阅读理解长难句破解.ppt

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1、中考阅读理解解题技巧探讨中考阅读理解解题技巧探讨 World Earth DaynPollutions around usnThe ways to protect the environment阅读理解解题方阅读理解解题方法与技巧法与技巧 1.When people live in a polluted area,_.A.they will control the use of alternative energy(替代能源）.B.their health will be in danger.C.they will get stronger and stronger.哈尔滨市哈尔滨市2012年

2、初中升学年初中升学考试英语试卷阅读理解考试英语试卷阅读理解 Pollution means adding dirty or harmful(有害的）things to land,air,water and so on.As a result,theyare no longer pleasant or safe to use.Pollution is bad for animals and plants,and it even makes peoples health in danger.In our daily life,we can see differentkinds of polluti

3、on in many places.There are three main forms of pollution:land pollution,air pollution and water pollution.1.When people live in a polluted area,_.A.they will control the use of alternative energy(替代能源）.B.their health will be in danger.C.they will get stronger and stronger.阅读理解解题方阅读理解解题方法与技巧法与技巧 1.W

4、hen people live in a polluted area,_.A.they will control the use of alternative energy(替代能源）.B.their health will be in danger.C.they will get stronger and stronger.哈尔滨市哈尔滨市2012年初中升学年初中升学考试英语试卷阅读理解考试英语试卷阅读理解 Pollution means adding dirty or harmful(有害的）things to land,air,water and so on.As a result,th

5、eyare no longer pleasant or safe to use.Pollution is bad for animals and plants,and it even makes peoples health in danger.In our daily life,we can see differentkinds of pollution in many places.There are three main forms of pollution:land pollution,air pollution and water pollution._1.When people l

6、ive in a polluted area,_.A.they will control the use of alternative energy(替代能源）.B.their health will be in danger.C.they will get stronger and stronger.阅读理解解题方阅读理解解题方法法 1.When people live in a polluted area,_.A.they will control the use of alternative energy(替代能源）.B.their health will be in danger.C.

7、they will get stronger and stronger.B-细节题法细节题法细节题是中考题型中最常见的一种题型，解题方法：直接到原文中找出与题中答案意思和句型模式一样的句子。阅读理解解题方法与技巧阅读理解解题方法与技巧2.The underlined word“solid”in the passage means“_”in Chinese.A.气体 B.液体 C.固体哈尔滨市哈尔滨市2012年初中升学年初中升学考试英语试卷阅读理解考试英语试卷阅读理解 Land pollution is caused by solid waste,such as cans,bottles and

8、 some plastic things which arent broken down quickly.It makes the environment lookvery bad.However air pollution is more serious than land pollution.It is much worse in cities and towns.Because of the fumes(废气）废气）from traffic and the waste from human(人类的）人类的）activities.When people drive their cars,f

9、umes which are most made up of CO2,NO2 and SO2 are given off.After the gases get into the air,they may mix with clouds.Then they willbecome some harmful chemicals falling on the ground.阅读理解解题方阅读理解解题方法与技巧法与技巧 Land pollution is caused by solid waste,such as cans,bottles and some plastic thingswhich ar

10、ent broken down quickly.1.The underlined word“solid”in the passage means“_”in Chinese.A.气体 B.液体 C.固体solid阅读理解解题方阅读理解解题方法法 Land pollution is caused by solid waste,such as cans,bottles and some plastic thingswhich arent broken down quickly.1.The underlined word“solid”in the passage means“_”in Chinese.

11、A.气体 B.液体 C.固体C-猜词法猜词法 猜词法要求通过因果关系，同反义词，构词法猜词法要求通过因果关系，同反义词，构词法，定义，定义，句法功能，描述等方法猜词。本题属于描述猜词法。句法功能，描述等方法猜词。本题属于描述猜词法。阅读理解解题方阅读理解解题方法法猜词法示例猜词法示例 1.You shouldnt have blamed him for that,for it wasnt his mistake.(因果关系因果关系)2.But sometimes,no rain falls for a long,long time.then there is a dry period,or d

12、rought.(定义或释义关系定义或释义关系)3.With the help of spaceships,man has known something about the planets(星球星球)Mars，Venus，and Jupiter.(同义词关系同义词关系)4.Bananas，oranges，pineapples，coconuts and some other kind of fruit grow in warm areas.(句法功能句法功能)阅读理解解题方阅读理解解题方法与技巧法与技巧 3.Which of the following is TRUEaccording to t

13、he passage?A.There are only three forms of pollution.B.All the solid waste can make the land C.polluted.D.C.China wants to develop other kinds of energy.哈尔滨市哈尔滨市2012年初中升学年初中升学考试英语试卷阅读理解考试英语试卷阅读理解 Pollution means adding dirty or harmful(有害的）things to land,air,water and so on.As a result,theyare no lo

14、nger pleasant or safe to use.Pollution is bad for animals and plants,and it even makes peoples health in danger.In our daily life,we can see differentkinds of pollution in many places.There are three main forms of pollution:land pollution,air pollution and water pollution.There are only three forms

15、of pollution.阅读理解解题方阅读理解解题方法与技巧法与技巧 3.Which of the following is TRUEaccording to the passage?A.There are only three forms of pollution.B.All the solid waste can make the land C.polluted.C.China wants to develop other kinds of energy.F哈尔滨市哈尔滨市2012年初中升学年初中升学考试英语试卷阅读理解考试英语试卷阅读理解 Land pollution is cause

16、d by solid waste,such as cans,bottles and some plastic things which arent broken down quickly.It makes the environment lookvery bad.However air pollution is more serious than land pollution.It is much worse in cities and towns.Because of the fumes(废气）废气）from traffic and the waste from human(人类的）人类的）

17、activities.When people drive their cars,fumes which are most made up of CO2,NO2 and SO2 are given off.After the gases get Into the air,they may mix with clouds.Then they willBecome some harmful chemicals falling on the ground.阅读理解解题方阅读理解解题方法与技巧法与技巧 3.Which of the following is TRUEaccording to the pa

18、ssage?A.There are only three forms of pollution.B.All the solid waste can make the land C.polluted.C.China wants to develop other kinds of energy.FF哈尔滨市哈尔滨市2012年初中升学年初中升学考试英语试卷阅读理解考试英语试卷阅读理解 Various kinds of pollution will cause many healthproblems.People have realized they must change thisserious s

19、ituation.There are many ways to control pollution.To develop alternative energy（替代能源）is very popular in many countries.China has made upits mind to be a leader in this field.It is trying hard tomake full use of energy from the sun and wind.It haspaid more money to make electric cars and trains inste

20、ad of traditional traffic._阅读理解解题与技巧阅读理解解题与技巧 China has made up its mind to be a leaderin this field.It is trying hard to make full use of energy from the sun and wind.It has paid more money to make electric cars and trainsinstead of traditional traffic._ Summary:China develops many/some kinds of en

21、ergy（to take the place of traditional source）阅读理解解题方阅读理解解题方法与技巧法与技巧 3.Which of the following is TRUEaccording to the passage?A.There are only three forms of pollution.B.All the solid waste can make land C.pollution.C.China wants to develop other kinds of energy.FF-归纳法归纳法归纳法就是将文章中纷繁而复杂的意思表达归结为一归纳法就是将

22、文章中纷繁而复杂的意思表达归结为一的一种方法。的一种方法。T阅读理解解题方阅读理解解题方法与技巧法与技巧 5.The main idea of this passage should be_ A.to introduce the kinds of pollution and the ways to control it.B.to introduce the harmful chemicals.C.to introduce the alternative energy.哈尔滨市哈尔滨市2012年初中升学年初中升学考试英语试卷阅读理解考试英语试卷阅读理解 Pollution means addin

23、g dirty or harmful(有害的）things to land,air,water and so on.As a result,theyare no longer pleasant or safe to use.Pollution is bad for animals and plants,and it even makes peoples health in danger.In our daily life,we can see differentkinds of pollution in many places.There are three main forms of pol

24、lution:land pollution,air pollution and water pollution.哈尔滨市哈尔滨市2012年初中升学年初中升学考试英语试卷阅读理解考试英语试卷阅读理解 Various kinds of pollution will cause many healthproblems.People have realized they must change thisserious situation.There are many ways to control pollution.To develop alternative energy（替代能源）is very

25、 popular in many countries.China has made upits mind to be a leader in this field.It is trying hard tomake full use of energy from the sun and wind.It haspaid more money to make electric cars and trains instead of traditional traffic.We should also take actionto make our environment cleaner every da

26、y.阅读理解解题方阅读理解解题方法与技巧法与技巧 5.The main idea of this passage should be_ A.to introduce the kinds of pollution and the ways to control it.B.to introduce the harmful chemicals.C.to introduce the alternative energy.标题法标题法 标题法就是要求学生搜索文章的首尾句（段落首尾句）来形成文章标题的方法。A 阅读理解解题方阅读理解解题方法与技巧法与技巧之达标检测：之达标检测：In the USA,abo

27、ut 450,000 school buses take more than 25 million children to and from school.The yellowschool bus is a US icon.Yellow became the color of school buses in the USA in 1939.Dr Frank got the goodidea.He said it was easy for people to see yellow busesand the black letters on them in early morning or lat

28、e afternoon.That would make children safer.Question:According to Dr Frank,_ school buses are safer for the students.A.yellow B.black C.white D.colorful 阅读理解解题方阅读理解解题方法与技巧法与技巧之达标检测：之达标检测：Kindergarten(幼儿园）is a difficult time for somekids.Its the first time for them to go away from theirparents.To make

29、 kids love their school,Japanese kindergartens and schools have colorful buses.The buses can easily make children want to take them to goto school.Even some parents want to take them,too!Question:Children in Japan may easily_ by taking the school bus.A.save time B.love their school C.play games D.do

30、 their homework 阅读理解解题方阅读理解解题方法与技巧法与技巧之达标检测：之达标检测：School buses are becoming more and more popularIn China now.It saves a lot of time for students to take aschool.Its said that there will be 3,000 yellow schoolbuses on the road by the end of this year in Chongqing.Question:Chinese students will save

31、a lot of time to _ to school.A.walk B.take a taxi C.ride a bike D.take a school bus 阅读理解解题方阅读理解解题方法与技巧法与技巧之达标检测：之达标检测：A punctual person is in the habit of doing a thing at the correct time and is never late for anything.Question:The Chinese meaning of the word “punctual”in this passage is“_”.A.听话的 B

32、.守时的 C.守纪律的 D.能干的 Homework:人类活动(human activities)使得我们赖以生存的地球环境变得恶化，作为一名中学生，你应该做点什么来保护我们的环境呢？请你以 Better City,Better Life 为题目做一篇作文。（60-80词）参考词汇：1.lack of 2.seriously 3.protect the environment 4.Reduce the pollution 5.Its our duty to.阅读理解解题方阅读理解解题方法之法之长长句、难句破解句、难句破解 When people drive their cars,fumes w

33、hichare most made up of CO2,NO2 and SO2 are given off.长句难句解法二：主从复合句的分解法。长句难句解法二：主从复合句的分解法。1.People drive their cars.2.Fumes are made up of CO2,NO2 and SO2.3.CO2,NO2 and SO2 are given off.哈尔滨市哈尔滨市2012年初中升学年初中升学考试英语试卷阅读理解考试英语试卷阅读理解 Various kinds of pollution will cause many healthproblems.People have

34、realized they must change thisserious situation.There are many ways to control pollution.To develop alternative energy（替代能源）is very popular in many countries.China has made upits mind to be a leader in this field.It is trying hard tomake full use of energy from the sun and wind.It haspaid more money

35、 to make electric cars and trains instead of traditional traffic.阅读理解解题方阅读理解解题方法之法之长长句、难句破解句、难句破解 China has made up its mind to be a leaderin this field.It is trying hard to make full use of energy from the sun and wind.It has paid more money to make electric cars and trainsinstead of traditional tr

36、affic.长句难句解法三：合意法。长句难句解法三：合意法。China pays money to make cars and trains from sun and wind.阅读理解解题方阅读理解解题方法之法之长长句、难句破解句、难句破解 Various kinds of pollution will cause many health problems.People have realized they must change this serious situation.There aremany ways to control pollution.长句难句解法三：通过上下文猜句（意）

37、法。长句难句解法三：通过上下文猜句（意）法。1.pollutionhealth3.ways stop 2.People know they need some ways to stop pollution.阅读理解解题方阅读理解解题方法之法之长长句、难句破解句、难句破解 1.长难句的语法分析长难句的语法分析:核心思想就是核心思想就是“提取提取”，再复杂的句子也是由一个一个部，再复杂的句子也是由一个一个部分组合而来。包括词，短语等。从造句角度来讲包括主，分组合而来。包括词，短语等。从造句角度来讲包括主，谓，宾等等。通过提取这些载体来获得需要的意思。谓，宾等等。通过提取这些载体来获得需要的意思。（

38、1）关键词法）关键词法 （2）主从句分解法）主从句分解法阅读理解解题方阅读理解解题方法之法之长长句、难句破解句、难句破解 2.长难句的语义分析：长难句的语义分析：根据我们的语言经验，忽略文章中出现的语法问题，根据我们的语言经验，忽略文章中出现的语法问题，快速地浏览全文，找出零碎的信息，通过逻辑思维把快速地浏览全文，找出零碎的信息，通过逻辑思维把他们拼凑成完整的有机信息。他们拼凑成完整的有机信息。(1)通过上下文猜句（意）法通过上下文猜句（意）法 (2)合意法合意法(1)Theword“”inthepassageprobablymeans_.(2)Theunderlinedword“It”int

39、hepassagerefersto_.(3)Inthisstorytheunderlinedword“”means_.(4)Here“it”means_.4.考查对阅读材料全篇的逻辑关系的理解，对文章考查对阅读材料全篇的逻辑关系的理解，对文章各段，各句之间的逻辑关系的理解能力。各段，各句之间的逻辑关系的理解能力。此类题目主要考查的是句与句之间，短语短之此类题目主要考查的是句与句之间，短语短之间的逻辑关系，其主要提问方式是：间的逻辑关系，其主要提问方式是：(1)Manyvisitorscometothewriters(2)cityto_.(2)Airpollutionisthemostserio

40、uskindofpollutionbecause_.(3)WhydidthewritergetoffthetraintwostopsbeforeViennastation?5.考查依据短文内容和考生应有的常识进行推理和判考查依据短文内容和考生应有的常识进行推理和判断的能力。断的能力。此类题目文章中没有明确的答案，需要考生再此类题目文章中没有明确的答案，需要考生再理解全文的基础上进行推理和判断。其主要提问方式是：理解全文的基础上进行推理和判断。其主要提问方式是：(1)Wecanguessthewriterofthelettermay(2)bea_.(2)Wecaninferfromthetext

41、that_.(3)Fromtheletterswevelearnedthatitsvery_toknowsomethingaboutAmericansocialcustoms.(4)Fromthestorywecanguess_.(5)Whatwouldbehappyif?6.考查推断作者意图和态度的能力。考查推断作者意图和态度的能力。其主要提问方式是：其主要提问方式是：(1)HowdidthewriterfeelatViennastation?(2)Thewriterwritesthistextto_.(3)Thewriterbelievesthat_.(4)Thewritersuggest

42、sthat_.二、阅读理解题的方法和技巧二、阅读理解题的方法和技巧1如何获取段落的主旨和大意？如何获取段落的主旨和大意？最有效的办法是找出主题句。一篇文章（或一段文最有效的办法是找出主题句。一篇文章（或一段文章）通常都是围绕一个中心意思展开的。而这个中心章）通常都是围绕一个中心意思展开的。而这个中心意思往往由一个句子来概括。这个能概括文章或段落意思往往由一个句子来概括。这个能概括文章或段落中心意思的句子叫做主题句。因此，理解一个段落中心意思的句子叫做主题句。因此，理解一个段落或一篇文章的中心意思首先要学会寻找主题句。在一或一篇文章的中心意思首先要学会寻找主题句。在一篇短文或一个段落中，大部分主

43、题句的情况有三种：篇短文或一个段落中，大部分主题句的情况有三种：（1）主题句在段首或篇首。）主题句在段首或篇首。主题句在段首或篇首的情况相当普遍。一般新主题句在段首或篇首的情况相当普遍。一般新闻报道、说明文，闻报道、说明文，议论文大都采用先总述，后分述议论文大都采用先总述，后分述的叙事方法。的叙事方法。例如：例如：2003年陕西省英语中考试题阅读材料年陕西省英语中考试题阅读材料B的第一的第一段：段：Alllivingthingsontheearthneedotherlivingthingstolive.Nothinglivesalone.Mostanimalsmustliveinagroup,

44、andevenaplantgrowsclosetogetherwithothersofthesamekind.Sometimesonelivingthingkillsanother,oneeatsandtheotheriseaten.Eachkindoflifeeatsanotherkindoflifeinordertolive,andtogethertheyformafoodchain(食物链食物链)。Somefoodchainsbecomebrokenupifoneofthelinksdisappears59.Whichofthefollowingdoyouthinkisthebestti

45、tleforthispassage?A.AnimalsB.PlantsC.FoodChainsD.LivingThings评析：评析：找出主题句即第一句。这个句子概括了本段的中找出主题句即第一句。这个句子概括了本段的中心意思，心意思，“地球上所有的生物要生存都离不开其它的生物地球上所有的生物要生存都离不开其它的生物”。后面讲述了大量的事实，。后面讲述了大量的事实，“大部分动物必须成群的生大部分动物必须成群的生活，甚至一种植物也要和其它同类的植物靠在一起生长。活，甚至一种植物也要和其它同类的植物靠在一起生长。有时一种生物杀死另一种生物，一种生物吃另一种生物，有时一种生物杀死另一种生物，一种生物吃

46、另一种生物，而另一种生物被吃而另一种生物被吃”。在列举了大量的事实之后，作者指。在列举了大量的事实之后，作者指出：如果这些食物链中的一个链环消失，所有的食物都会出：如果这些食物链中的一个链环消失，所有的食物都会断掉。所有这些事实都是围绕第一个句子展开的。断掉。所有这些事实都是围绕第一个句子展开的。根据主题句的意思，我们可以很容易判断：根据主题句的意思，我们可以很容易判断：FoodChains（2）主题句在段末或篇末。）主题句在段末或篇末。用归纳法写文章时，往往表述细节的句子在前，用归纳法写文章时，往往表述细节的句子在前，概述性的句子在后，并以此结尾。这种位于段末或概述性的句子在后，并以此结尾。

47、这种位于段末或篇末的主题句往往是对前面细节的总结，归纳或结篇末的主题句往往是对前面细节的总结，归纳或结论。例如论。例如2002年陕西省中考试题阅读材料年陕西省中考试题阅读材料A的最后的最后一段：一段：Ifyoubuysomewell-madeclothes,youcansavemoneybecausetheycanlastlonger.Theylookgoodevenaftertheyhavebeenwashedmanytimes.Sometimessomeclothescostmoremoney,butitdoesnotmeanthattheyarealwaysbettermade,orth

48、eyalwaysfitbetter.Inotherwords,somelessexpensiveclotheslookandfitbetterthanmoreexpensiveclothes.评析：评析：这段文章前面列举了两件事实：如果你买一这段文章前面列举了两件事实：如果你买一些制作优良的衣服，你会省钱，因为这些衣服能穿些制作优良的衣服，你会省钱，因为这些衣服能穿得时间长一些。即使他们洗了很多次，仍然看起来得时间长一些。即使他们洗了很多次，仍然看起来很好。有时有些衣服花得前更多，但并不意味着这很好。有时有些衣服花得前更多，但并不意味着这些衣服做得更好。最后一句话是对这两个事实的概些衣服做得更

49、好。最后一句话是对这两个事实的概括：有些价钱便宜的衣服比价钱贵的衣服更好看，括：有些价钱便宜的衣服比价钱贵的衣服更好看，更合身。更合身。段末这个句子就是主题句。段末这个句子就是主题句。（3）无主题句）无主题句有时，一篇文章里并没有明显的主题句。这时我们应该有时，一篇文章里并没有明显的主题句。这时我们应该怎样来确定文章的主题或中心意思呢？其实这也不难。怎样来确定文章的主题或中心意思呢？其实这也不难。我们可以首先找出每一段的中心意思，各段的中心意思我们可以首先找出每一段的中心意思，各段的中心意思往往都是围绕一个中心来展开的，或者说是来说明一个往往都是围绕一个中心来展开的，或者说是来说明一个问题的。

50、这个中心或这个问题就是这篇文章的主题或中问题的。这个中心或这个问题就是这篇文章的主题或中心意思。请看心意思。请看2004年江西省中考试题阅读理解年江西省中考试题阅读理解A:KillerbeesstartedinBrazil1957.AscientistinSaoPaulowantedbeestomakemorehoney（蜂蜜（蜂蜜).Soheputforty-sixAfricanbeeswithsomeBrazilianbees.Thebeesbred(繁殖繁殖)andmadeanewkindofbees.Butthenewbeeswereamistake.Theydidntwanttoma