Unit 3 Career and skills Grammar and usage 语法教案-高中英语牛津译林版（2020）选择性必修第四册.docx

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1、选择性必修四Unit3 Career and skills语法教案Teaching objectives1.知识目标：学生能够掌握名词性从句的基本含义2.技能目标：学生能够掌握名词性从句的基本运用3.情感目标：学生能够更有信心学习英语Key points, Difficult points1.掌握名词性从句的基本含义2.掌握名词性从句的基本运用Teaching procedures：名词性从句概述由一个主句和一个及以上的从句构成的句子，叫做复合句，也叫主从句。主句和从句分别有自己的主语和谓语，但从句只是主句中的一个成分，不能独立存在。根据在全句中的不同作用，从句可分为状语从句、定语从句和名词性

2、从句，称为英语中的“三大从句”。其中，名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。这四种从句在复合句中的作用相当于名词，所以统称为“名词性从句”。名词性从句，其实就是让句子去充当一个名词的作用；用一个从句去描述个名词所无法表示的更加丰富的语义，在一个更大的句子里面充当主语、宾语、表语或同位语。因此便有了主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。作为教材语法总复习，本单元语法主要复习各种名词性从句的特点和用法。不同类型的引导词，其意思和作用都不相同，所以，我们以引导词为主线，把主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句串联起来复习。我们根据引导词的作用将名词性从句分为五大类：that引

3、导的名词性陈述分句；whether引导的名词性一般疑问分句；wh-word引导的名词性特殊疑问分句；what和how引导的名词性感叹分句；what等引导的名词性关系分句。注：本部分中“分句”即“从句”，名词性从句是复合句中相当于名词作用的一个分句。一、that 引导的名词性陈述分句that引导名词性从句，陈述一个事实或看法，没有疑问之意，即由原来的“陈述句”充当。that在从句中不作成分，也没有实际意义。1. that引导主语从句That teaching is an important job is known to all.众所周知，教学是一项重要的工作。That he will succ

4、eed is certain.他成功是有把握的。That prices for daily necessities will go up is certain.日用必需品价格要上涨是确凿无疑的。That light travels faster than sound in the air is known to us a众所周知，在空气中光比声音传播得快。That the famous scientist will visit our school has excited every one of us.那位著名的科学家要访问我们学校，让我们每个人都兴奋不已。That you didnt at

5、tend the lecture yesterday is none of my business. 你昨天没去听讲座不关我的事。特别提示that引导的主语从句可以用形式主语it代替，真正的主语从句后置，以保持句子匀称。如:It is obvious that Tom looks happy today.很明显汤姆今天看起来很高兴。It is reported that the experiment was a success.据报道，这个实验是成功的。It surprises everyone that he can sing so well.他能唱得这么好，使大家很惊讶。2. that引导

6、宾语从句Tell him ( that ) he neednt worry and that I will help him out.告诉他不必担心，我会帮助他的。We all expect ( that) they will win, for members of their team are better.我们都预料他们会贏，因为他们的队员更出色。They hope ( that) I can join them in the game.他们希望我能和他们一起参加这场比赛。She told me ( that) she would come to the wedding party.她告诉

7、我她会来参加婚宴的。I have found out that all the tickets for the concert have been sold out.我发现这场音乐会的所有票都卖光了。Ecologists pointed out that the globe is getting warmer and warmer.生态学家指出地球正在逐渐变暖。We should keep in mind that sports can help us develop both our bodies and characters.我们应当牢记体育运动不但可以增强我们的体质，而且还能培养我们的性

8、格。Make sure all the windows are closed before you leave.在你离开之前，确保把所有的窗户都关上。特别提示在“find/feel/make/think/consider/believe/suppose+宾语+宾补”结构中，如果宾语是that从句，需要用it作形式宾语，而将that引导的宾语从句后置。You should make it clear that everyone should obey the rule.你应该讲清楚，人人都应该遵守这项规定。I feel it my duty that I should help the poor

9、 child.我觉得帮助这个可怜的孩子是我的职责。We thought it necessary that the two sides should stop arguing.我们认为，双方停止争论是必要的。He considered it a good thing that the parliament would be involved.他认为，议会将卷入其中是好事一桩。They find it a mystery that he has never mentioned his parents.他从来没提过自己的父母，他们觉得这是个谜团。We consider it necessary t

10、hat the machine should be oiled regularly.我们认为，有必要给这台机器经常加油润滑。Under the circumstances I feel it right that you should know.在这种情况下，我觉得你应该知道。I found it strange that she had not come yet.她还没有来，我觉得很奇怪。I think it important that we should keep calm我认为我们保持冷静是重要的。I consider it best that should stay here.我认为

11、你最好待在这儿。They want to make it clear that language is an important tool.他们想要表明语言是一个重要的工具。此外，take it for granted that.也是宾语从句后置。如：I took it for granted that wed be invited.我想当然地以为我们会被邀请。3. that引导表语从句The truth is that Paul told a lie.真相是保罗撒谎了。All I know is that she used to work in a bank.我只知道她过去在银行工作。The

12、 point is that we should depend on ourselves.关键是我们应该靠自己。The reason for your mistake is that you lack confidence in yourself.你犯错误的原因是你缺乏自信。My prayer is that one day he will walk again.我的企盼就是有一天他能重新走路。The truth is that they have fully prepared for the trip.事实是他们已经为这次旅行做了充分的准备。My suggestion is that we

13、( should ) have a discussion about this matter instead of just laying it aside.我的建议是我们讨论一下这个问题，而不只是把它放在一边。Your mother s advice is that you ( should) think it over before you make a decision.你妈妈的建议是你作出决定之前要三思。特别提示that引导表语从句时，也可以省略，尽管不如引导宾语从句那么经常。例如:The fact is (that ) we dont have enough money.事实是我们没

14、有那么多钱。4. that引导同位语从句I have the impression that people there are always on the go.我有这样的印象，那里的人总是忙个不停。Many people hold the belief that there are aliens somewhere in the universe.许多人相信宇宙中某个地方有外星人。Is there any possibility that the ruined temple can be restored again?这座破庙有没有可能再修复？The report that he was g

15、oing to resign was false.他要辞职的报道是假的。We have proof that this man committed the crime.我们有证据证明这个人犯了罪。Weve heard the news that a new steel bridge will be built the river.我们听说了这条河上将要建一座新的钢桥的消息。I had no idea that you were such an actor.我不知道你是这样一个演员。There is no doubt that we will be successful.毫无疑问我们会成功的。J

16、im made a promise that he would always do everything he could for Lucy.吉姆许诺，永远为露西做他能做的一切。The fact that some countries are still suffering from poverty is really a great problem.有一些国家仍在遭受贫困，这一事实确实是一个大问题。The suggestion came from the boss that the new rule (should) be adopted.采纳新规则的建议是老板提出来的。The govern

17、ment gave the order that all these old houses (should) be pulled down in a month.政府下令一个月内把所有这些旧房子拆掉。特别提示同位语从句的先行词虽然是名词，但若含有动词意义，这时可以省略that。道理类似于及物动词接宾语从句，可以省略that。I had a kind of feeling ( that ) this might happen.我当时就隐约地感到会出这样的事。The warning ( that ) teenagers should not smoke is reasonable.青少年不该吸烟的

18、警告是合情合理的。We have received their reply ( that) they wont reduce the price.我们已经收到了他们的答复，他们将不降价。He grabbed his suitcase and gave the impression ( that) he was boarding the plane. 他抓起手提箱，给人一种他要登上飞机的印象。二、whether引导的名词性一般疑问分句whether引导名词性从句，表达疑问概念，相当于间接的一般疑问句，即由原来的“一般疑问句”充当。whether . or.相当于间接的选择疑问句。whether表

19、示“是否”，有实际词汇意义，不可省略。1. whether引导主语从句Whether we will attend the lecture has not been decided yet.我们是否去听讲座还没有决定。Whether we need more food depends on how many people turn up.我们是否需要更多的食物，这要视到场人数而定。Whether it will rain or not does not matter much.是否下雨无关紧要。Whether they can provide help remains a question.他

20、们是否能提供帮助仍然是个问题。Whether she will agree or not is of great importance.她是否答应很重要。Whether you can arrive there on time depends on the traffic.你们能否按时到那儿要依交通状况而定。Whether it rains or not makes no difference to me.下不下雨对我来说都没有区别。特别提示(1)若用it作形式主语，则可以用if代替whether引导主语从句，例如：It is still not known whether/if it wil

21、l clear up soon.天气是否会很快放晴还不得而知It is doubtful whether/if he is coming.他是否来还不确定。It makes no difference to me whether/if it rains or not.下不下雨对我来说都没有区别。(2)whether.or.相当于一个问接的选择疑问句。例如：Whether Sally can win or lose doesnt matter. 萨莉是贏是输并不重要。主语从句实际就是一个选择疑问句：Can Sally win or lose?2. whether引导宾语从句I asked whe

22、ther they could change my ticket.我问他们是否可以给我换票。I was wondering whether youd like to come to the party.不知您能否来参加聚会。Others doubted whether that would happen.其他人都怀疑那会不会发生。She asked her boss whether she could have the day off.她问老板可不可以让她请一天假。A number of factors decide whether a movie will be successful or

23、not.一部电影成功与否是由许多因素决定的。Nobody knows whether Nora would like to come or not.没人知道诺拉是否愿意来。I wonder whether they will stay or go.我不知道他们是留下还是离开。特别提示(1)一般而言，引导宾语从句时，可以用if替换whetherI asked whether/if they could change my ticket.我问他们是否可以给我换票。Nobody knows whether/if Nora would like to come or not.没人知道诺拉是否愿意来。(

24、2)有时，为了强调“是否”的含义，whether可以与or not连用，放在句末或whether之后均可。例如：我不知道她是否将参加我们的聚会。I dont know whether she will attend our party.I dont know whether she will attend our party or not.1 dont know whether or not she will attend our party.3. whether引导表语从句My doubt is whether we can get there on time我的疑问是我们是否能按时到达那里

25、。The question is whether we can reduce the cost of the product.问题是我们能否降低产品的成本。The point is whether my parents agree with me.关键是我父母是否同意我的看法。The problem is whether the global warming can be controlled.问题是全球变暖能否得到控制。All shes worried about is whether he is all night.她所担心的只有他是否都好。The question is whether

26、I should go to the cinema with him or go shopping with her.问题是，我是应该和他去看电影，还是应该和她去购物。4. whether引导同位语从句He hasnt made the decision whether he will go abroad. 他还没有决定是否出国。We have some doubt whether they can complete the task on time. 我们怀疑他们能否按时完成任务。I have no idea whether the work is worth doing.我不知道这工作是否

27、值得做。He must answer the question whether he agrees to the plan or not.他必须回答他是否同意这个计划的问题。The problem whether we will get enough financial support is not settled yet.我们是否会得到足够的经济支持这一问题还没解决。三、wh-word引导的名词性特殊疑问分句wh-word引导名词性从句，表达疑问概念，相当于间接的特殊疑问句，即由原来的“特殊疑问句充当。我们学习特殊疑问句的时候，一共学习了9个疑问代词、7个疑问副词。疑问代词是who, who

28、m， whose, what, which, whoever，whomever, whatever, whichever；疑问副词是when, where, how，why，whenever，wherever , however。它们都可以引导名词性从句，并且具有疑问的含义。疑问代词或疑问副词之后加-ever,对疑问的词义起强调作用。除了whose和why之外，所有疑问词之后都可以加-ever表示强调。1. wh-word引导主语从句(1)疑问代词引导的主语从句: Who will take charge of the project has not been decided yet.谁来负责

29、这项工程还没决定。Whom they are going to invite is uncertain.他们打算邀请谁还不确定。Whose handwriting this is has not been identified.这是谁的笔迹还没有确认。What we should do next is not decided.下一步我们该做什么还未决定。Which report I should write first is a question.我应该先写哪一份报告是个问题。Whoever thought of the good idea is unknown.究竟是谁想出了这个好主意还不知

30、道。Whomever she met yesterday is not clear.她昨天到底遇见了谁还不清楚。Whatever he meant is not known.他究竟是什么意思还不得而知,Whichever (school) she wants to choose has not been decided.她想选哪一个(学校)还没有决定。(2)疑问副词引导的主语从句：When the new road is open to traffic has not been made clear.这条新路什么时候开通还没公开。Where Tom comes from is unknown.

31、汤姆是哪里人还不知道。How he is going to do it is a mystery.他准备怎样做这件事是个谜。Why Jack was late has not been found out.杰克为何迟到还没有弄清楚。Whenever he bought the car is still unknown.他什么时候买的那辆车仍然无人知道。Wherever the lost child went is still a puzzle.那个迷路的孩子去了哪里仍然是个谜。However he got that job remains a mystery.他是怎么得到那份工作的仍然是个谜。

32、特别提示(1)wh-word引导主语从句时，可以用it作形式主语，把真正主语后置。例如：It is not decided what we should do next.It is unknown where Tom comes from.(2)wh-word引导主语从句时，主句经常含有“疑问，询问，怀疑，质疑，疑惑,好奇，不知道，想知道，不清楚，不明白，不理解，不确定，悬而未决”等概念。例如：question, puzzle，mystery, not decided, unknown, not known, uncertain，not certain, not clear等。2. wh-wo

33、rd引导宾语从句(1)疑问代词引导的宾语从句:The teacher wanted to find out who broke the window.老师想查出是谁打破了窗户。He asked whom Id told about his having been away.他问我对谁说过他不在的事。I cant remember whose idea it was for us to meet again.我记不清我们再次会面是谁的主意了。We should investigate what happened, what went wrong.我们应该调查发生了什么事，什么地方出了问题。She

34、 doesnt know whoever thought up that joke.她不知道是谁想出了那个笑话。Mary asks Tom whomever he has given the letter to.玛丽问汤姆他到底把信给谁了Please tell me whatever you mean by saying all this.请告诉我你说这些到底是什么意思。Im really not sure whichever I should choose.我真的不确定该选哪一个。(2)疑问副词引导的宾语从句:Alva didnt tell me when we would meet aga

35、in.阿尔瓦没告诉我什么时候我们再相见。I wonder where they will take us to.我不知道他们要把我们带到哪里去。The police asked Linda how the accident happened.警察问琳达事故是怎么发生的。May I ask why you took that decision?我可否问一下你为什么要作出那样的决定?I dont remember whenever I bought this necklace.我不记得我什么时候买的这条项链。No one knows wherever he can have gone to.没人知

36、道他究竟会去哪里。We wonder however you found this place in such weather.我们想知道你是怎么在这样的天气里找到这个地方的。特别提示有一些表示“喜好,厌恶，赞赏”的动词，如enjoy, like, love, dislike，hate, prefer，appreciate等，通常在这些及物动词后用it作宾语，替代后面的if条件从句或when时间从句的内容。例如：She didnt enjoy it when her husband drove fast.她不喜欢她丈夫开快车。She wont like it if you arrive lat

37、e.她不喜欢你迟到。I dont love it when she tells me how to do things.我不喜欢她指使我怎么做事。Some people really dislike it when you put fingerprints on their screens.有些人真的不喜欢别人把指纹印在他们的屏幕上。He hates it when people use his bike.他讨厌别人用他的自行车。I hate it if you say such things in public.我讨厌你在大庭广众之下说那样的事。Id prefer it if I didnt

38、 have to do so much work.要是我不必做那么多工作，那就太好了。I would appreciate it very much if you would help me with English.如果你能帮助我学英语，我会十分感激。3. wh-word引导表语从句The doubt is who has taken away the document.疑点是谁拿走了那份文件。The important thing is whom we should elect.重要的是我们应该选谁。Something else Id like to know is whose house

39、 was broken into.我还想知道的是谁家被闯入了My question is what he will do next.我的问题是他下一步将做什么。The difficulty is which route we should choose.困难在于我们应该选择哪条路线。What I want to know is whoever me up with this good idea.我想知道的是，到底是谁想出了这个好主意。My puzzle is whomever she met yesterday.我的谜团是她昨天究竟遇到了谁。What the doctor wants to k

40、now is whatever the patient has eaten.医生想知道的是病人吃了什么。Her question is whichever book you took.她的问题是你拿了哪本书。What hey want to know is when the meeting will begin.他们想知道的是会议什么时候开始。What surprises me is where they got the money from.让我吃惊的是他们从哪儿弄来的钱。The question is how we can do the work better.问题是我们如何才能将这项工作

41、做得更好。What puzzles me is why he left home without telling anyone.使我困惑的是他为什么不告诉任何人就离开了家。4. wh-word引导同位语从句The question who will take his place hasnt been discussed.谁来接替他的位置的问题还没有讨论。I have no idea whom she addressed the letter.我不知道她把信写给谁了。I want to know your thought whose side youre going to be on.我想知道你

42、的想法，你会站在哪一边。There seems to be no doubt what they are going to do next.他们下一步要做什么似乎是毫无疑问的。The question which group will win the match should be answered by them.哪个队能赢这场比赛的问题应该由他们来回答。They discussed the problem when and where they were to set up a chicken farm.他们讨论了在何时何地建立养鸡场的问题。We havent reached an agr

43、eement where well hold the meeting.我们还没有就要在哪里开会达成协议。People have some doubt how such a little boy can lift so heavy a box.这么一个小男孩怎么能举起这么重的箱子，对此人们表示怀疑。The question why so many people would choose to live in the countryside is still under discussion.关于为什么那么多的人选择在乡下居住的问题还在讨论中。四、what 和how引导的名词性感叹分句what和h

44、ow引导名词性从句，表达感叹意义，相当于一个间接的感叹句，即由原来的:感叹句”充当。引导感叹句的what和how，没有疑问的含义。1.what和how感叹句充当主语从句It made us sad what a small house they had.他们的房子这么小，真让我们难过。It surprised us what little money he earned.他挣得那么少，使我们感到惊讶Its incredible how fast she can run.她跑得快到令人难以置信。Its always surprised me how popular she is.她怎么那么受欢迎

45、，我百思不得其解。Its amazing how soon you have adapted.你这么快就适应了，真是令人惊奇。It struck me how honest hed been.我突然想到他是多么诚实。It occurred to me how common this natural phenomenon was.我突然想到这种自然现象是多么的普遍。It hit me how difficult it was for a woman to get medical training at that time.我突然想到，那个时候一个女性接受医疗培训是多么困难。2. what和how

46、感叹句充当宾语从句I still cant believe what a coincidence it was.我还是不敢相信这是多么巧合I remember what a good time I had at your party.我记得我在你们的聚会上玩得多开心。The tourist complained about how dirty the room was.游客抱怨房间太脏了。He didnt realize what a big mistake he d made.他没有意识到自己犯了多大的错误。She doesnt know what a mess she has made.她

47、不知道自己搞得一团糟。You dont know how foolish he is. 你不知道他有多傻。Only later did they realize what a terrible thing it was.只有到后来他们才意识到那是多么可怕的一个东西。You dont know how wonderful Beijing Opera is. It cant be described in words.你不知道京剧有多精彩。它无法用语言描述。I was just thinking what a long way it is.我刚才在琢磨路途太远了。Tonight he proved

48、 what a great player he was.今晚他证明了自己是一个多么了不起的选手。Dont you realize what a scare you ve given us all?你难道没意识到你给了我们大家一个什么样的惊吓吗?3. what和how感叹句充当表语从句The real surprise is what a wonderful singer he is.真正令人惊讶的是,他是一个多么出色的歌手。What surprises us is how quickly the work was done.让我们吃惊的是工作完成得如此之快。What amazes me is how long she managed to hide it from us.使我惊诧的是，她竟然能把这件