英美文化基础教程lecture4.ppt

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1、 Lecture 4 Religion in the United KingdomvQ1:What is religion?v What is good or bad about religion?v Religion is the belief in a god or gods(the supreme being,creator and rule of the universe)and the activities that are consented with this belief,such as prayer or worship in a church or temple.v Rel

2、igion has its double features.On one hand,it has its class nature and bad effect.v On the other hand,it persuades people to be kinds,to do good deeds,and to observe the law.This is the positive side of religion.vQ2:What do you know about Christianity?The Bible GodprayingKey words on textbook:(p144)v

3、Jesus Christ vSon of god orthodox crucifixionvApostle（disciple）love the BiblevTrinity I.Jesus Christ vJesus was a Jew.He was son of Virgin Mary and was born in Bethlehem belihem 伯利恒,Jerusalem.耶路撒冷vHe observed the Jewish faith and was well acquainted with the Jewish Law.In His early thirties,Jesus tr

4、aveled from village to village,teaching in the synagogues(犹太教堂）and healing those who were suffering.vJesus teaching was revolutionary.He challenged the established religious authorities to repent from their self-righteousness and hypocrisy and realize that the Kingdom of God is rooted in service and

5、 love.Jesus teachings stirred the hearts of people and created instability,something the Jewish religious authorities feared.vSoon,a faithful group of men began to follow Jesus and call him teacher.These men became His disciples.vJesus taught His disciples about the will of God and about the“new cov

6、enant（盟约）God will bring to humanity through Him.Jesus helped them to see that mankind is bound to the pain and futility of life as a result of sin.vDue to sin,mankind lost its relationship with God.The purpose of this new covenant is to restore those who accept it into a renewed fellowship of forgiv

7、eness and love with God.What is this new covenant?Jesus himself would pay for the sins of all humanity by being crucified unjustly on a Roman cross.vThree days later,He would rise to life,having conquered death,to give hope to a hopeless world.Well,it happened just as Jesus taught,and His disciples

8、were witnesses to an amazing miracle.Their teacher,Jesus,died and three days later rose again to become their Messiah（弥赛亚，希伯来语中的“救世主”）.Compelled by a great commission to share the love that the God of this universe had imparted upon them,the disciples began to proclaim this gospel（福音,基督教教义）of hope t

9、hroughout the territory.vThus,from a small group of ordinary men that lived in a small province in Judea about 2000 years ago,the history of the Christian Church began,and the Christian Faith has since spread to the rest of the world.Their gospel message was simple:For God so loved the world,that He

10、 gave His only begotten Son,that whosoever believeth in Him should not perish,but have everlasting life.vP.S.：Belief in Jesus and redemption is the essential difference between Christianity and Judaism(犹太教）.II.Basic BeliefsvA.God The Father Almighty,maker of heaven and earth.vB.trinity(三位一体）God the

11、father God the Son God the Holy SpiritvC.Gods creation of the world(seven days)vD.Sin Original sin(原罪)personal sin(本罪)vAccording to the doctrine of the original sin,when Adam disobeyed God in the Garden of Eden,all of his descendants shared in his sin,Christ was placed on earth to redeem ridim 拯救 ma

12、nkind by sacrificing himself on the Cross.vE.Redemption（救赎）eternal life（永生）vF.Last Judgment（末日审判）vG.Ethnics(Virtues)love,unceasing forgiveness,brotherhood among members,honesty,obligationApostle（disciple）v耶稣十二门徒指的是耶稣的十二个弟子，他们是：v彼得(Peter)：原名西门(Simon)，耶稣为他起名矶法，翻译出来就是彼得，意为盘石；首位教宗 v安德烈(Andrew)彼得的兄弟，伯赛大(

13、Bethsaida)的渔夫，施洗约翰的门徒 v雅各(James)，西庇太(Zebedee)的儿子，耶稣为他们起名为半尼其(Boanerges)，意为雷子(Thunder Brother)v约翰(John)，西庇太(Zebedee)的儿子，耶稣为他们起名为半尼其(Boanerges)，意为雷子(Thunder Brother)v腓力(Philip)，来自伯赛大(Bathesda)v巴多罗买(Bartholomew)v马太(Matthew)，又名利未(Levi)，原为税吏 v多马(Thomas)also known as Judas Thomas Didymus,Aramaic Toma=twin

14、 v亚勒腓的儿子雅各(James son of Alphaeus)v奋锐党的西门(Simon the Zealot)，又称迦南人西门(Simon the Canaanite)v加略人犹大(Judas Iscariot)，出卖耶稣的那一位 v达太(Thaddaeus)vP.S.还有一种说法为十三门徒，包括“圣保罗”，而犹大位列十三，这也是为什么13在西方是个不祥的数字。.The Bible/Scripture-the holy book of ChristianityvA.the Old Testament（旧约)vIts about God and the Laws of God(Ten co

15、mmandments 十戒)and the history of Hebrews(ancestors of the Jews)vIt consists of 39 books:vPentateuch(摩西五经）:Genesis（创世记）,Exodus（出埃及记）,Leviticus（利未记）,Numbers（民数记）,Deuteronomy(申命记).vThe Historical Books(历史书，共卷）:history of the Hebrew people from their entry into Palestine around 1200 B.C.till the fall of

16、 Palestine.vPoems（诗歌，共卷）vThe Prophets(先知书，共卷）vB.the New Testamentv1.It is about life and doctrines of Jesus.v2.It consists of 27 books4 gospels(福音书）Acts of the Apostles（使徒行传）,Epistles（保罗书信）,Revelation(启示录）Bible Stories:v一只小母羊羔 Ones ewe lamb中记载拿单对大卫说的一个故事他说：一个穷人除了买卖养活的一只小母羊羔之外，别无所有，羊羔在他家时和他儿女一同长大，吃他所

17、吃的，喝他所喝的，睡在他怀中,在他看来如同女儿一样。西方据此,以“一只小母羊羔”喻最珍爱的东西。v分别绵羊和山羊vSeparateth the sheep from the goats v将万民分为善人与恶人。就象牧羊人分绵羊、山羊，将绵羊安置在右边，将山羊在左边一样。耶稣让善人在右边让他们永生。让恶人在左边，永世受罚。据此，西方以好人比作绵羊恶人比作山羊。v三十块钱vThirty pieces of silver v 指耶稣的门徒加略人犹大因为向犹太祭司长出卖了耶稣而得到30块钱。西方后以“三十块钱”喻由叛卖所得不义之财。v从眼睛上掉下来的鳞片vscales fell from his ey

18、esv据，说，保罗在大马色被光照后失明，当亚拿尼亚受耶稣指派用手按在保罗 身上后，保罗的眼睛上好象有鳞片掉下来。于是，眼睛复明，据此，后西方以“从眼睛上掉下鳞片”喻重见光明。v手扶着犁vPut ones hand the Plow v中说，一个人要跟从耶稣，但要求容他先去辞别家里的人。对此，耶稣说“手扶着犁向后看的，不配进上帝的国”。意思是不专心致志地与耶稣一起工作的人，不能进天国。据此，英语中的“手扶着犁”，意思是着手工作、从事工作。v以眼还眼，以牙还牙以眼还眼，以牙还牙 Eye for eye,tooth for tooth v摩西律法规定：对待行恶的人，“要以命偿命，以眼还眼，以牙还牙，

19、以手还手，以脚还脚。”后人截取其中的“以眼还眼，以牙还牙”用为俗语，表示“冤怨相报”的意思，颇似中国的“以其人之道，还治其人之身。”v 世上的盐世上的盐Salt of earth v中，耶稣教训门徒时，形容他们是“世上的盐”。其含意是社会中坚。据此，英语中以“世上的盐”喻社会中坚，为人师表v有人打你的右脸，连左脸也转过来由他打Whosoever Smiteth thee on thy right cheek,turn to him the otheralso v 在中，摩西向民众传达耶和华的话，谈到“人若彼此争斗”时，要“以命偿命、以眼还眼、以牙还牙、以手还手、以打还打”。新约中的耶稣，则劝人

20、安心受苦，针对上述耶和华的话，谈到“不要与恶人作对,有人打你的右脸，连左脸也转过来由他打。有人想要告你，要拿你的里衣，连外衣也由他拿去.有人强迫你走一里路，你就同他走二里。”后来“有人 打你的右脸，连左脸也转过来由他打。”这句话被用来比喻无原则的妥协v先拿石头打他vcast the first stone v 耶稣在传道时，文士和法利赛人带来一个行淫时被捉拿的妇人，大家问耶稣说：摩西在律法上吩咐我们，把这样的妇人用石头打死，你说该把他怎么样呢？耶稣对他们说：你们中间谁 是没有罪的，谁就可以先拿石头打他。据此，“先拿石头打他”（先扔第一块石头），在西方用以喻首先发难，类拟我国先打第一抢的说法。v

21、吃喝吧！因为明天要死了vLet us eat and drink,for to morrow we shall diev 中说，耶稣撒冷将遭毁灭，本应哀哭，结果人们宰牛杀羊，吃肉喝酒，v 说我们吃喝吧！因为明天要死了。据此v 说，西方以“吃喝吧！因为明天要死了v 喻及时行乐，人生几何。v新酒装在旧皮袋里new wine in old bottle v中，针对法利赛人僵化地对待津当法，耶稣比喻说“没有人把新酒装在旧皮袋里。若是这样，皮袋就裂开，酒漏出来，连皮袋也坏了”意在说明履行律法应随时代演化而改变英语中以“新酒装在旧皮袋里”喻新时期应有新形式.类似于中国人说的“换汤不换药”。v背起他的十字架

22、bear ones crossv 中语，耶稣对门徒说“若有人要跟从我就当舍己，背起他的十字架，来跟从我”，意思是说跟随耶稣信教的人要舍得自己，要忍受苦难。据此，在英语中，以“背起他的十字架”喻忍受苦难。IV.History and Development of Christianity1.In the 1st and 2nd centuries,Christianity was forbidden by the Roman Empire.2.In 391,the Roman Emperor declared that Christianity was the official religion

23、 of the Roman Empire.3.In 664,England was under the authority of the Roman Catholic Churchv313年，君士坦丁大帝决定把基督教作为帝国的精神支柱，与帝国东部罗马大将西尼乌在米兰联合发表米兰敕令（亦称宽容敕令），第一次在罗马法律上承认基督教的合法权利。v君士坦丁统一罗马帝国后，于325年主持召开了第一次世界性基督教主教会议，即尼西亚公会议，确定了尼西亚信经。君士坦丁本人亦于337年复活节后受洗入教。v380年罗马皇帝狄奥多西正式宣布基督教为罗马帝国的国教。并在392年颁布帝国法令，禁止其他宗教的活动。这样，

24、基督教从此成为在西方世界占主导地位的宗教信仰。The First schismv1054年发生了基督教历史上的第一次大分裂。这次分裂的结果，希腊地区的教会称为东方正教（orthodox），简称东正教，意为正统的教会。罗马为中心的教会称为罗马公教（Catholicism），简称公教，意为全世界的教会。罗马公教于1582年（明万历十年）经耶稣会士、意大利人利马窦传入中国，汉译为天主教，俗称旧教。（“天主”源于史记第28卷封禅书，意为至高无上的主宰。）The Second Schismv基督教的第二次大分裂始于16世纪，首先在德国爆发了马丁路德领导的宗教改革运动，接着在瑞士出现了加尔文的宗教改革以及

25、英国的宗教改革，产生了一批脱离罗马教会的新型教会，统称为抗议宗(Protestantism)。1807年这些教派开始传入我国，汉译名称有基督教、耶稣教、抗罗宗等，学术界习称为新教。v16世纪产生的三个主要教派是：v1）路德宗Lutheran church，亦称信义宗，流传于德国、美国等地，传入我国后称为中华信义会。v2）加尔文宗Calvinists，or Reformed Church亦称改革宗或长老宗，流传于瑞士、法国、德国、苏格兰、荷兰等地，传入我国后称为长老会。v3）安立甘宗Anglican church，又称圣公会或英国国教，传入我国后称为圣公会。IV.Henry VIIIs Refo

26、rmation(p145)Henry VIII wanted to enlarge his political powerHe needed moneyHe wanted to divorce his first wife(the direct trigger)vIn 1535,the act of supremacy 至尊法至尊法案案 which made the English monarch the Supreme Head of the church of England.vHe created Anglican Church(英国国教英国国教)in anger over the Po

27、pes refusal to grant his divorce.Anglican Churchv The Anglican Church is one of the many protestant sects which began in English after Henry VIII(1497-1547)declared that the King,not the Pope,was the supreme head of the English Church.vThe Anglican Church or Church of England is the established Chur

28、ch（宪法（宪法确立的）确立的）of the English nation.vIts head is sovereign,and its religious head is the Archbishop of Canterbury.Structure of churchChurch of EnglandTwo Provinces led by archbishops(大主教）大主教）43 dioceses led by bishopsParishes lead by priestsElizabethe II-Supreme Governor of the Church of EnglandRo

29、wan William-Archbishop of Canterbury of the Church of EnglandvEngland is divided into 42 dioceses,教区教区daisis each with a bishop.vEvery diocese has a cathedral as its central church.vThe 42 dioceses total some 13,500 parishes with a vicar vik:(priest)in charge of each parish.pri 教区教区vWestminster Abbe

30、yvThe clergy,archbishops,bishops and deans,are appointed by the sovereign.vAnglicanism agrees with Roman Catholicism on most issues,but like other Protestant groups,Anglicans reject the authority of the Pope.vThey believe that the Bible represents the final statement of life and religion.vCertain Ro

31、man doctrine are rejected by the Anglicans.vThe central one concerns the celebration of Holy Communion.圣餐圣餐 (eating of bread and drinking of wine)vRoman Catholic believe that the bread and wine become the body and blood of Christ and the Anglicans think they are simply representations.表示表示vThere are

32、 different opinions within the Anglican Church on such matters as the Virgin Birth,the Miracle,the Resurrection,Ascension升天升天 and everlasting torment痛苦痛苦 in Hell as the punishment of sin.Roman Catholic ChurchvThe Roman Catholic Church was much persecuted and very weak in England for a long time afte

33、r the Reformation.vIts English hierarchy haira:ki 教级制度教级制度was from the sixteenth century until 1850.vNow England and Wales have four Roman Catholic archbishops and fourteen bishops.v Roman Catholics believe that their is the only true religion.vA faithful Catholic is one who accepts the teachings of

34、 Christ as revealed in the Bible,the laws of the Church,and the encyclicals ensiklikl 通渝通渝 of the popes.vRoman Catholics believe the Trinity.(one God in three persons,the Father,the Son,and the Holy ghost)vCatholics hold that the soul is immortal.At death,each man and woman will be sent to heaven or

35、 hell,depending on what they have earned by their deeds during life and their obedience 服从 to the laws of God.Roman catholic church Nonconformist非国教徒 ChurchesChurch of England,Quaker教友派信徒 Free Church of EnglandvThe Nonconformist churches are also called free churches.v It is a collective name for al

36、l non-Anglican and non-Roman Catholic Christian churches in Britain.vThey are Methodist,the Presbyterian,the Quakers and the Puritans.Presbyterian Church,prezbitirin 基督教长老会 Presbyterians church vPresbyterianism is the established religion in Scotland,which was inspired by the teachings of the Swiss

37、Protestant reformer John Calvin,who started a movement that spread to France,Germany,and other parts of Europe.vThe growth of Presbyterianism was so complete that by 1560 it was the official religion of the Scotland nation.vWhen Puritanism took power in the 17th century England,the Presbyterians wer

38、e the largest faction within it.vThe Westminster Confession教条(1645-1647),the most famous statement of English Calvinism,is the basis of the Presbyterian creed.教条vPresbyterian believe that the Scriptures are the only infallible绝对正确的;永无过失的 rule of faith and practice.vThey also believe in the Trinity a

39、nd existence of heaven and hell.v The individual church is governed by the session in Scotland,consisting of a“teaching elder“and“ruling elders”v According to the statistics of 1994,about 27 million are Anglicans,5.3 million Roman Catholics,2 million Presbyterians,760,000 Methodists卫理教徒 and 450,000 Judaists du:deiist犹太教徒.The Decline of Religion（p148）AssignmentsvPreview the part of American history on P229.