自考英美文选-古典主义.ppt

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1、Chapter2TheNeoclassicalPeriod(1660-1798)新新古典古典主义主义ForeignLanguagesDepartment：XiaYajun163邮箱邮箱用户名用户名：密码密码：literature20110416The Neoclassical Period What we now call the neoclassical period is the one in English literature between the return of the Stuarts to the English throne in 1660 and the full ass

2、ertion of Romanticism which came with the publication of Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge in 1798.(P79Para.1)The English society of the neoclassical period was a turbulent one.(P79)Historicalbackground.ElizabethI:1558-1603,ElizabethIdiedin1603.JamesI:1603-1625politicalandreligioustyranny.

3、CharlesI:1625-1649.Cromwell:1649-1660commonwealthprotector:1653-1658.CharlesII:1660-1688Restoration(P79Para.2).JamesII:1685-1688GloriousRevolution1689，theBillofRightswasenactedbytheEnglishParliament.ItestablishedthesupremacyofParliamentandputanendtodivinemonarchyinEngland.Inshort,itwasanagefullofcon

4、flictsanddivergenceofvalues.总之，这一时期总之，这一时期是矛盾与价值观分歧的时期。是矛盾与价值观分歧的时期。(P79Para.2)HistoricalBackgroundEnglandbecameaconstitutionalmonarchypowerpassedfromtheKingtotheParliamentandthecabinetministersAbroad,avastexpansionofBritishcoloniesP79Athomeinthecountry,thereappearedamarketoffreelaborandfreecapital,

5、thusprovidingtheessentialconditionsfortherisingofIndustrialRevolution.Englandhadbecomethefirstpowerfulcapitalistcountryintheworld.socialspirit:self-restraint,self-relianceandhardworkP80theAgeofEnlightenment,theAgeofReason.EnlightenmentTheEnlightenmentMovementwasaprogressiveintellectualmovementwhichf

6、lourishedinFranceandsweptthroughthewholeWesternEuropeatthetime.ThemovementwasafurtheranceoftheRenaissanceofthefifteenthandsixteenthcenturies.(P80Para.3)EnlightenmentItspurposewastoenlightenthewholeworldwiththelightofmodernphilosophicalandartisticideas.运动的主旨便是用当代哲学与艺运动的主旨便是用当代哲学与艺术思想的晨光启迪整个世界。术思想的晨光启

7、迪整个世界。(P80Para.3)Theenlightenerscelebratedreasonorrationality,equalityandscience.Enlightenersheldthatrationalityorreasonshouldbetheonly,thefinalcauseofanyhumanthoughtandactivities.Theycalledforareferencetoorder,reasonandrules.启蒙者主启蒙者主张理性是任何人思想与行动的唯一缘由。他们张理性是任何人思想与行动的唯一缘由。他们大力提倡秩序，理性及法律。大力提倡秩序，理性及法律。

8、Neo-classicism(P81Para.2)Inthefieldofliterature,theEnlightenmentMovementbroughtaboutarevivalofinterestintheoldclassicalworks.Thistendencyisknownasneoclassicism.Accordingtotheneoclassicists,allformsofliteratureweretobemodeledaftertheclassicalworksoftheancientGreek,Romanwriters(Homer,Virgil,andsoon),a

9、ndthoseofthecontemporaryFrenchones.Theybelievedthattheartisticidealsshouldbeorder,logic,restrainedemotion,accuracy,andthatliteratureshouldbejudgedintermsofitsservicetohumanity.Thisbeliefledthemtoseekproportion,unity,harmonyandgraceinliteraryexpressions,inanefforttodelight,instructandcorrecthumanbein

10、gs,primarilyassocialanimals.Thus,apolite,urbane,witty,andintellectualartdeveloped.Literatureofneoclassicalperiod Thefirst3decades:NeoclassicismandPoetry1740s-1750s:TheRiseofRealisticNovelsGothicnovel,Sentimentalism&Pre-romanticismThefirstperiod:P82neo-classicism in poetry Alexander Pope,John Dryden,

11、Samuel JohnsonThesecondperiod the modern English novel P82 The more important works that appeared during this period were chiefly the novels of Daniel Defoe,Samuel Richardson,Henry Fielding,Laurence Sterne,Tobias Smollett,and Oliver Goldsmith.ThethirdperiodP83 Gothicnovels-mostly stories of mystery

12、and horror Sentimentalismsuchas“GraveyardSchool”:Edward Young and Thomas Gray Pre-romanticism,William Blake and Robert Burns Dramatist:RichardBrinsleySheridan-the most important English playwright of the 18th centuryJohnBunyan约翰约翰.班扬班扬As a stout Puritan,he had made a conscientious study of the Bible

13、 and firmly believed in salvation through spiritual struggle.作为一个坚定的清教徒，他认真学习作为一个坚定的清教徒，他认真学习圣经圣经，并深信人一定能通过精神上的奋斗得到拯救。，并深信人一定能通过精神上的奋斗得到拯救。He made it possible for the reader of the least education to share the pleasure of reading his novel and to relive the experience of his characters.他的语言具体生动，情他的语

14、言具体生动，情节鲜明真实，连没受过教育的人也能享受到阅读他的作品的乐趣。节鲜明真实，连没受过教育的人也能享受到阅读他的作品的乐趣。JohnBunyan约翰约翰.班扬班扬Bunyan had a deep hatred for the corrupted,hypocritical rich who accumulated their wealth“by hook and by crook”.Bunyans style was modeled after that of the English Bible.P84Bunyans other works include Grace Abounding

15、 to the Chief of Sinners,The Life and Death of Mr.Badman,The Holy War and The Pilgrims Progress,Part II.班扬其他的作品还有班扬其他的作品还有罪人头目的赦免罪人头目的赦免，拜拜得门先生生死录得门先生生死录，圣战圣战以及以及天路历程天路历程第二部第二部TheVanityFairP85名利场（节选名利场（节选天路历程天路历程第一部）第一部）ThePilgrimsProgressisthemostsuccessfulreligiousallegoryintheEnglishlanguage.Itsp

16、urposeistourgepeopletoabidebyChristiandoctrinesandseeksalvationthroughconstantstruggleswiththeirownweaknessesandallkindsofsocialevils.天路历程天路历程是英文作品中最成功的是英文作品中最成功的宗教寓言宗教寓言。它的主旨是让人。它的主旨是让人们们遵循基督教教义遵循基督教教义，并通过不断战胜自身弱点与身外的邪恶来获，并通过不断战胜自身弱点与身外的邪恶来获得拯救。得拯救。Itspredominantmetaphor-lifeasajourneyissimpleandfa

17、miliar.全篇的主要隐喻全篇的主要隐喻生命就是旅程生命就是旅程简洁又熟悉。简洁又熟悉。AlexanderPope亚历山大亚历山大.蒲伯蒲伯 P90 Pope,averysensitiveman,wouldstrikebackhard,andintheconstantverbalbattleshedevelopedastyleofbitingsatire.蒲伯本身是个很敏感的人，自然要用笔墨来反击，在此蒲伯本身是个很敏感的人，自然要用笔墨来反击，在此期间，他发展了犀利的讽刺文体。期间，他发展了犀利的讽刺文体。AsarepresentativeoftheEnlightenment,Popewa

18、soneofthefirsttointroducerationalismtoEngland.For him the supreme value was order-cosmic order,political order,social order,aesthetic order,and this emphasis on order found expression in all of his works.对他来说秩序有着至高无上的价值对他来说秩序有着至高无上的价值-宇宙秩序，政治秩序，社宇宙秩序，政治秩序，社会秩序，美学秩序。这种对秩序与理性的强调深入到了他各部作会秩序，美学秩序。这种对秩序与

19、理性的强调深入到了他各部作品中。品中。Pope made his name as a great poet with the publication of An Essay on Criticism in 1711.The next year,he published The Rape of the Lock,a finest mock epic.1711年，他出版了散文年，他出版了散文论批评论批评，从此奠定了他在诗坛的地位。，从此奠定了他在诗坛的地位。次年，他又出版了次年，他又出版了夺发记夺发记，一部极妙的讽刺史诗。，一部极妙的讽刺史诗。Pope was the greatest poet

20、of his time.He strongly advocated neoclassicism,emphasizing that literary works should be judged by classical rules of order,reason,logic,restrained emotion,good taste and decorum.蒲伯是当时最伟大的诗人，他大力提倡新古典主义，强调文学作蒲伯是当时最伟大的诗人，他大力提倡新古典主义，强调文学作品的优劣应由古典的秩序尺度，理性，逻辑，情感的克制，高雅品的优劣应由古典的秩序尺度，理性，逻辑，情感的克制，高雅的品位以及是否体

21、面，正派来衡量。的品位以及是否体面，正派来衡量。He worked painstakingly on his poems,developed a satiric,concise,smooth,graceful and well-balanced style.他致力于诗歌创作，发展了讽刺，简练，通顺，优雅，平衡的风他致力于诗歌创作，发展了讽刺，简练，通顺，优雅，平衡的风格。格。AnEssayonCriticismIt is a didactic poem written in heroic couplets.It consists of 744 lines and divided into th

22、ree parts.The poem,as a comprehensive study of the theories of literary criticism,exerted great influence upon Popes contemporary writers in advocating the classical rules and popularizing the neoclassicist tradition in England.asuccessfulbusinessman,atypicalhardworkingEnglishmanathisageajournalista

23、ndpamphleteer,anovelistHefavorsthecapitalistadventureinannewworld.Daniel DefoeDaniel Defoe笛福笛福(1660-1731)(1660-1731)DanielDefoeP96Hisquickmind,abundantenergyandnever-failingenthusiasmalwaysbroughthimbackonhisfeetafterafall.他过人的才智，充沛的精力，旺盛而持久的热情总是使他在失败后能重新站起。他过人的才智，充沛的精力，旺盛而持久的热情总是使他在失败后能重新站起。Robinso

24、nCrusoe,anadventurestoryverymuchinthespiritofthetime,isuniversallyconsideredhismasterpiece.鲁宾逊漂流记鲁宾逊漂流记是一部体现时代精神的游记历险小说，是笛福是一部体现时代精神的游记历险小说，是笛福的代表作。的代表作。Inmostofhisworks,hegavehispraisetothehard-working,studymiddleclassandshowedhissympathyforthedowntrodden,unfortunatepoor.在他大部分作品中，他都表达了对勤劳，坚强的中产阶级的赞

25、誉，在他大部分作品中，他都表达了对勤劳，坚强的中产阶级的赞誉，以及对破落不幸的穷苦人的同情。以及对破落不幸的穷苦人的同情。Defoewasaverygoodstory-teller.笛福很会讲故事。笛福很会讲故事。Hismajorworks thefirstgreatrealisticnovelistinEnglishfictionHebasedhisstoriesoncurrentevents&materialshis most popular novel is Robinson Crusoe(1719)A Journal of the Plague Year大疫年日记大疫年日记(1722)

26、Defoes third masterpiece,Moll Flanders摩尔摩尔弗兰德斯弗兰德斯(1722)DanielDefoeHis sentences are sometimes short,crisp and plain,and sometimes long and rambling,which leave on the reader an impression of casual narration.他的语句时而短小干脆，朴素直白，时而又气势磅礴，他的语句时而短小干脆，朴素直白，时而又气势磅礴，泼墨如水，为读者留下了叙述自由悠闲的印象。泼墨如水，为读者留下了叙述自由悠闲的印象。H

27、is language is smooth,easy,colloquial and mostly vernacular.他的措辞简朴易懂又他的措辞简朴易懂又口语口语化，有时甚至是俗语方言。化，有时甚至是俗语方言。There is nothing artificial in his language:it is common English at its beat.他的语言毫无造作，完全是大众英语。他的语言毫无造作，完全是大众英语。RobinsonCrusoeP98The novel consists actually of three parts.鲁宾逊鲁宾逊漂流记漂流记：整部小说分为三个部分

28、：整部小说分为三个部分 The realistic account of the successful struggle of Robinson single-handedly against the hostile nature forms the best part of the novel.Robinson is here a real hero:a typical eighteenth-century English middle-class man.,the pioneer colonist.其中对鲁宾逊徒手与恶劣的大自然作斗争的描述是小其中对鲁宾逊徒手与恶劣的大自然作斗争的描述是小

29、说最精彩的部分。在此，鲁宾逊是真正的英雄：一个说最精彩的部分。在此，鲁宾逊是真正的英雄：一个典型的英国十八世纪中产阶级人士。典型的英国十八世纪中产阶级人士。P100CommentonRobinson Crusoe In this novel,Daniel Defoe created the image of a true empire-builder,a colonizer and a foreign trader,who has the courage and will to face hardships,and who has determination to preserve himse

30、lf and improve on his livelihood by struggling against nature.Being a bourgeoisie writer,Daniel Defoe glorifies the hero and defends the policy of colonialism of British government.His sentences are sometimes short,crisp and plain,and sometimes long and rambling,which leave on the reader an impressi

31、on of casual narration.P98His language is smooth,easy,colloquial and mostly vernacular.master satiristJonathanSwift In 1704 he published two powerful satires on corruption in religion and learning,A Tale of a Tub and The Battle of the Books,which established his name as a satirist.1704年，他针对宗教和学术界的腐败

32、出版了两篇犀利的讽刺小品，年，他针对宗教和学术界的腐败出版了两篇犀利的讽刺小品，一为一为桶的故事桶的故事，一为，一为书籍的战斗书籍的战斗。这两篇作品奠定了他。这两篇作品奠定了他在讽刺作品中的地位。在讽刺作品中的地位。Even today Swift is still respected as a national hero in Ireland.直至今日，斯威夫特还被尊为爱尔兰的民族英雄。直至今日，斯威夫特还被尊为爱尔兰的民族英雄。In his opinion,human nature is seriously and permanently flawed.To better human li

33、fe,enlightenment is needed.他认为人性永远有着严重的瑕疵，为了使人的生活更美好，人们他认为人性永远有着严重的瑕疵，为了使人的生活更美好，人们需要启蒙。需要启蒙。JonathanSwiftIn his writings,although he intends not to condemn but to reform and improve human nature and human institutions.在他的作品中，他提倡的不是谴责，而是采取行为改在他的作品中，他提倡的不是谴责，而是采取行为改良人性与人为的机构。良人性与人为的机构。His“A Modest Pr

34、oposal”is generally taken as a perfect model.他的他的一个温和的建议一个温和的建议被认为是一篇完善的典范。被认为是一篇完善的典范。Swift is one of the greatest masters of English prose.斯威夫特是一名优秀的散文作家。斯威夫特是一名优秀的散文作家。JonathanSwiftHe defined a good style as“proper words in proper places.”Clear,simple,concrete diction,uncomplicated sentence struc

35、ture,economy and conciseness of language mark all his writings-essays,poems and novels.他创立了一种良好的文风，即他创立了一种良好的文风，即“在恰当的地方用恰当在恰当的地方用恰当的词的词”。无论是散文，诗歌，还是小说，简洁，具体，。无论是散文，诗歌，还是小说，简洁，具体，精确，没有复杂的句式永远是他的写作风格。精确，没有复杂的句式永远是他的写作风格。JonathanSwiftSwifts chief works are:A Tale of a Tub and The Battle of the Books,T

36、he Drapiers Letters(note:Drapier=Swift,alias),Gullivers Travels and A Modest Proposal.斯威夫特的作品主要有斯威夫特的作品主要有桶的故事桶的故事，书籍的战斗书籍的战斗，德拉德拉皮尔的信皮尔的信，格列佛游记格列佛游记和和一个温和的建议一个温和的建议。Gullivers Travels:Jonathans best fictional work,the book contains four parts.Its social significance is great and its exploration into

37、 human nature profound.格列佛游记格列佛游记：是斯威夫特最精彩的一部小说，全书分为四卷，：是斯威夫特最精彩的一部小说，全书分为四卷，它具有重大的社会意义，同时对人性的探索与揭示也是深刻的。它具有重大的社会意义，同时对人性的探索与揭示也是深刻的。Gullivers Travels Lilliput a masterpiece of satire not only on all parts of Britain but also on the vice,folly and weakness of the whole mankindBrobdingnagLaputaHouyhn

38、hnmsHenryFielding亨利亨利.费尔丁费尔丁During his career as a dramatist,Fielding had attempted a considerable number of forms of play.P119在他戏剧创作生涯里，费尔丁曾尝试过许多不同的戏剧模式。在他戏剧创作生涯里，费尔丁曾尝试过许多不同的戏剧模式。Of all his plays,the best known are The Coffee-House Politician,The Tragedy of Tragedies,Pasquin,and The Historical Reg

39、ister for the Year 1736.P119他的作品中最有名的要数他的作品中最有名的要数咖啡屋的政治家咖啡屋的政治家，悲剧中的悲剧悲剧中的悲剧，巴斯昆巴斯昆，1736历史年鉴历史年鉴。The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews and of his friend Mr.Abraham Adams,Written in Imitation of the Manner of Cervants.A“comic epic in prose,”whose subject is“the true ridiculous”in human nat

40、ure.“散文体喜剧史诗散文体喜剧史诗”，主题是人类本性中的荒唐，对人性进行了真，主题是人类本性中的荒唐，对人性进行了真实的讽刺。实的讽刺。The dominating qualities of the novel are its excellent character-portrayal,timely entrances and exits,robustness of tone and hilarious,hearty humor.小说的突出特点是出色的人物刻画，及时的出场退场，笔调的遒小说的突出特点是出色的人物刻画，及时的出场退场，笔调的遒劲及令人会心的幽默。劲及令人会心的幽默。“The

41、Great Man,properly considered,is no better than a great gangster”-The History of Jonathan Wild the Great从某种意义上说，伟大的人物无异于从某种意义上说，伟大的人物无异于“伟大伟大”的匪徒的匪徒-伟伟大的乔纳森怀尔德大的乔纳森怀尔德。The History of Tom Jones is a masterpiece on the subject of human nature.费尔丁的代表作费尔丁的代表作汤姆汤姆.琼斯：一个弃儿的故事琼斯：一个弃儿的故事主题是对人性的讽刺。主题是对人性的讽刺。

42、the purpose of the novel was not just to amuse,but to instruct,the object of novel was to present a faithful picture of life,“the just copies of human manners,”with sound teaching woven into their texture,so as to teach men to know themselves,their proper-spheres and appropriate manners.小说不仅供娱乐，而且更有

43、教育意义，他的小说的主旨小说不仅供娱乐，而且更有教育意义，他的小说的主旨是要真实地展示生活，使之成为是要真实地展示生活，使之成为“人类态度的完整拷贝人类态度的完整拷贝”，并将，并将说教巧妙的引入作品，教导人们认识自己，寻求适宜的人生态度。说教巧妙的引入作品，教导人们认识自己，寻求适宜的人生态度。Fielding has been regarded by some as“Father of the English novel,”for his contribution to the establishment of the form of the modern novel.费尔丁被一些人尊为费尔

44、丁被一些人尊为“英国小说之父英国小说之父”，因为他为现代小说模式，因为他为现代小说模式的创立作出很大贡献。的创立作出很大贡献。He was the first to set out,both in theory and practice,to write specifically a“comic epic in prose,”the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.他第一个在理论与实践上创造了他第一个在理论与实践上创造了“散文体喜剧史诗散文体喜剧史诗”，并第一个，并第一个为现代小说确立了结构和风格。为现代小说确立了结

45、构和风格。He“thinks the thought”of all his characters,so he is able to present not only their external behaviors but also the internal workings of their minds.作者以角色的口吻去“想”，因此不仅可以表述人物的外在行为，还可深入刻画其内心的思想活动。55.Fieldings language is easy,unlaboured and familiar,but extremely vivid and vigorous.His sentences a

46、re always distinguished by logic and rhythm,and his structure carefully planed toward an inevitable ending.费尔丁的创作语言自然流畅，通俗易懂，同时又栩栩如生并富有活力，他的句子以逻辑性和韵律性见长，小说结尾总是水到渠成，顺理成章。Tom Jones,the novel consists of 18 books.Tom,the titular hero of the story,he became a national hero,he-honest,kind-hearted,high-sp

47、irited,loyal,and brave,but impulsive,wanting prudence and full of animal spirits.汤姆汤姆.琼斯琼斯共共18卷，汤姆曾一度成为全国人民心中的英雄，他卷，汤姆曾一度成为全国人民心中的英雄，他-诚实，善良，高尚，忠诚，勇敢，同时也有着易冲动，鲁莽和诚实，善良，高尚，忠诚，勇敢，同时也有着易冲动，鲁莽和野性难驯的缺点。野性难驯的缺点。Tom Jones brings its author the name of the“Prose Home.”The panoramic view it provides of the 1

48、8th-century English country.汤姆汤姆.琼斯琼斯为费尔丁赢得了为费尔丁赢得了“散文荷马散文荷马”的盛名，小说为读者的盛名，小说为读者提供了一幅英国提供了一幅英国18世纪乡村与城市的宏伟的全景图。世纪乡村与城市的宏伟的全景图。SamuelJohnson塞缪尔塞缪尔.约翰逊约翰逊 The years between 1737 and 1755,he did translations,wrote poems,essays and so on.1737年至年至1755年这段时间对他来说充满了艰辛年这段时间对他来说充满了艰辛:他做过翻译他做过翻译,写过写过诗诗,为书商编书为书商

49、编书,编辑杂志。编辑杂志。In his famous Literary Club,where he was surrounded with respect by the elite of the literary circles.在他的文学社里，周围围满了敬仰他的文学精英。在他的文学社里，周围围满了敬仰他的文学精英。Johnson was an energetic and versatile writer.He had a hand in all the different branches of literary activities.约翰逊精力充沛，多才多艺，他还涉足各种各样的文学领域。约

50、翰逊精力充沛，多才多艺，他还涉足各种各样的文学领域。His chief works include pomes:“London”,and“The Vanity of Human Wishes”;a romance:The History of Rasselas,Prince of Abyssinia;a tragedy:Irene.他的主要作品有诗歌：他的主要作品有诗歌：伦敦伦敦，人类欲望的虚幻人类欲望的虚幻骑士浪漫骑士浪漫诗：诗：拉塞拉斯的历史拉塞拉斯的历史，阿比西尼亚王子阿比西尼亚王子；一部悲剧：；一部悲剧：艾琳艾琳。As a lexicographer,Johnson distingui