(精品)UnitFive(修改版）.ppt

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1、FALSITY AND FALSITY AND FAILUREFAILURE Some Well-known Frauds or Plagiarisms in Recent Years 1974 William Summerlin“The Patchwork Mouse”He claimed that he could transplant tissue from unrelated animals by keeping the tissue in culture for four to six weeks.He used white mice with patches of black fu

2、r which he had colored with a black permanent marker,but later people found that he painted the mice.Text analysis Part division and main ideas 1-2 The fact of fraudulent research has drawn much attention recently.3-4 Instances of fraudulent research both today and yesterday may seem to be a constan

3、tly spreading blot on the record of science and do damage to public confidence in the scientific method.5-6 Fraud in scientific research will inevitably lead to failure.7-8 The papers in Nature can serve as examples of how the self-monitoring system of scientific research is working.9 There is no ne

4、ed to worry about fraudulent research.Scan the text to find out phrases or expressions,which are related to either“unethical research behavior”or“faked data”in para 1-5.Scanning Para 1.fraud,plagiarism,fudging of data2.falsification of research,deliberate mistruth3.fraudulent research,cheating,bogus

5、 data 4.falsehood,bent science,falsified synthesis,fabrication 5.fake the result,faked data,cooked his data,plagiarize someone elses dataScanning In part2,the author uses lots of examples to illustrate his points.Find all the examples used in this part,according to their chronological order.1.second

6、 century ADPtolemy his unearthly data establishing the suns movement around the earth2.seventeenth-century Newton supposed example of fudging in Newtons calculations3.one hundred years agoMendel small questions about the perfection of his classical generalizations about plant genetics4.in the 1930s

7、Cyril Burt faked data on the inheritance of intelligence in identical twins5.twenty years ago a postdoctoral student at the Rockefeller Institute the falsified synthesis of a cellular protein 6.in 1974 at Sloan-Kettering skin-graft fabrication Language pointseminent:adj.1.towering or standing out ab

8、ove others;prominent The group of adventurers decided not to abandon the climbing of this eminent peak just because of adverse weather conditions.2.of high rank,station,or quality;noteworthy All the eminent members of this community were invited to this charity party.3.an eminent person is famous,im

9、portant,and respected She is an eminent historian,and works at one of the most prestigious institutes as a full professor.testify:v.1.make a formal statement of what is true,especially in a court of law 目击证人在陪审团面前作证目击证人在陪审团面前作证.The witnesses testified before a grand jury.2.show clearly that sth.is t

10、he case Many astronauts have testified to the exhilaration of weightlessness.in defense of:defending,protecting Hundreds gave their lives in defense of freedom and dignity.A multitude of laborers took part in the demonstration in defense of their rights.outright 1.adv.clearly and directly,without tr

11、ying to hide your feelings or intentions;immediately and without any delay.我把我对他所作所为的看法直率地告诉了他我把我对他所作所为的看法直率地告诉了他.I told him outright what I thought of his behavior.2.adj.clear and direct;complete and totalThe response of the audience varied from outright rejection to warm hospitality.His facial exp

12、ression bears strong evidence of his outright viciousness.sentence analysis The general drift of the thoughtful,worried essays was that the reported instances of deliberate mistruth on the part of scientists seem to be on the increase,and the self-monitoring system,traditionally relied upon to spot

13、and immediately expose all cases of faked data,appears to be malfunctioning.1.What does the word“drift”refer to?The word“drift”refers to“the general idea”.2.Why does the author use the two phrases“seem to be”and “appear to be”?The phrases“seem to be”and“appear to be”indicate uncertainty.The author u

14、ses these two phrases in order to show that the phenomenon may not necessarily happen in any scientific paper.deliberate:adj.1.intended or planned 这位贵族把仆人无意的疏忽错当成蓄意的侮辱。这位贵族把仆人无意的疏忽错当成蓄意的侮辱。This nobleman mistook the unintentional oversight of his servant for a deliberate insult.2.deliberate speech,th

15、ought,or movement is slow and careful After a deliberate consideration,Mr.Jones decided to resign from his position and run his own business.deliberate in ones speech言语慎重的言语慎重的a deliberate insult蓄意的侮辱蓄意的侮辱deliberate about/over就就仔细考虑仔细考虑 on the part of(on ones part)used when describing a particular p

16、ersons feelings or actions There has never been any jealousy on my part.This kind of outright denial is sure to be an insult on his part.fake1.vt.make sth.seem real in order to deceive people No one had ever imagined that this moving story was faked until the truth was exposed.2.n.a copy of a valuab

17、le object,painting,etc.that is intended to deceive people This Picasso was only a fake,but it was accepted as genuine by eminent art critics and sold to an important museum for a fabulous amount of money.malfunction1.vi.(of a machine)fail to work normally or properlyThe computer malfunctioned and pr

18、inted out the wrong data.n.a fault in the way a machine or part of sb.s body works 这个公司收集了足够的证据来证明这次事故的主要原这个公司收集了足够的证据来证明这次事故的主要原因是机器的一个严重故障。因是机器的一个严重故障。This company collected sound evidence to confirm that this disaster was greatly attributed to a major malfunction of the machine.mal-adjustedmal-co

19、ntentmalevolentmal-formedmalnourishedmal-practicemal-treatill or weak because of not having enough food to eatshowing a desire to harm other peopleunable to form good relationship with others someone who is likely to cause trouble because of dissatisfaction treat a person or animal cruelly badly for

20、medthe act of failing to do a professional duty properly 3.What is the meaning of the sentence in Chinese?那几篇经过深思熟虑且忧虑重重的文章那几篇经过深思熟虑且忧虑重重的文章的大意是，报刊上披露的科学家故意捏的大意是，报刊上披露的科学家故意捏造事实的事例似有上升趋势，长期以来造事实的事例似有上升趋势，长期以来赖以发现并迅速曝光各种虚假数据的自赖以发现并迅速曝光各种虚假数据的自律体系好像失灵了律体系好像失灵了.flat out1.(informal)(American English)in

21、a direct and complete way She asked him flat out whether hed been seeing another woman.2.(informal)as fast as possible That robber was running flat out towards the door with several cops e to lightif new information comes to light,it becomes known 这场比赛中所有的疑点早晚都会大白于这场比赛中所有的疑点早晚都会大白于天下的。天下的。Everything

22、 worth suspecting about this contest would come to light sooner or later.Sentence analysisThe real damage has been done to the public confidence in the scientific method,and there are apprehensions within the scientific community itself that someone,somewhere,perhaps in Washington,will begin framing

23、 new regulations to ensure exactitude and honesty in an endeavor that has always prided itself,and depended for its very progress,on these two characteristics.frame:1.vt.(formal)organize and develop a plan,system,etc.;carefully plan the way you are going to ask a question,make a statement,etc.It is

24、of great urgency to frame new regulations to ensure exactitude and honesty in any scientific domain.1.What does the phrase“within the scientific community”refer to?This phrase refers to those scientists who do scientific research.2.What do“these two characteristics”refer to?They refer to“exactitude

25、and honesty”.speculation:n.1)when you guess about the possible causes or effects of sth.without knowing all the facts,or the guesses that you make.Much speculation over the cause of the air crash arose.2)when you try to make a large profit by buying goods,property,shares,etc.and then selling them 房地

26、产开发中的欺诈性投机活动会给市房地产开发中的欺诈性投机活动会给市场带来不可弥补的伤害。场带来不可弥补的伤害。Dishonest speculation in property development would bring indelible damage to the market.revive:vt.1)become healthy and strong again,or to make sb.or sth.healthy and strong again 她昏迷了她昏迷了,但喂她些白兰地酒后她就很快醒过但喂她些白兰地酒后她就很快醒过来了。来了。She fainted but the br

27、andy soon revived her2)bring sth.back after it has not been used or has not existed for a period of time Efforts to revive mini-skirt are in vain.perfection:n.1)the process of making sth.perfectThey are working on the perfection of their new paint formula.2)the state of being perfectPerfection is im

28、possible to achieve in that kind of workaim for perfection力求完善力求完善bring sth.to perfection使（某事）十使（某事）十全十美全十美wine aged to perfection 陈年佳酿陈年佳酿celebrated,distinguished¬orious 这三个词都是形容词，均含有这三个词都是形容词，均含有“著名的著名的”之之意。意。celebrated 表示受公众的注意以及在刊物上经常被提及，表示受公众的注意以及在刊物上经常被提及，还可以表示公众对某人特品质和成就的敬仰。还可以表示公众对某人特品质和成

29、就的敬仰。例如：例如：Venice is celebrated for its beautiful buildings.distinguished 表示某人在工作，事业中非常成功而享表示某人在工作，事业中非常成功而享有很高的声望。例如：有很高的声望。例如：His grandfather had been a distinguished professor at the Oxford University.notorious 表示坏事而出名。例如：表示坏事而出名。例如：The area was notorious for murders.这个地区臭名昭著，因为谋杀案特别多。这个地区臭名昭著，因为

30、谋杀案特别多。Sentence analysisThese can,if you like,be made to seem all of a piece,a constantly spreading blot on the record of science.1.What does“these”refer to?It refers to the examples of habitual falsehood in the process of science.2.What does the phrase“all of a piece”mean?This phrase means“be the s

31、ame or similar in all parts”.The style of the book is all of a piece,both in illustrations and text.这本书无论是插图还是文字，风格都很一致。这本书无论是插图还是文字，风格都很一致。blot 1.n.a building,structure,etc.that is ugly and spoils the appearance of a place;sth.that spoils the good opinion that people have of sb.or sth.;a mark or di

32、rty spot on sth.,especially made by inkThat new factory is a blot on the landscape There are some ink blots on the white wall.2.v.cover or hide sth.Completely;if you blot out an unpleasant memory,a thought,etc.,you deliberately try to forget it.Thick,white smoke completely blotted out the sun.superb

33、:adj.extremely goodHelen has a superb mind and is able to articulate her thoughts with great precision and wit.The sports facilities are superb.conform:vi.behave in the way that most other people in your group or society behave;obey a law,rule,etc.这座建筑物不符合安全条例。这座建筑物不符合安全条例。The building does not conf

34、orm to safety regulations.with certainty肯定地肯定地for a certainty 毋庸置疑毋庸置疑retrieval:n.1)the process of getting back information stored on a computer system The retrieval system installed in this computer can help us get the information needed.2)if a situation is beyond retrieval,it has become so bad tha

35、t it cannot be made right again She tried to apologize but it was really beyond retrieval.impeccably:adv.without any faults and impossible to criticize 他的穿着在那种场合非常得体。他的穿着在那种场合非常得体。He was impeccably dressed for the occasion This is not a claim that teachers are necessarily,by nature,an impeccably dev

36、oting lot,although I am personally convinced that all the best ones are.Sentence analysisIt is an impossibility for a scientist to fake his results and get away with it,unless he is lucky enough to have the faked data conform,in every fine detail,to a guessed-at truth about nature(the probability of

37、 this kind of luck is exceedingly small),or unless the work he describes is too trivial to be of interest to other investigators.Either way,he cannot winAnalyze the structure of the sentence.本句是个由连接词本句是个由连接词“unless”组成的主从组成的主从句，主句是句，主句是“It is an impossibility for a scientist to fake his results and g

38、et away with it”,从句由两个并列的状语从句由两个并列的状语从句组成：从句组成：“unless he is lucky”,“or unless the work”。sentence analysis It says,simply,that people are not inclined to try cheating in a game where cheating leads almost inevitably to losing.1.What does“it”refer to?It refers to the fact that the events of scientifi

39、c malfeasance are extremely rare.2.What does“game”refer to?It refers to“scientific research”.3.What is the meaning of the sentence in Chinese?这仅仅是说明，在欺骗几乎不可避免地这仅仅是说明，在欺骗几乎不可避免地 会导致失败的游戏中，人们不会乐于弄会导致失败的游戏中，人们不会乐于弄虚作假。虚作假。Analyze the first part of the sentence “There are two extensive papers dealing wi

40、th an important and fascinating question raised last year by a Canadian group of immunologists”句中句中“dealing with”是现在分词词组，在句子是现在分词词组，在句子中修饰中修饰“paper”，表示主动含义。而，表示主动含义。而“raised”是过去分词词组，在句子中修饰是过去分词词组，在句子中修饰“question”，表示被动含义，表示被动含义。conclusively:adv.showing that sth.is definitely trueconclusive adj.她在枪上留下

41、的指纹就是她犯罪的确凿她在枪上留下的指纹就是她犯罪的确凿证据。证据。Her fingerprints on the gun were the conclusive proof of her guilt.If true,the claim would support nothing less than Lamarckianism,long since jettisoned from biology;Whats the meaning of the phrase“nothing less than”?It is used to emphasize how important,serious,or

42、impressive something is.For example:His appearance in the show was nothing less than a sensation.upheaval:n.a very big change that often causes problems Volcanic upheavals cause serious dangers to the local people.meticulously:adv.very carefully about small details,and always making sure that everyt

43、hing is done correctly He processed the data so meticulously that the conclusion reached was completely credible.scrupulous很细心来做到诚实、公正，例如：很细心来做到诚实、公正，例如：Cynthia was scrupulous in her efforts to give no trouble.辛西娅非常细心地尽力不添麻烦。辛西娅非常细心地尽力不添麻烦。contrived:adj.obviously planned or calculated;not spontaneou

44、s;labored The storyline is rather contrived,as people in real life just dont behave like that.At the end of the movie theres this ridiculously contrived scene where everyone gets killed or disappears.be caught up in be absorbed or involved in It is easy for people to be caught up in crime when there

45、 are so many temptations.Children who were caught up in the crime are getting a lot of media attention.Sentence anylysis In the same journal there are three marvelous papers one from the University of Cambridge,two from Cal Tech that will cause even more of a stir in biomedical science,generating su

46、rprise,argument,and new bursts of research in laboratories around the world.stir into 把把拌入拌入stir oneself to奋起奋起 a stir over 因因引起的骚乱引起的骚乱Whats the meaning of“more of a stir”in this sentence?It means a stir bigger than the last one.Sentence analysisThe genetic composition of human mitochondria has bee

47、n elucidated,and these structures,long believed to be the descendants of bacteria living as permanent lodgers inside all nucleated cells,are turning out to have an arrangement of their genes like nothing else on earth:elucidate:vt.make(sth)clear;explain The notes helped to elucidate the most difficu

48、lt parts of the text.She collected any evidence available,which might help her to elucidate the problem.What does“these structures”refer to?“These structures”refers to“the genetic composition of human mitochondria”.What is the meaning of this part of the sentence in Chinese?人类线粒体的遗传构成业已得到解释，人类线粒体的遗传

49、构成业已得到解释，这些长期以来被认为是永久寄生于有核这些长期以来被认为是永久寄生于有核细胞中的细菌衍生物的结构细胞中的细菌衍生物的结构,原来具有原来具有一种不同于世间其他事物的基因排列：一种不同于世间其他事物的基因排列：AR-Useful Expressions1.11.为为作证作证2.彻头彻尾的欺诈、剽窃行为彻头彻尾的欺诈、剽窃行为3.有上升趋势有上升趋势4.在在内内5.直言不讳地直言不讳地6.被揭露被揭露7.在普通报刊中在普通报刊中8.在科学界内部在科学界内部testify in defense ofoutright fraud and plagiarismon the increasew

50、ithin the walls offlat outcome to lightin the lay press within the scientific communityUseful ExpressionsAR-Useful Expressions1.29.一向为一向为而自豪而自豪10.与与联系在一起联系在一起11.仍在继续扩散的污点仍在继续扩散的污点12.不被追究不被追究13.完全吻合完全吻合14.推测的自然法则推测的自然法则15.肯定肯定pride oneself onlump in witha constantly spreading blotget away with itconf