drugs药物.ppt

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1、Drugs1.Definition of drugl A drug is a substance that alters body function.Traditionally,drugs have been derived from natural plant,animal,and mineral sources.Today,most are manufactured synthetically by pharmaceutical companies.A few,such as certain hormones and enzymes,have been produced by geneti

2、c engineering.Many drugs,described as over-the-counter(OTC)drugs,are available without prescription.Others require a health care providers prescription for use.2.Word parts pertaining to drugsl-lytic=dissolving,reducing,loosening anxiolytic:agent that reduces anxiety 抗焦虑药 antihemolytic:agents that p

3、revent hemolysis 抗溶血药 thrombolytic drug:drugs that are used to dissolve blood clots（血栓，血小板）溶栓药l-mimetic=mimicking,simulating 模拟，模仿l sympathomimetic:mimicking the effects of the sympathetic nervous system 拟交感神经药溶解，降低，松散l-tropic=acting on 作用于 endocrinotropic:increase endocrine 促内分泌的 psychotropics:drug

4、s acting on mind 精神类药物l anti-=aginst antidote:substance that counteracts a poison解药 antihypertensive:agents that counteracts high blood pressure 抗高血压药-troph 营养Tropin 激素l contra-=against contraceptive:preventing conception 避孕药lalg/o,algi/o,algesi/o=pain=-algia analgesics:compounds capable of relievin

5、g pain without the loss of consciousness 镇痛药（缓解）lchem/o=chemical chemotherapy:treatment with drugs 化疗lhypn/o=sleep=somn hypnosis:an altered state with increased responsiveness to suggestion 催眠，催眠术 hypnotic:drugs that induce sleep 安眠药lnarc/o=stupor 麻痹，麻木 narcotic:drug that induces stupor 麻醉剂l pharmac

6、/o=drugl pharmacy:the science of preparing and dispensing drugs 药剂学lpyr/o,pyret/o=fever,fire 发热，起火 pyrogen:a substance that induces fever.These can be either internal(endogenous内源性的)or external(exogenous)to the body.The bacterial substance lipo/poly/saccharide(LPS)脂多糖（脂肪）,present in the cell wall of

7、 some bacteria,is an example of an exogenous pyrogen.热源 antipyretic:counteracting fever 解热药，退烧药 pyrexia:fever 发烧l tox/o,toxic/o=poison,toxin antitoxin:an antibody with the ability to neutralize a specific toxin 抗毒素（一种抗体）2.Routes of drug administrationl inhalation:administration though the respirator

8、y system呼吸系统,as by breathing in an aerosol气雾剂 linstillation:liquid is dropped or poured slowly into a body cavity or on the surface of the body,such as into the ear or onto the eye 滴注 eg.eye drop 滴眼剂l oral:given by mouth;per os(po)口服l rectal:administered by rectal 直肠的suppository栓剂 or enema灌肠剂。直肠给药l

9、sublingual(SL):administered under the tongue。舌下给药l topical:applied to the surface of the skin。局部给药l transdermal:absorbed through the skin,as from a patch placed on the surface of the skin。经皮给药 dermo-dermato皮肤 e.g.epiderm 表皮Injection:administered by a needle and syringe described as parenteral肠胃外 rou

10、tes of administration。注射l intradermal(ID):injected into the skin 皮内注射l intramuscular(IM):injected into a muscle肌肉注射l intravenous:injected into a vein静脉内注射lsubcutaneous(SC):injected beneath the skin;hypodermic（皮肤）皮下注射=hypodermic皮皮下组织肌肉3.Common drugs and their actionsAnalgesics:alleviate painlnarcotic

11、 analgesics:麻醉性镇痛剂 decrease pain sensation in central nervous system;chronic use may lead to physical dependence,e.g.morphine l non-narcotic analgesics:非麻醉性镇痛剂 act peripherally to inhibit prostaglandins(local hormones);they may also be anti-inflammatory and antipyretic(reduce fever),e.g.aspirinForma

12、tion of pain tissue damage or inflammation pain producing substance prostaglandin,PG(前列腺素)leukotriene,LT（白三烯）bradykinin（缓激肽）缓慢的 5-hydroxytryptamine（5羟色胺）interleukin(白介素)stimulate sensory nerves nerve impulse transmitted to nerve center feeling of painMakes receptor more sensitive to paintachy-快的致敏物质

13、Mechanism of action:Phospholipids磷脂 phospholipase 磷脂酶 arachidonic acid(花生四烯酸）cyclooxygenase(环氧化酶)prostaglandin(前列腺素)Anesthetics:reduce or eliminate sensation麻醉剂l local anesthetics:drugs that can reversibly block generation and transmission of nerve impulses to relieve pain at local site without loss

14、 of consciousness,e.g.lidocainel general anesthetics:drugs that can inhibit central nervous system and cause temporary loss of consciousness,e.g.nitrous oxide Anticoagulants 抗凝血剂抗凝血剂lprevent coagulation and formation of blood clots,e.g.heparin.A group of pharmaceuticals called anticoagulants can be

15、used in vivo as a medication for thrombotic disorders.Some chemical compounds are used in medical equipment,such as test tubes,blood transfusion bags,and hemodialysis equipment.血液透析仪Antidiabetics 抗糖尿病药抗糖尿病药l prevent or alleviate diabetes by lowering glucose levels in the blood.Some of them,such as i

16、nsulin,have to be injected,while others can be administered orally and are thus also called oral hypoglycemic agents，口服降糖药 or oral antihyperglycemic agents.口服抗高血糖药Antiemetics 止吐药止吐药l An antiemetic is a drug that is effective against vomiting and nausea.Anti-emetics are typically used to treat motion

17、 sickness(kinetosis（运动）)晕动病 and the side effects of opioid analgesics,general anaesthetics and chemotherapy directed against cancer Antihistamines 抗组胺剂抗组胺剂lHistamine:As part of an immune response to foreign pathogens,histamine is produced by basophils（碱性的）（嗜）嗜碱性性细胞 and by mast cells found in nearby

18、connective tissues.Histamine increases the permeability of the capillaries to white blood cells and other proteins,in order to allow them to engage foreign invaders in the affected tissues.histology 组织学 histone 组蛋白（存在染色体中）Histamine exerts its actions by combining with specific cellular histamine rec

19、eptors.The three histamine receptors that have been discovered are designated H1,H2 and H3.H2 antagonist:H2 histamine receptor is located on parietal cells胃壁细胞.When it is agitated by histamine,it call stimulate the secretion of gastric acid.H2 antagonist can decrease gastric acid secretion and treat

20、 peptic ulcer消化性溃疡.Antihypertensivesl lower blood pressure by reducing cardiac output心脏输出,dilating vessels扩张血管,or promoting excretion排泄 of water by the kidneys,e.g.clonidine and captopril卡托普利(ACE inhibitor)血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂 angiotensin converting enzymeanti-infective agents:kill or prevent the growth of i

21、nfectious organisms抗感染药l antibacterials抗菌药:effective against bacteria,examples are erythromycin,tetracycline and penicillin.l antifungals抗真菌剂:effective against fungi,e.g.amphotericin B l antiparasitics抗寄生虫药:effective against parasites,protozoa,wormsl antivirals抗病毒药:effective against viruses,e.g.zido

22、vudine叠氮胸苷(HIV)Mechanism of action of zidovudine Zidovudine is a nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase逆转录酶 inhibitor(NRTI),a type of antiretroviral drug.It was the first approved treatment for HIV.AZT works by inhibiting the action of reverse transcriptase,the enzyme that HIV uses to make a DNA co

23、py of its RNA.Reverse transcription is necessary for production of the viral double-stranded DNA,which is subsequently integrated into the genetic material of the infected cell.AZT also has some ability to inhibit cellular DNA polymerase聚合酶,which is used by normal cells as part of cell division.Howe

24、ver,AZT has a 100-fold greater affinity for the HIV reverse transcriptase than for the human DNA polymerase,accounting for its selective antiviral activity.Antineoplastics 抗肿瘤药抗肿瘤药l destroy cancer cells;they are toxic for all cells but have greater effect on cells that are actively growing and divid

25、ing;hormones and hormone inhibitors also are used to slow tumor growth.estrogen 雌激素(雌的)乳腺癌需要雌激素的供应gastrointestinal drugs lAntidiarrheals止泻药:treat or prevent diarrhea by reducing intestinal motility or absorbing irritants and soothing the intestinal lininglLaxatives泻药，缓泻药:promote elimination from the

26、 large intestine by retaining water(hyperosmotics),promoting intestine peristalsis and softening stoolsl hypnotics:induce sleep or dull the senses;l muscle relaxants:肌肉松弛药肌肉松弛药 depress nervous system stimulation of skeletal muscles骨骼肌;used to control muscle spasms痉挛 and painl diuretics:利尿剂promote ex

27、cretion of water,sodium,and other electrolytes by the kidneys;used to reduce edema水肿 and blood pressurepsychotropics:affect the mind,alteringmental activity,mental state,or behaviorlantianxiety agents:抗焦虑药 reduce or dispel anxiety;tranquilizers;anxiolytic agentslAntidepressants 抗抑郁药:relieve depressi

28、on by raising brain levels of neurotransmitters(chemicals active in the nervous system)l antipsychotics:抗精神病药 act on nervous system to relieve symptoms of psychosesrespiratory drugs 呼吸道相关药物呼吸道相关药物lAntitussives:止咳药suppress coughing lBronchodilators:（支气管）支气管扩张药prevent or eliminate spasm of the bronchi(bronchus 单)(breathing tubes)by relaxing bronchial smooth muscle;used to treat asthma哮喘 and bronchitis 支气管炎l mucolytics:(溶解)化痰药loosen mucus to promote its elimination