGreensroleinlightshaschangedovertime.解析：D考查推理判断。根据第三段的内容尤其是“greenmeantcaution”“greenbecamego”可知，随着时间的变化，绿色在交通信号灯中所扮演的角色也发生了巨大的变化。故选D。8Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?AThesignificanceofroadtrafficsigns.BThehistoryofrailroadtrans

32、portation.CThesymbolicmeaningofdifferentcolors.DTheoriginanddevelopmentoftrafficlights.解析：解析：D考查主旨要义。通读全文内容可考查主旨要义。通读全文内容可知，本文主要讲述了交通信号灯的起源与知，本文主要讲述了交通信号灯的起源与发展，并解释了这三种颜色发展，并解释了这三种颜色(红、黄、绿红、黄、绿)的的物理性质及为什么会被用作交通信号灯。物理性质及为什么会被用作交通信号灯。故故D项最为全面地概括了文章的主要内容。项最为全面地概括了文章的主要内容。(2017甘肃第一次诊断甘肃第一次诊断)The2016Nobe

33、lPrizeinPhysicsissharedbythreescientists,theRoyalAcademyofSciencesannouncedinStockholmonTuesday.TheNobelPrizeinPhysics2016wasdivided,withonehalfawardedtoDavidJ.Thouless,theotherhalftoF.DuncanM.HaldaneandJ.MichaelKosterlitz“fortheoreticaldiscoveriesoftopologicalphasetransitionsandtopologicalphasesofm

34、atter(物质拓扑相变和拓扑相)”Haldanesaidhewas“verysurprised”atthenews,addingthathewasgladthattheirdiscoveriesfoundsomethingpreviouslyunnoticedbymany,andthattheyrevealed“morepossibilitiesforlookingfornewmaterials.”Heparticularlypointedoutthatalotofworkwasstillongoing.Theyearsprizeamountis8millionSwedishkrona,an

35、dwillbesplitproperlybetweenthethreewinners.Thewinnersaregivenasumofmoneywhentheyreceivetheirprizes,intheformofadocumentconfirmingtheamountawarded.TheamountofprizemoneydependsuponhowmuchmoneytheNobelFoundation(基金会)canawardeachyear.Thepursehasincreasedsincethe1980s,whentheprizemoneywas880,000SEKperpri

36、ze.In2009,themonetaryawardwas10millionSEK.InJune2012,itwasloweredto8millionSEK.Iftherearetwowinnersofaparticularprize,theawardmoneyisdividedequallybetweenthewinners.Iftherearetwowinnersofaparticularprize,theawardmoneyisdividedequallybetweenthewinners.Iftherearethree,theawardingcommitteecanchoosetodi

37、videthemoneyequally,orawardonehalftoonewinnerandonequartertoeachoftheothers.Itiscommonforwinnerstodonateprizemoneytobenefitscientific,cultural,orcharitablecauses.【语篇导读】本文介绍了【语篇导读】本文介绍了2016年诺贝尔物理学年诺贝尔物理学奖的归属以及诺贝尔奖的相关知识，包括奖金的金奖的归属以及诺贝尔奖的相关知识，包括奖金的金额、来源和分配。额、来源和分配。9HowmuchprizemoneydoesThoulessget?A8mi

38、llionSwedishkrona.B6millionSwedishkrona.C4millionSwedishkrona.D2millionSwedishkrona.解析：解析：C推理判断题。根据第一段第二句推理判断题。根据第一段第二句TheNobelPrizeinPhysics2016wasdivided,withonehalfawardedtoDavidJ.Thouless.及第三段及第三段Theyearsprizeamountis8millionSwedishkrona.可可知，知，2016年的奖金是年的奖金是800万瑞典克朗，而索万瑞典克朗，而索利斯获得了一半的奖金。故选利斯获得了一

39、半的奖金。故选C项。项。10Accordingtothepassage,Haldanethoughtthathiswork_.AwasfarfromendingBwasbasedonmanypreviousstudiesChadperfectlybeencompletedDhadsurprisedthewholeworld解析：解析：A细节理解题。根据文章第二段最细节理解题。根据文章第二段最后一句后一句He particularly pointed out that a lot of work was still ongoing.可知，霍尔丹指出可知，霍尔丹指出还有很多工作仍在进行，即远远没有

40、结束。还有很多工作仍在进行，即远远没有结束。故选故选A项。项。11Theamountofprizemoney_.Ahasbeeneverincreasingsincethe1980sBhasbeeneverdecreasingsincethe1980sCremains880,000SEKeachyearafter2012DdiffersaccordingtotheNobelFoundationsaffordability解析：解析：D细节理解题。根据文章第四段可细节理解题。根据文章第四段可知，诺贝尔奖的奖金金额并不是固定的，知，诺贝尔奖的奖金金额并不是固定的，而是根据每年诺贝尔基金会所能奖励的金而是根据每年诺贝尔基金会所能奖励的金额而决定。故选额而决定。故选D项。项。12Whatdoesthelastparagraphtalkabout?AThepurposeoftheawardmoney.BThenumberofwinnersperprize.CHowthewinnersareselected.DHowtheawardmoneyisdealtwith.解析：解析：D主旨大意题。最后一段讲了诺贝主旨大意题。最后一段讲了诺贝尔奖奖金的分配及获奖人如何利用这些奖尔奖奖金的分配及获奖人如何利用这些奖金。故选金。故选D项。项。