introduction学术论文写作如何写介绍.pptx

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1、Writing the Introduction contentThe role of introductionThe structure of introduction The sequence in writingI The role of introduction Swales and Freak(1994):the key role is to create a research space for the writer.It is the introduction that the writer makes claims for the centrality or significa

2、nce of the research in question and begins to outline the overall argument of the thesis.Journal:positioning the writer as having something to say worth publishing.Graduation thesis:establishing how the thesis relates to and builds upon previous research in the fieldNon-native speakers mistakeAlliso

3、n et al.(1998:212)found that failure to create a“research space”was a key shortcoming in the thesis writing of the non-native speakers of English at their university.Relationship to the thesis as a whole(Atkinson&Curtis 1998:52)How long should the introduction be?different according to research fiel

4、dmost:17.4 pages medicine:29-45 pagessocial science and arts introduction:40 pagesApplication(1)Find some recent theses in your own field and assess the extent to which the“hourglass”appears to have been followed.(2)Pay attention to whether the Introduction is“Chapter 1”or stands outside the chapter

5、 numbering system.IV The typical structure of the introduction To move from a fairly general overview of the research terrain to the particular issues under investigation through three key moves which capture the communicative purposes of the introduction.Move 1 establishing a research territory;Mov

6、e 2 establishing a niche/gap;Move 3 occupying the nicheMove 1 establishing a research territoryIndicate that the general area is in some way significant.a.showing that the general research area is important,central,interesting,problematic,or relevant in some way;b.providing background information ab

7、out the topic;c.introducing and reviewing items of previous research in the area;d.by defining terms;verbs present tense/perfect tense:suggesting that the statement is a generally accepted truth;Adj:emphasized the importance or interest of the topic Samples for move 1aIn these areas,reducing groundw

8、ater recharge is an important step in reducing land degradation caused by salinity(Lewis 2000:1);The Magellanic Clouds provide unique environment in which to study many interesting and astrophysically challenging problems(Amy 2000:1);Speech has arguably been the most important form of human communic

9、ation since languages were first conceived(Epp 2000:1)The modeling of fluid flows is of great interest to Engineers and Scientists alike,with many engineering problems and issues of scientific interest depending upon complex flow phenomena(Norris 2000:1)Return to movesMove 2:establishing a niche/gap

10、Points to a gap or niche in previous research which the research will“fill”.a.by indicating a gap in the previous research,raising a question about it,or extending previous knowledge in some way;b.sometimes presented as a problem or need that has been identified as requiring further research.Gap sta

11、tementAtkinson&Curtis(1998:63)the language of gap statement is typically evaluative in negative way.Samples of“gap statement”One class of quality improvement which has not received much attention is enhancement by broadening the bandwidth of coded speech without an increase in the bit rate.This is s

12、urprising since the notion of quality as a function of speech bandwidth is anticipated to become more pervasive(Epps 2000:4)These observations point to the position that in order to recognize the mismatches and begin to understand the consequences of discontinuities,there is a need to increasethere

13、is a need to increase research knowledge of community social practices and interactions with community literacies(White Davison 1999:2).Part of speechexpressionsVerbsDisregard,fail to,ignore,is limited to,misinterpret,neglected to consider,overestimate,overlook,suffer from,underestimateAdjectivesCon

14、troversial,incomplete,inconclusive,misguided,questionable,unconvincing,unsatisfactoryNoun phraseLittle information/attention/work/research/dataFew studies/investigation/researchers/attemptsNo studies/data/calculationsOther forms However,It remains unclear,It would be of interest to occupying the nic

15、he a.by outlining purposes/aims,or stating the nature of the present research or research questions/hypothesis b.by announcing principal findings/stating value of research(optional)c.by indicating the structure of the thesis and providing mini-synopses(previews)of each subsequent chapter d.by outlin

16、ing the theoretical position e.by describing the methods used in the study Metadiscourse in introduction is likely to take the from of forward reference to what is still to come.For the thesis,metadiscourse refers to chapters or to the thesis is distinctive.This thesis/study+describes,develops,studi

17、es,discusses,examines,introduces,aims(to),reports,explores,shows,focuses,presentsThe verbs tend to be in the present tense Sample for move 3cThis chapter has provided the background to this study and the studys objectives,and placed these within the context of the large project that was conducted in

18、 1993-1994.Chapter 2 provides a theoretical and empirical framework for the study by reviewing current literature on ruriality and rurual living,and on communities and schooling and cultural practices.V three types of elementsElements typesfunctionsrealizations ideationalReflect the research itselfl

19、iteral contentTextualdirecting the readerContent concerning structureInterpersonalcommunicate with the readerBy ideational&textual contentThere are three types of elements/structure that help us to organize our theses.A distinguishing question:why does the author say so?The relationship among the th

20、ree elementsWhich is more important,ideational element,textual elements or interpersonal element?It may be various with stages of writing.But for introduction the interpersonal element is more important.The sequence of the movesThe moves are not necessarily found in linear order and may be recycled

21、several times over the course of the Introduction.According to Bunton(2002:65),the typical organization pattern is:move 1move 2(developed several times)move 3(occupying the niche)typically appeared only towards the end of the introduction as the writers introduced their own research after having rev

22、iewed the literature and pointed to gaps or problems as they did so.Sequence in writing processFirst?Last?Levine(2002)puts it,Chapter 1-the introduction-needs to be rewritten with the insights gained from having drafted the complete thesis.Three types element in sample 1 1 Ideational elementI organi

23、zation of chapterII background theoretical position research problem research questions justification contribution III methodologyIV structure of thesis What we write?照猫画虎照猫画虎Textual element(1)paragraph 1:the whole developing method:provide a general picture of the introduction by introducing the co

24、ntent that going to appear in this chapter.Future tense,Index:part of the thesis(chapter)(2)paragraph 2(the first sentence)Developing method:by introducing the nature of the research/thesis.Language feature:present tense,index(the whole thesis)Interpersonal elementMove 1 establishing a research terr

25、itory;Move 2 establishing a niche/gap;Move 3 occupying the nicheMove 1 establishing the territoryPosition:Paragraph 2:“Women from diverse cultural in sports organization(Fitzpatrick and Brimage,1998)”developing method:by reviewing previous research in the areaLanguage feature:Tense:Previous research

26、 as subject-present perfect tense;findings-present tense,index:Previous studies,previous research,sports theorists citation formatVerbs:Have researched,suggest that,have indicated thatMove 2 establishing a niche/gapPosition:Para.2(1)“However,existing research does not experience sports”(2)“It has be

27、en previously identifiedis sparse()”Para.3:the whole Developing method:indicating the gap in previous research(2a)Extending previous knowledge(2a)Move 2Language feature:negative sentence&negative evaluative words:does not,neither,sparse,neglected,slowadversative conjunction:however,but index:it,exis

28、ting research,feminist studies,research tense:present,present perfect tensePattern:previous research reviewing +adversative conjunction+gap statementMove 3:Occupying the nichePosition:(1)Para.2:“The research undertaken thereof for sports theory and practice”(2)para.2:“given the identified gap gender

29、 and cultural diversity”Developing method:3a:outline purpose,aim;3b:announcing principle findings and value of researchLanguage features:Tense:future(when indicate future findings),present tense(value,nature,aim)Index:this thesis,it,the researchExpressions:seeks to explore,argue that,respond to,focu

30、s on,provide a better.,have the potential Conclusion Developing pattern:(1)sequence:Move 1:usually appear firstlyMove 2:previous research+however/but+gapmove 3:usually goes after move 2(2)The function of previous research:Move 1&move2&move 3 how do the author going to develop this introduction:ideat

31、ionally,textually,interpersonally?Language features:Tenseexpressions Distribution functionsfuturewillOrganization,Future findingsTextual elementOccupying nichepresentare,3rd person verbsPrevious research findings(when research not acting as subject);the present research significance etc.Move 1&move

32、2&move3 Present perfectHave/Has+donePrevious research act as subjectMove 2 WillIn this introductory chapter the background to the present research study will be provided along with The chapter will also set out the research problemA brief overview of research methodology will be included along with

33、an outline It will be argued that the formation of gender and ethnicity relations in sports organizations has been constituted by culturally institutionalized meaningsThe 5 most frequently used content words frequencywords19sports14women13Research 9studies8thesisExpression for index:TypesExpressions

34、Part of the thesisIn this introductory chapter,the chapter willThesis This/the+Thesis/dissertation/researchPrevious researchit,existing research,feminist/womens/sports studies the usage of“research”typesexamplesResearch question research problem,the associated research questionsmethodologyresearch m

35、ethodologyIndicate the whole thesisthe present research study,the research Others researchin previous research,existing research,research The most frequently used content words(sample 2)frequencywords38search33Visual 18information8Research 8they7dissertationAn active vision computational model of visual search for human-computer interaction