高中英语语法专项讲义:代词.docx
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1、代词一 人称代词和物主代词的应用1 由and连接两个单数名词时,人称代词使用they。Our food and service are better than they used to beYour food and service are better than ours2 由or或nor连接两个单数名词,其人称代词和物主代词使用单数形式,性与or或nor后面的名词一致。Neither the boy nor his sister got what she wanted3 由or,nor,eitheror,neithernor,not onlybut also连接一个单数一个复数形式的两个名
2、词时,其人称代词和物主代词的性与数与or,nor,but also后面的名词一致。 Not only his sisters but also the boy got what he wanted4 当every或each修饰由and连接的两个单数名词时,其人称代词和物主代词均使用单数形式。Every bus and ferry company claimed that it would offer a better service if its fares were raised5 当every或each修饰由and连接的两个单数名词是一男一女时,其人称代词和物主代词使用he和his。 Ev
3、ery man and woman has his own rights6 every或each修饰由and连接的两个单数名词属性不能做出判断时,人称代词和物主代词使用he和his。Each typist and office-boy got the bonus he was entitled to at the end of the year7 人称代词作主语时使用主格形式,作宾语时使用宾格形式。Precisely the same thought sent the three of us in two directions,them to San Francisco and me to N
4、ew York8 人称代词作表语或主语补足语时,使用主格形式。在口语中,作表语用的人称代词常用宾格形式。The only witnesses to the murder were David and IWho is knocking at the door?It is me(通常不说It is him/her/us/them)9 to be用作主语补足语时,后面的人称代词使用主格形式;用作宾语补足语时,后面的人称代词使用宾格形式。The criminal turned out to be heI took David to be him人称代词用作主语补足语(表语)或其中一部分时,使用主格形式
5、;用作宾语补足语或其中一部分时,使用宾格形式。10在电话用语中,使用主格形式作表语。 May I speak to David? This is he speaking(This is David)11当I或me与其他人称代词或名词连用时,I或me应该放在最后。Mother and I went shopping yesterdayThe few people who know the answer include you and me12人称代词和物主代词在人称、性和数等方面应该与其所指代的名词相一致。Every child has its own style of dressing13sh
6、e有时可以用来替代物,如祖国、国家、大地、月亮、船只、学校、汽车、飞机等,具有“亲切”、“爱慕”等感情色彩。Oxford taught me as much English as she could14替代anybody(anyone)、everybody(everyone)、nobody(no one)的人称代词用he,物主代词用his。Nobody in his right senses would do such a silly thing 在英国英语中,尤其在口语中,替代anybody(anyone)、everybody(everyone)、nobody(no one)的人称代词使用t
7、hey,物主代词使用their。If anybody comes,they will be welcome15名词性物主代词可以作句中的主语、宾语或表语。Mine is an English dictionaryI like hers better yoursThis calculator is not theirs二 反身代词的应用1 反身代词不能作主语。2 当动词的动作回到动作发出者本人时,即主语和宾语是同一个人时,宾语使用反身代词。Please help yourself to some tea3 反身代词可以用作介词的宾语。He thinks more of others than o
8、f himself4 反身代词用作同位语(强调语气,解作“本人”、“亲自”)时,在人称和数方面必须与本位语保持一致。用作主语同位语的反身代词可以放在句子末尾,句意不发生改变。 Never leave to others what you yourself ought to do= Never leave to others what you ought to do yourself5 用作宾语同位语的反身代词只能位于宾语之后。I saw the manager myself(我亲自见到了经理。)I saw the manager himself(我见到了经理本人。)三 相互代词的应用1 相互代
9、词each other表示两个人或物之间的彼此关系。These two girls were helping each other to do their homework2 相互代词one another表示两个以上的人或物之间的相互关系。 These three girls were helping one another to do their homework3 在实际应用中,相互代词each other和one another两者可以互换。They sat for two hours without talking to each other= They sat for two ho
10、urs without talking to one another4 相互代词each other和one another不能作主语,只能用作宾语和定语,作定语时使用所有格形式each others和one anothers。We should point out each others shortcomings四 指示代词的应用1 this(these)一般用于指时间或空间上较近的人或物,that(those)指时间或空间上较远的人或物。 Health is above wealth,for this(=the latter)cannot give so much happiness as
11、 that(=the former)2 一般地说,that指前面提到过的事物,起“承上”作用;this指下面将要提到的事物,起“启下”作用。某种情况下,this也可以指前面提到过的事物,用于强调语气。指下面将要提到的事物时,只能使用this,而不能使用that。A laser beam does not diverseThat is why it can drill holes in hard jewels We went to the opera last nightThat was our first outing for monthsWe are going to the opera t
12、onightThis will be our first outing for months3 that和those用于替代前面已出现过的名词,其中前面是单数名词时使用that,复数名词时使用those。The diameter of the moon is 2,000 miles,about one fourth that of the earth有时虽然前面是单数名词,但是根据句子意思后面需要使用复数名词时,也可以使用those。 Made of plastics,the machine is much lighter than those made of steel4 one用来替代单数
13、可数名词的人或物,that用来替代单数可数或不可数名词的物;ones用来替代复数可数名词的人或物,those用来替代复数可数名词的物。This car is finer than that oneThis tea is better than that当替代可数名词时,可以使用the one和the ones,也可以使用that和those,两者可以互换,但是在口语中,前者更为常用。 I drew my chair nearer to the one(that)on which Mary was sitting5 one和ones可以有前置或后置定语,that和those不能有前置定语,但必须
14、有后置定语。Light objects fall as fast as heavy onesThe orbit of an electron may be compared to that(the one)of a planet6 按照习惯用法,that替代带定冠词的名词,one替代带不定冠词的名词。 The study of idiom is as important as that of grammar(学习语言的习惯用法同学习语法一样重要。)This is a point of idiom rather than one of grammar(这是习惯用法问题,而不是语法问题。) 有时根
15、据句子本身的含义,虽然前面出现的是带定冠词的名词,但是后面并非一定要用that,而必须使用one。The step you have taken is one(=a step)of much risk7 such或so修饰“形容词+单数可数名词”时,遵循规则:“such+a/an+形容词+单数可数名词”=“so+形容词+a/an+单数可数名词”。such a good book=so good a book8 修饰“形容词+不可数名词”时,必须使用such,而不能使用so,即“such+形容词+不可数名词”。such nice weather9 修饰“形容词+复数名词”时,必须使用such,而
16、不能使用so,即“such+形容词+复数名词”。such good peoplesuch interesting stories10修饰“many/few+形容词+复数名词”,使用so,而不能使用such,即“so+ many/few+形容词+复数名词”。 so many important problems11修饰“much/little+形容词+不可数名词”时,必须使用so,而不能使用such,即“so+much/little+形容词+不可数名词”。so much useful information12“such+a/an+形容词+单数可数名词”之前有no修饰时,such之后的a/an必
17、须删去。no such foolish man such与no,all,one,many,few,several,some,any等词连用时,such须放在这些词的后面。all such problems one such dictionary many such thingssome such people any such book五 疑问代词的应用1 一般地说,who用于询问人的姓名或亲友关系,what用于询问人的职业或身份,how用于询问人的健康情况,whatlike用于询问人的长相如何。 Who is he? He is Mr Li He is my cousin What is h
18、e? He is an engineer How is he? He is very well What is he like? He is tall and handsome2 whatlike用于询问人或事物的性质的提问,how用于询问变化的事物(如暂时的情况、情绪)。What is the educational system like in your country?How is work these days?用于谈论天气时,whatlike和how都可以使用,两者之间没有区别。What is the weather like today?=How is the weather to
19、day?用于询问对某事物的反应时,下面四种表达方式意义相同。 What was the film like?=How was the film?=What did you think of the film?=How did you like the film?3 who的所有格形式为whose,在句中用作表语。Whose else can it be?4 口语中,“To who?”、“Who to?”和“To whom?”结构表达方式相同,但不能用“Whom to?”结构。5 当指无限种东西,选择余地很大时,应该使用what;当指有限种东西,选择余地不大时,应该使用which。which可以
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