Lecture4基本构词方法.ppt

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1、Lecture 4The Basic Methods of Word-FormationThe Three Basic Methods of Word-FormationvDerivation 派生法派生法(加缀法加缀法)vCompounding or Composition 复合法复合法vConversion or Function Shift or Transmutation 转化法转化法DerivationvRoot is the basis of DerivationvAdd different affixes to the same root to create different

2、words with different parts of speech(see Pp25)e.g.Latin Root duc-conduct reduceconductive conductibleExtensional Summary：DerivationDerivation:添加或减少构词词缀构成新词添加或减少构词词缀构成新词v前缀法前缀法 recitev后缀法后缀法v前后缀法前后缀法 in-cur-ablev去缀法（反序构词法）去缀法（反序构词法）sea-bathingsun-bathv中缀法中缀法黑黑不不溜秋溜秋胡里胡涂胡里胡涂gigi(印牙印牙)gerigi（锯齿状的）（锯齿状的

3、）The Prefixes with Strong Productivityv(see Pp27&Dictionary Appendix)re-pre-non-un-de-anti-The Suffixes with Strong Productivityv(see Pp27&Dictionary Appendix)Noun Suffixes Adjectiv Suffixes Verb Suffixes-er -able -ise(ize)-ness -ish -ify-ese -less-ism -ic-ist-icsFeatures of Affix(Prefix&Suffix)vThe

4、 polysemy of affix 多义性多义性e.g.Prefix:de-(see Pp26)离开，除掉离开，除掉 dehydrate deorbit 向下，降级向下，降级 devaluate 使情况逆转使情况逆转 decentralize 完全的完全的 defunct Suffix:-er(-or)(see Pp26)做做的人的人 worker tailor 卖卖的人的人 hatter glover 做做的工具的工具 heater generator diner 住在住在的人的人 Londoner New Yorker vThe Same Affix but with Different

5、 Chinese Translation（see Pp26）e.g.Suffix:-ismrelativismsophism 诡辩学诡辩学rheumatism 风湿病风湿病activism 行动主义行动主义euphemism wittism俏皮话俏皮话 methodism 墨守成规墨守成规fanaticism 狂热狂热tourism vThe synonymity of affix 同义性同义性e.g.un-in-im-ir-il-dis-Used with adj.to indicate the negative meaninguntidyincorrectimpossibleillogic

6、alirregulardishonestvSome Dormant Affixes Retrieve Its Vigor Now(see Pp27)e.g.-wise 就就而言；在而言；在方面；相似于方面；相似于education-wisetime-wiseweather-wisestatus-wisemoney-wisevote-wisecomfort-wisecaloriewisemenu-wisedrinkwisepercentage-wisenewswise crab-wisehammer-wisemachine-wisemonkey-wisesack-wisesailor-wises

7、leepwalker-wise Relation between Roots&Affixes vMost suffixes change the part of speech of rootvMost prefixes dont affect the part of speech and its grammatical category of root,rather they modify or limit the semantic meaning of root as adj.&adv.(see Pp28-9)The Three Part-of-Speech Decisive Prefixe

8、sven-(em-before b,p,m)en-+adj.=v.en-+n.=v.enable,enrich,enslave,empower,embodyvbe-be-+n.or adj.=v.be-+n.+ed=adj.befriend,belittle,benumb,becalm,benightedva-a-+v.or n.=adj.astray,afoot,astir,afire,asleepThe Feature of SuffixvSuffix assumes great grammatical functions and changes the part-of-speech of

9、 the rootvSuffix has less strong influence than prefix on semantic meaning of the rootvSuffix usually changes the pronunciation of the root and have the position of the stress movedThe Structure of DerivationType (see Pp31-2)vPrefix +Free Root +SuffixvCombining Form+Free RootType (see Pp32)vPrefix +

10、Bound Root +SuffixvCombining Form+Combining FormvPrefix+C.F.+C.F.+SuffixPrefix and Suffix to RememberGreekLatinhalf hemi-semi-;demi-onemono-uni-twodi-bi-threetri-tri-fourtetra-quadri-fivepenta-quint-sixhexa-sex-sevenhepta-sept-The Prefixes Indicating Numbers GreekLatineight oct-oct-nine ennea-nona-t

11、en deca-deci-many poly-multi-hundred hecto-cent-可改变词性的三个前缀：可改变词性的三个前缀：ven-(em-)n.adj.v.vbe-n.v.or adj.va-v.adj.抽象名词后缀：抽象名词后缀：v-age percentagev-domofficialdomv-ery(-ry)nurseryv-fulspoonfulv-hoodadulthoodv-ingschoolingv-ismimpressionismv-shipfellowship具体名词后缀：具体名词后缀：v-eepayeev-eerpioneerv-er(-or,-ar)co

12、okerv-esshostessv-alrevivalv-ationeducationv-ingearningv-isttypistv-mentmovementv-ityequalityv-nessfrankness由名词转化为形容词的后缀：由名词转化为形容词的后缀：v-edone-eyedv-fuldelightfulv-ishcoldishv-lessmercilessv-likewolflikev-lymanlyv-ymilkyv-al(-ial,-ical)philosophicalv-ousdesirous由动词转成形容词的后缀：由动词转成形容词的后缀：v-able(-ible,-b

13、le)suitablev-iveaggressive副词后缀：副词后缀：v-lysmoothlyv-ward(s)forwardv-foldtenfoldv-wiseclockwise动词后缀：动词后缀：v-atecalibratev-endarkenv-fy(-ify)simplifyv-izecomputerizeHomeworkPp33-8Exercise Compounding/CompositionCompounding:由一个以上词干或减缩词干合由一个以上词干或减缩词干合 成新词成新词v合干法：多个词干合成复合词合干法：多个词干合成复合词 night-schoolv复合缩写法：缩减

14、词干和其他词干合成复合缩写法：缩减词干和其他词干合成BBC,g-man,A-bomb,CIA v合词法：用连字符连接几个词合词法：用连字符连接几个词 come-and-go,bread-and-butter,son-in-lawThe Semantic Analysis of Compound WordvCompounding is most ancient method of word-formation,most distinctive feature of O.E.vThe first part modifies the second partvThe compound word is

15、usually very vivid by containing rhetorical devices,as metaphor,metonymy,synecdoche(see Pp40-2)Summary of CompoundingvThe meaning of a compound doesnt come from the superposition of the free words,but a totally new onee.g.greenhousegreenhorn mother witIndian paper dog daysgreenbackvCompound is treat

16、ed as an independent word and grammatical part in a sentencevInflectional change can only occur at the end of the compound vThe stress usually falls on the first part of the compoundvThe compound is usually written continuously or linked with hyphenCategories of Compounding 1.Compound Noun 2.Compoun

17、d Adjective3.Compound VerbClassification of 1.Compound Noun(按组成部分分类按组成部分分类)1.adj.+n.hard disk deadline2.n.+n.mousemat lipstick3.adv.+n.after-effect under-clothes4.Pr.P.+n.working class working party5.v.+n.swearword jump suit6.n.+v.snowfall waterproof7.v.+adv.show-off slip-up8.adv.+v.outlet upsetClas

18、sification of Compound Noun:Based on The Syntactic Relation(按组成部分间句法关系分类按组成部分间句法关系分类)v限定关系：限定关系：clubfootbluebloodv主谓关系：主谓关系：crybabyheartbeatv动宾关系：动宾关系：pickpocketscarecrowv主宾关系：主宾关系：sugar canegaslightv并列关系：并列关系：deaf-mutev同位关系：同位关系：girl friendExtensional Summary:其它复合词合成方式其它复合词合成方式v主谓式：主谓式：两个词干是主语和谓语的结

19、构关系两个词干是主语和谓语的结构关系 earthquake eye-catching crybabyv联合式：联合式：两个词干是平等联合关系两个词干是平等联合关系(并列、同位并列、同位)time-schedule railway transmitter-receiverv主从式：主从式：一个词干从属于另一个词干一个词干从属于另一个词干(限定、动宾式、主宾限定、动宾式、主宾)greenback science-fiction haircut 2.Compound Adjective 按词法分类按词法分类 (Pp44-5)vAdjective-Centered Compound Adj.vVerb

20、-Centered Compound Adj.vNoun-Centered Compound Adj.vPrepositional Phrase Compound Adj.vSentence Structural Compound Adj.Adjective-Centered Compound Adj.vn.+adj.fat-free care-freedog-tiredvadj.+adj.bitter-sweet light-bluevPr.P.+adj.freezing-cold biting-coldvadv.+adj.all-around ever-victoriousVerb-Cen

21、tered Compound Adj.vn.+Pr.P.car-making summer-floweringvn.+Past P.home-made heart-feltvadj/v.+Pr.P.ever-lasting hard-workingvadj/v.+Past P.fresh-frozen far-fetchedNoun-Centered Compound Adj.vn.+n.+-ed paper-backed hard-backedvadj.+n.+-ed short-sighted tender-heartedvadj.+n.long-distance red-lettervv

22、.+n.break-neck2.Compound Adjective 按句法分类按句法分类 (Pp46-8)vadj.+adverbial vverb.+adverbialvsubject+predicatevverb+objectvattributive+n.vparatactic3.Compound VerbvMost come from compound nounsE.g.转化法转化法to machine-gunto outlineto nickname逆生法逆生法to speed-readto vacuum-cleanto proof-readto chain-smokeHomewor

23、kPp 49-54Exercise I-VConversion,Transmutation,Function ShiftvChange the part-of-speech of a word without changing the word-form,and make it have new meaning and grammatical function(零位后缀派零位后缀派生法生法)v Converted as v.(see Pp55-8)v Converted as n.(see Pp59-62)部分转化：不具有名词所有语法特征部分转化：不具有名词所有语法特征p61 the poor

24、完全转化：具有名词所有语法特征完全转化：具有名词所有语法特征p61 shorts,a whitev Converted as adj.(see Pp62-4)HomeworkPp 65-9Exercise I-IVOther Methods of Word-Formation其它构词法其它构词法vAbbreviation(Shortening)vBack-FormationvOnomatopoeiaAbbreviation 缩略法缩略法vShortening(clipping)截短词截短词:cut off a syllable or syllables of a wordvInitialism

25、 首字母缩略词首字母缩略词:made up of the initial letters of each wordvAcronym首字母拼音词首字母拼音词:pronounce the initialism as one wordvBlend拼缀词拼缀词:one word lost one syllable or each word lost one syllable and combined into a new wordShortening(clipping)1.截词尾截词尾 apocope:auto automobile2.截词首截词首 aphaeresis:burger hamburge

26、r3.截除首尾截除首尾 front&back clipping:flu,fridge4.截除词腰截除词腰 syncope:pacifist pacificist5.词组截短：留下词组中的一个词，用一个词表达词组截短：留下词组中的一个词，用一个词表达整个词组的意思整个词组的意思 daily daily paper6.截短词和原词所指一样，也会有新词义产生截短词和原词所指一样，也会有新词义产生 7.fanatic fanInitialism(p74-6)vBBCvVOAvPRCvNBAvCBA,MVP,VIPvcm,m,kgAcronym(p77-8)vAIDSvNATOvUNESCOvWASPB

27、lending (p78-9)vbrunchvsmogvmotelvfantabulousvhijackHomeworkPp 80-3Exercise I,III,V,VIBack-Formation 逆生法逆生法vTo get rid of the ending of a noun consciously to create a new verb e.g.swindler-to swindle escalator-to escalate (表示令人不快的升级或扩大表示令人不快的升级或扩大)(See Pp84-5)vTo get rid of the ending of a adjective

28、 consciously to create a new verbe.g.drowsy -to drowse cosy-to cose lazy -to laze (See Pp86)v逆生名词：逆生名词：greedy-greed v逆生复合词：逆生复合词：baby-sitter-to baby-sit housekeeper-to housekeepv从地名、人名商标名逆生出新词：从地名、人名商标名逆生出新词：Frederick Banting-banting-to bant Mafeking-to maffick Deep Freezer -to deep-freeze (See Pp86

29、-7)HomeworkPp 88Exercise 1OnomatopoeiavTo form a new word through imitating the sound or voice of one thing(imitative word;echo word)vA very ancient way of word-formationStructure of OnomatopoeiavUse monosyllable to imitate the sound or action of one timee.g.BangvUse reduplicative words to imitate t

30、he repetitive sounds or actions(sometimes changes occur in vowels or consonants)e.g.quack-quack,tick-tack,ding-donge.g.bibble babble 唠叨唠叨dilly dally 磨蹭磨蹭 gibblegabble 喋喋不休喋喋不休ta ta(儿语词：再见儿语词：再见)wee wee (儿语词：尿尿儿语词：尿尿)(See Pp92）5 Features of Onomatopoeiav一物多音：（一物多音：（see Pp89）钟响声）钟响声ringing,chiming,tin

31、gting,jingling v一音多物（义）：（一音多物（义）：（see Pp89）“peal”the peal of bells 当当当当 peals of thunder隆隆隆隆 peals of laughter响亮响亮v三种模仿对象：人、事物、动物三种模仿对象：人、事物、动物(see Pp90)e.g.ha-ha,hiss,bubblev两种用途：模拟声音并兼指发音的动作（两种用途：模拟声音并兼指发音的动作（v.）e.g.to howl,to twitterv发音和语义有某种联系：联觉音组发音和语义有某种联系：联觉音组(see Pp90)e.g.gr-sn-ush-unkfl-sl-

32、HomeworkPp 92-4Exercise I,IIIExtensional Summary：其他构词法名称其他构词法名称v转类法：通过词类转化构造新词（零位派生）转类法：通过词类转化构造新词（零位派生）to look,to have a look,to report,a report，poor,the poor,old,the old,Would you like a with or without?v语义法：通过多义词语义的分解构成新词，语义法：通过多义词语义的分解构成新词，一个多义词的本义和转义之间的语义联系完一个多义词的本义和转义之间的语义联系完全丧失，分解为两个独立的同音词全丧失

33、，分解为两个独立的同音词nail-nail,sense-sense,air-airv语（拟）音法：通过语音形式构词语（拟）音法：通过语音形式构词 ping-pong,cuckoo,bla-v修辞法：通过修辞格利用语言中原有的词或修辞法：通过修辞格利用语言中原有的词或词素，添加比喻、借代等方法构词词素，添加比喻、借代等方法构词 antenna(触须触须)-antenna(天线天线)cross(十字架十字架)-cross(苦难、原罪苦难、原罪)构词法构词法v 前前缀缀法法v 后后缀缀法法v 前前后后缀缀法法v 去去缀缀法法v（中中缀缀法法）主主从从式式v 合合干干法法-联联合合式式v 复复合合缩缩写写法法 主主谓谓式式v 合合词词法法v 内内部部曲曲折折法法（阿阿拉拉伯伯语语）v 转转类类法法v 语语义义法法v 语语音音法法v 修修辞辞法法