定语从句的用法及考点讲义-高三英语二轮复习.docx

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1、高中英语语法定语从句的用法及考点一、定语从句关系词的用法与选择1.关系词的用法关系词分为关系代词和关系副词。关系代询主要有 that. who.whom.whose. which.as 等，其中who和whom 只用干指人，which和as 只用干指事物，whose和 that既口生指人也可用于指物，它们在定语从句可用作主语、宦语、表语或定语；关系副词主要有when. where 和why，其中when表示时间，where表地点，why表原因，它们在定语从句中均用作状语：A plane is a machine that can fly.飞机是一种能飞行的机器。(that植物，在从句中用作主语

2、）I have forgotten everything that I learn t at schoo1.我把学校学的所有东西都给忘了。that植物，在从句中句作室语The man who lives in that house is my uncle. 住在那座房子里的人是我叔叔。who指人，在从句中作主语The house whose windows are broken is empty.破了窗户的那座房子是空的。whose植物，在从句中作定语There are some students whose questions I cant answer. 有些学生提出的问题我回答不了。wh

3、ose指人，在从句中作定语He is not such a fool as he looks，他并不像他看起来那么傻。as指人，在从句作表语2.关系词的选择选择关系词可考虑以下四点：（1）一看先行词的意义，即分清先行词是指人、指物、时间、地点还是原因（如指物时不能用who或whom，指人时通常不用which等）。(2）二看关系词的句法功能，即分清关系词是担任什么句子成分，是作主语还是宾语、是作定语还是状语等（如作定语通常用whose，有时也用which；作状语要用when, where, why)。(3）三看定语从句的种类，即分清是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句（如that和why通常不引

4、导非限制性定语从句）。(4）四看文体，即分清是正式文体还是非正式文体，是书面语体还是口语体。二、定语从句关系词省略关系词有时可以省略，但这只限于限制性定语从句中，在非限制性定语从句中，关系词则不可省略。1.关系代词作宾语时的省略当关系代词who.whom.which和that在定语从句中用作动词宾语或介词位于句末时的介词宾语时，可以省略。如：Is there anything (which) you wanted? 想要什么东西吗？Is there anything (which) you wanted? 想要什么东西吗？Have you anything (which) youd like

5、to sel1? 你有什么东西想卖吗？This was the worst film (that) he had ever seen.这是他所看过的电影中最差的一部。That is the house (that) we built. 这就是我们盖的房子。He is the kindest man (that) I have ever met. 他是我遇到过的最仁厚的人。It was the most worrying day (that) he had ever spent. 这是他度过的最烦恼的日子。I wore the necklace (which) my grandmother(ha

6、d) left me.我戴着祖母留给我的项链。Its the only building (which) Ive ever seen which is made entirely of glass. 这是我所见过的唯一的一座全部用玻璃造的建筑物。Who is the man(that /who /whom) you were talking to？刚才和你讲话的人是谁？You remember the boy (who) I was going out with？你记得那个跟我约会的小伙子吗？Shes the only woman (who) Ive really been in love w

7、ith.我真正爱过的只有这个女人。2.关系代词作表语时的省略当关系代词that在定语从句中用作表语时，可以省略。如：China is not the country (that) it was. 中国已不是过去的中国了。(that作表语）My son is not the boy (that) he used to be.我的儿子已不是过去的样子了。(that作表语）Can you remember the factory (that) it used to be？你还记得工厂原来的样子吗？that作表语When he came back. he found that his hometown

8、 was not the one that it had been，他回来的时候，发现家乡已不是原来的样子了。that作表语3.关系代词作宾补时的省略当关系代词that在定语从句中用作宾语补足时，可以省略。如：Im not the madman (that) you thought me. 我并不是你所认为的那个疯子。(that作宾语补语）4.关系代词作主语时的省略一般说来，关系代词作主语时是不能省略的，但是在以下两种特殊情况，也可省略。(1) 当定语从句为there be 结构时，作主语的that可以省略。如：Ive told you all (that) there is to tell.

9、 该告诉的我都告诉你了。It was the only cotton mill (that) there was then.那时它是唯一的一家棉纺织厂。(2) 当主句为there be结构时，在定语从句中作主语的that. which. who有时可省略。如：Theres a gentleman (who) wants to see you. 有一位先生要见您。(3) 当主句为it is, here is结构时，在定语从句中作主语的that有时可省略。如：Heres a little book(that) will tell you how to raise roses.这是一本关于玫瑰花栽培

10、的小册子。5.关系副词when的省略用作时间状语的关系副词when通常不能省略，但有一种特殊情况，即用干day year time等少数几个词后时可以省略（也可换成that。如：That was the year (that) I first went abroad.就是那一年我第一次出国了。Ill never forget the day (that) we met. 我永远也忘不了我们见面的那一天。That was the year (when) I first went abroad.那是我第一次出国的一年。Now is the time(when)I need him most. 现在

11、是我最需要他的时候。Do you remember the days (when) there were no jet planes？你还记得那个没有喷气机的年代吗？6.关系副词where的省略用作地点状语的关系副词where通常不能省略，但有一种特殊情况，即用于place,somewhere, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere少数几个词后时可以省略（也可换成that)。如：This is the place (where) they met yesterday这就是他们昨天碰头的地方。Have you somewhere(where)I can lie down f

12、or an hour？你有没有一个什么地方可以让我躺一个小时？Have you got somewhere(where)I can lie down for a while？你有什么地方我可以稍躺一会儿。We need a place (where) we can stay for a few days. 我们需要一个能住几天的地方。Do you know anywhere (where)I can buy a second-hand typewriter？你知道哪里能买到旧打字机吗？I know somewhere (where) you can eat Japanese food.我认识个

13、地方可以吃日本菜。三、 that / those 在定语从句中的运用1.that用作先行词时定语从句用什么引导that后接定语从句时，通常用关系代词which来引导。如：I have that which you gave me. 我有你给我的那个。That which many people say is not always true.很多人说的并不表示一定是真的。注：that which是一个比较正式的用法，在通常情况下会用what代替。如：What many people say is not always true.很多人说的并不表示一定是真的。另外注意，that后可接定语从句，但t

14、his后习惯上不接定语从句。2.those用作先行词时定语从句用什么引导those后接定语从句时，通常用关系代词who来引导。如：Those who do not wish to go need not go.不愿去的人不需要去。It is said that those who eat the most are the least healthy.据说吃得最多的人身体最差。另外注意，those后可接定语从句，但these后习惯上不接定语从句。四、关系代词as和which的区别1.互换的情况：两者有时可互换。如：I live a long way from work. as which you

15、 know. 我住得离工作单位很远，这你是知道的。2.只有as的情况：以下两种情况，习惯只用as，不用which。在such,as, the same后引导定语从句时只能用ash。如：I never heard such stories as he tells.我从未听过他讲那样的故事。Its the same story as I heard yesterday. 这故事跟我昨天听到的一样。This is the photo which shows my house. 这张照片拍的是我的住宅。 当从句位于主句前面时，只用as。如：As is known to everybody, the m

16、oon travels round the earth once every month.月球每月绕地球转一周，这是每个人都清楚的。3.值得注意的情况：以下三种情况值得注意。as 引导的非限制性定语从句应与主句在意义上和谐一致，但which无此限制。比较：He went abroad, as which was expected.他出国了，这是大家预料到的。He went abroad. which was unexpected.他出国了，这让大家感到很意外。（不用as)2as 引与非限制性定语从句时，先行词通常不能是主句中某个具体的词，而应是整个句子、整个短语或某个短语推断出来的概念，而wh

17、ich则无此限制。如：The river which flows through London,is called the Thames.这条流经伦敦的河叫泰晤士河。（不用as)(3）当as 引导非限制性定语从句作主语时，其谓语通常应是连系动词，而不宜是其他动词，而 which则无此限制：She has married again, as which seemed natural.她又结婚了，这似乎很自常。She has married again. which delighted us.她又结婚了，这使我们很高兴。（不用as)关系代词who与whom的区别两者均只用于人，从理论上说，who

18、为主格，whom为宾格，但实际上，除非在正式文体中，宾格关系代词whom 往往省略不用，或用who或that代之。如：The man(that.who. whom) you met just now is called Jim.你刚遇见的那个人叫吉姆。不过，值得注意的是，直接跟在介词后面作宾语时，只能用whom，而且不能省略。如：She brought with her three friends. none of whom I had ever met before. 她带了3个朋友来，我以前都没见过。另外，引导非限制性定语从句目作宣语时，who 和whom均可用，但以用 whom 为佳，此时也不能省略。如：This is Jack, who whom you havent met before. 这是杰克，你以前没见过。学科网（北京）股份有限公司