新托福浏览推理题深度解析.docx

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1、新托福浏览推理题深度解析新托福浏览推理题深度解析推理题的标志是在题干中出现infer/imply/suggest/indicate/mostlikely这样的词汇，它和细节题属于同源题目，都需要定位并且根据文中信息来选择答案。与细节题不同的是，推理题在找到原文中定位点之后考察的是学生对于文中信息的总结概括，或者反向推理的能力。下面我给大家带来新托福浏览推理题。新托福浏览推理题深度解析推理题的两大分类：有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题。这里所谓的有共性推理题就是讲题干中有和原文内容一样的关键词(也叫线索)。根据关键词回原文定位，然后进行推理。一般来讲，大多数的推理题都属于这类题目。对于无共性的推理

2、题，也就是题干中无线索，一般使用排除法，即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位，通过排除法得出正确答案。返回原文找信息点，采用排除法是解决这两类题型解决的共同策略。推理题大概有三个解题思路：一般比照推理、时间比照推理、集合概念推理。一般比照推理：根据两个事情的比照特征，问其中一个事物的特征，只要将与之构成比照的另外一个事情的特征否认掉就能够。时间比照推理：在这种推理中，一般有两个构成比照的时间段，它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时，只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否认掉就能够了。集合概念推理：一个大的集合的两个方面构成比照，两者之间存在着互补性关系，也就是一个的增加意味着另一个的减少。

3、反之，一样。在这里我们先来看一个例子：Passage：Thenineteenthcenturybroughtwithitaburstofnewdiscoveriesandinventionsthatrevolutionizedthecandleindustryandmadelightingavailabletoall.Intheearly-to-mid-nineteenthcentury，aprocesswasdevelopedtorefinetallow(fatfromanimals)withalkaliandsulfuricacid.Theresultwasaproductcalledst

4、earin.Stearinisharderandburnslongerthanunrefinedtallow.Thisbreakthroughmeantthatitwaspossibletomaketallowcandlesthatwouldnotproducetheusualsmokeandrancidodor.Stearinswerealsoderivedfrompalmoils，sovegetablewaxesaswellasanimalfatscouldbeusedtomakecandles.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromparagraph1a

5、boutcandlesbeforethenineteenthcentury?a.Theydidnotsmokewhentheywereburned.b.Theyproducedapleasantodorastheyburned.c.Theywerenotavailabletoall.d.Theycontainedsulfuricacid.正确答案是C.这一段的第一句就告诉我们：19世纪的一些新发明和发现也对蜡烛工业产生了一次宏大的革命，这次革命使得所有的人都使用上了照明。从这句话中我们能够得到两层信息：19世纪蜡烛工业有了一次革命性的变化;在没有这次变革之前，也就是在19世纪以前，照明并不是所

6、有人都能使用的。由于作者在议论的是蜡烛的变革，所以这里所讲的“lighting照明一定是与蜡烛有关的照明，其实也就是告诉我们19世纪以前并不是所有人都能够使用到蜡烛带来的照明，这一推论出的信息正好与选项C吻合。文章第一句同时也是一个时间的分水岭，告诉我们19世纪蜡烛工业的变革是怎么样的。“在19世纪早期到中期，蜡烛处理工艺使用alkali和sulfuricacid来提炼tallow，提炼后的产品就是stearin，stearin比未经提炼的tallow坚硬而且燃烧得更久。这一宏大的变化意味着制造出不产生烟和rancid味道的蜡烛是可能的。在这里的一个关键词是rancid，意思是(油脂食物，其味

7、道、气味)不新鲜的;腐臭的;正好与选项b的pleasantodor相反。19世纪前的蜡烛产生usualsmoke(经常有烟)，这与选项a相反。Sulfuricacid是19世纪用来处理fallow的材料，在19世纪以前是没有使用的，这与选项d相反。解答这类题目时要注意这些关键信息点：日期和数字、关键词：表示多少的副词:many,some,muchof,several,afew,most;情态动词：may,can,could;表示过去的：usedtobe,was,were,atonetime,previously;表示不是唯一的：notonly,notexclusively等。在此，我们再来看一

8、道例题：Itshouldbeobviousthatcetaceans-whales,porpoises,anddolphins-aremammals.Theybreathethroughlungs,notthroughgills,andgivebirthtoliveyoung.Theirstreamlinedbodies,theabsenceofhindlegs,andthepresenceofafluke3andblowhole4cannotdisguisetheiraffinitieswithland-dwellingmammals.However,unlikethecasesofseao

9、ttersandpinnipeds(seals,sealions,andwalruses,whoselimbsarefunctionalbothonlandandatsea),itisnoteasytoenvisionwhatthefirstwhaleslookedlike.Extinctbut,alreadyfullymarinecetaceansareknownfromthefossilrecord.Howwasthegapbetweenawalkingmammalandaswimmingwhalebridged?Missinguntilrecentlywerefossilsclearly

10、intermediate,ortransitional,betweenlandmammalsandcetaceans.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromparagraph1aboutearlyseaotters?a.Itisnotdifficulttoimaginewhattheylookedlikeb.Thereweregreatnumbersofthem.c.Theylivedintheseaonly.d.Theydidnotleavemanyfossilremains.首先我们来对题目的出题范围进行定位，题干的blowhole能够作为定位词汇，定位到

11、原文的第四句话：“However,unlikethecasesofseaottersandpinnipeds(seals,sealions,andwalruses,whoselimbsarefunctionalbothonlandandatsea),itisnoteasytoenvisionwhatthefirstwhaleslookedlike.在这句话里交代了“unlikethecasessofseaotters，即与seaotters不一样的是，whales的陈述是：itisnoteasytoenvisionwhatthefirstwhaleslookedlike.即，不容易看出第一头鲸

12、长什么样子。而seaottter是和鲸鱼相反，所以选择A选项，即不难看出第一头seaotter长什么样子。所以实际上，这种题目固然叫做推理题，但是并不需要同学们在做题的时候推的过远，基本考察的还是对原文信息概括和总结的能力。托福浏览TPO31第2篇:EarlyChildrenEducation【1】Preschoolseducationalprogramsforchildrenundertheageoffivediffersignificantlyfromonecountrytoanotheraccordingtotheviewsthatdifferentsocietiesholdregard

13、ingthepurposeofearlychildhoodeducation.Forinstance,inacross-countrycomparisonofpreschoolsinChina,Japan,andtheUnitedStates,researchersfoundthatparentsinthethreecountriesviewthepurposeofpreschoolsverydifferently.WhereasparentsinChinatendtoseepreschoolsprimarilyasawayofgivingchildrenagoodstartacademica

14、lly,Japaneseparentsviewthemprimarilyasawayofgivingchildrentheopportunitytobemembersofagroup.IntheUnitedStates,incomparison,parentsregardtheprimarypurposeofpreschoolsasmakingchildrenmoreindependentandself-reliant,althoughobtainingagoodacademicstartandhavinggroupexperiencearealsoimportant.【2】Whilemany

15、programsdesignedforpreschoolersfocusprimarilyonsocialandemotionalfactors,somearegearedmainlytowardpromotingcognitivegainsandpreparingpreschoolersfortheformalinstructiontheywillexperiencewhentheystartkindergarten.IntheUnitedStated,thebest-knownprogramdesignedtopromotefutureacademicsuccessisHeadStart.

16、Establishedinthe1960swhentheUnitedStatesdeclaredtheWaronPoverty,theprogramhasservedover13millionchildrenandtheirfamilies.Theprogram,whichstressesparentalinvolvement,wasdesignedtoservethe“wholechild,includingchildrensphysicalhealth,self-confidence,socialresponsibility,andsocialandemotionaldevelopment

17、.【3】WhetherHeadStartisseenassuccessfulornotdependsonthelensthroughwhichoneislooking.If,forinstance,theprogramisexpectedtoprovidelong-termincreasesinIQ(intelligencequotient)scores,itisadisappointment.AlthoughgraduatesofHeadStartprogramstendtoshowimmediateIQgains,theseincreasesdolotlast.Ontheotherhand

18、,itisclearthatHeadStartismeetingitsgoalofgettingpreschoolersreadyforschool.PreschoolerswhoparticipateinHeadStartarebetterpreparedforfutureschoolingthanthosewhodonot.Furthermore,graduatesofHeadStartprogramshavebetterfutureschoolgrade.Finally,someresearchsuggeststhatultimatelyHeadStartgraduatesshowhig

19、heracademicperformanceattheendofhighschool,althoughthegainsaremodest.【4】Inaddition,resultsfromothertypesofpreschoolreadinessprogramsindicatethatthosewhoparticipateandgraduatearelessliketorepeatgrades,andtheyaremoreliketocompleteschoolthanreadinessprogram,foreverydollarspentontheprogram,taxpayerssave

20、dsevendollarsbythetimethegraduatedreachedtheageof27.【5】Themostrecentcomprehensiveevaluationofearlyinterventionprogramssuggeststhat,takenasagroup,preschoolprogramscanprovidesignificantbenefits,andthatgovernmentfundsinvestedearlyinlifemayultimatelyleadtoareductioninfuturecosts.Forinstance,comparedwith

21、childrenwhodidnotparticipateinearlyinterventionprograms,participantsinvariousprogramsshowedgainsinemotionalorcognitivedevelopment,bettereducationaloutcomes,increasedeconomicself-sufficiency,reducedlevelsofcriminalactivity,andimprovedhealth-relatedbehaviors.Ofcourse,noteveryprogramproducedalltheseben

22、efits,andnoteverychildbenefitedtothesameextent.Furthermore,someresearchersarguethatless-expensiveprogramsarejustasgoodasrelativelyexpensiveones,suchasHeadStart.Still,theresultsoftheevaluationwerepromising,suggestingthatthepotentialbenefitsofearlyinterventioncanbesubstantial.【6】Noteveryoneagreesthatp

23、rogramsthatseektoenhanceacademicskillsduringthepreschoolyearsareagoodthing.Infact,accordingtodevelopmentalpsychologistDavidElkind,UnitedStatessocietytendstopushchildrensorapidlythattheybegintofeelstressandpressureatayoungage.Elkindarguesthatacademicsuccessislargelydependentuponfactorsoutofparentscon

24、trol,suchasinheritedabilitiesandachildsrateofmaturation.Consequently,childrenofaparticularagecannotbeexpectedtomastereducationalmaterialwithouttakingintoaccounttheircurrentlevelofcognitivedevelopment.Inshort,childrenrequiredevelopmentappropriateeducationalpractice,whichiseducationthatisbasedonbothty

25、picaldevelopmentandtheuniquecharacteristicsofagivenchild.1.Accordingtoparagraphl,parentsinJapantendtothinkofpreschoolprimarilyasaplacewherechildrencanA.getagoodacademicstart.B.expandtheiremotionaldevelopment.C.becomemoreindependent.D.experiencebeingpartofagroup.2.ThewordWhereasinthepassageisclosetin

26、meaningtoA.Although.B.Because.C.Moreover.D.Already.3.ThewordfocusinthepassageisclosetinmeaningtoA.consider.B.respect.C.concentrate.D.advise.4.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph2thattheHeadStartprogramwasdesignedtoservechildrenwhoAefromfamiliesthatdonothavealotofmoney.B.arenotdoingverywellinkindergarten.C.

27、wereborninthe1950s.D.needprogramsthatfocusprimarilyonsocialandemotionalfactors.5.Accordingtoparagraph3,theHeadStartprogramhadNOTbeensuccessfulatwhichofthefollowing?A.Helpingchildrenadjusttoschool.B.Providinglong-termincreaseinIQscores.C.Improvingschoolperformancethroughouthighschool.D.Preventingchil

28、drenfrombeingplacedinspecial-educationclasses.6.Inparagraph4，theauthormentionstheresultsfromothertypesofreadinessprogramstoA.providesupportfortheideathatpreschoolreadinessprogramshavebeensomewhatsuccessful.B.questiontheideathatHeadStartismoreeffectivethanotherpreschoolreadinessprograms.C.indicatesch

29、oolcompletionisusuallythemostreliableindicatorofsuccessinmostreadinessprograms.D.emphasizethatparticipationinreadinessprogramscanbeincreasedifcostsarereduced.7.Accordingtoparagraph4,acost-benefitanalysisofonepreschoolreadinessprogramrevealedthatA.onlyonedollarsworthofbenefitwasgainedforeverysevendol

30、larsspentontheprogram.B.thebenefitsoftheprogramlastedonlyuntiltheparticipantsreachedage27.C.taxpayerssavedsevendollarsforeverydollarsspentontheprogram.D.tobesuccessful,theprogramwouldneedtoreceiveaboutseventimesasmuchmoneyasitcurrentlyreceives.8.ThewordcomprehensiveinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA.

31、easilyunderstood.B.thorough.C.respectable.D.objective.9.Paragraph5mentionsthatparticipantsinearlyinterventionprogramshavebeenshowntodoallofthefollowingbetterthannonparticipantsEXCEPTA.Takecareoftherehealth.B.Supportthemselvesfinancially.C.Takecareoftheirownchildren.D.Haveincreasedemotionaldevelopmen

32、t.10.Accordingtoparagraph5,whichofthefollowingistrueaboutthebenefitsofearlyinterventionprograms?A.Theseprogramsproducegoodshort-termbenefitsbutfewlong-termbenefits.B.Onlythemostexpensiveprogramsprovidesubstantialbenefits.C.TheHeadStartprogramprovidesarangeofbenefitsthatnootherprogramcanprovide.D.Som

33、echildrenbenefitmorethanothersdofromtheseprograms.11.ThewordseekinthepassageisclosetinmeaningtoA.claim.B.manage.C.fail.D.attempt.12.ThepassagementionsdevelopmentalpsychologistDavidElkindinordertoA.giveanexampleofanexpertwhohasdesignedaneffectiveearlychildhoodeducationprogram.B.introduceanalternative

34、viewaboutthevalueofearlychildhoodeducation.C.explainwhyearlychildhoodeducationprogramsarelesseffectiveintheUnitedStatesthaninothercountries.D.refutetheclaimthatacademicsuccessisdependentonfactorsoutsideparentscontrol.13.Lookatthefoursquaresthatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecanbeaddedtothepassage.

35、Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?AccordingElkind,notonlydoesthiscausethechildemotionaldistress,italsofailstobringtheintendedcognitivegains.Noteveryoneagreesthatprogramsthatseektoenhanceacademicskillsduringthepreschoolyearsareagoodthing.【A】Infact,accordingtodevelopmentalpsychologistDavidElkind,UnitedStat

36、essocietytendstopushchildrensorapidlythattheybegintofeelstressandpressureatayoungage.【B】Elkindarguesthatacademicsuccessislargelydependentuponfactorsoutofparentscontrol,suchasinheritedabilitiesandachildsrateofmaturation.【C】Consequently,childrenofaparticularagecannotbeexpectedtomastereducationalmateri

37、alwithouttakingintoaccounttheircurrentlevelofcognitivedevelopment.【D】lnshort,childrenrequiredevelopmentappropriateeducationalpractice,whichiseducationthatisbasedonbothtypicaldevelopmentandtheuniquecharacteristicsofagivenchild.14.Directions:Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovided

38、below.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassagesorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.Preschoolprogramsprovideopportunitiesforyoungchildren

39、todevelopsocially,emotionally,andcognitively.A.Inadditiontostressingacademicdevelopment,preschoolsshouldbeenjoyable,sincestudiesshowthatchildrenbenefitfromprogramstheyfindfun.B.PreschoolprogramssuchasHeadStarthavebeenshowntohelppreparechildrenforschoolandmayalsohavelong-teambenefitsinhelpingchildren

40、becomeeffectiveadults.C.Studieshaveshownthatpreschoolprogramsaremosteffectivewhentheyfocusononlyoneareaofdevelopmentratherthantryingtoservethewholechild.D.Theprimarypurposeofpreschoolprogramsvariesbycountry,withsomestressingtheimportanceofgroupexperience,andothersself-relianceorgettingagoodacademics

41、tart.E.Criticsofpreschoolprogramsarguethattheseprogramsputunduepressureonchildrenandmaynotbeeffectiveofchildrenarenotdevelopmentallyreadyforacademicwork.F.DavidElkindisacriticofpublicityfundedpreschoolprograms,arguingthattheparentcannotcontroltheirchildrensemotionaldevelopment.托福浏览答案1.根据题目中Parentsin

42、Japan，定位可直接得到答案D。2.这里比照了Chinese和Japanese家长之间的差异，所以A最适宜。3.focus是集中的意思，另外这里和focus配合的介词是on，concentrate也用on，所以这里帮助推断。4.根据HeadStart定位，后面的内容就是对HeadStart这个program的介绍，首先是I960年开场的，和C矛盾，然后讲是在US公布了WaronPoverty(贫穷)的时候，所以是为穷人设计的，符合A。B没提到，D在这段的开始提到了，但是不是针对HeadStart的描绘，HeadStart目的是wholechild，德智体美劳全面发展。5.只要B不对应，其他的

43、几个选项根据后文中的内容都是正确的。6.利用resultsofreadinessprograms定位到本段第一句，本句内容：参加这些program留级的可能性小，而且还能省钱，所以选A。7.A改变了原文意思，B文章没讲只到27,D和原文意思正好相反。8prehensive是全面的，综合的意思，使用代入法，A最易懂的，B完好的，C值得尊敬的，D客观的中，AC能够排除，不通畅，B和D之间就需要理解comprehensive的词意来确定。9.根据关键词定位至Forinstance开场的内容，其中不包括C。10.A对应reductioninfuturecosts证实是longterm的benefit，

44、所以A错误。B对应less-expensiveprogramsarejustasgoodasrelativelyexpensiveones讲明便宜和贵的一样好，B选项也不对。C没提到。D对应noteverychildbenefitedtothesameextent，正确。11.seek本身是寻找，追求的意思。A是要求，B是设法，管理，C是失败，D是尝试，所以D最适宜。12.关键词对应后，根据本段的第一句，Elkind是作为反面观点的例子出现的，所以是为了阐述另外一面的观点，选B。13.要插入的句子中有notonly，also的构造，那么起到的就是承上启下的作用。句子前面一定出现emotiona

45、ldistress的内容，后面要引出的就是intendedcognitivegains的相关内容，所以选B。14.BDE托福浏览译文【1】由于不同社会持有的关于儿童早教目的观点的不同，学前班(5岁下面儿童的教育项目)的形式在不同国家也大不一样。比方讲，在一项中、日、美三国的跨国学前班调査中，调査者发现这三个国家的父母对学前教育的看法大相径庭。中国的父母大都以为上学前班能够帮孩子们打开学术上的大门，日本父母则把其看做是一个使孩子融入集体的好时机。相比之下，美国父母以为学前班最主要的目的是让孩子减少依靠性并变得愈加自立，尽管获得一个良好的学业开端和团队经历同样重要。【2】很多为学龄前儿童设计的课程

46、项目主要集中在社会因素和情感因素上，而有些主要是为提升学龄前孩子们的认知能力和给他们提供开场上幼儿园后会经历的正规指导。在美国，众所周知，为促进将来学术成功设计的项目叫“HeadStart，在20世纪60年代美国开场“对贫穷开战时建立的。这个项目已经为超过13000000孩子和其家庭提供服务。其强调的是家长的介入，为培养“全方位发展的儿童所设计的，包括孩子的身体健康、自自信心、社会责任感以及社交能力与情感的发展。【3】“HeadStart的成功与否取决于人们看待的角度。比方讲，假如人们希望它能够带来智商的长期増长，那它终将是令人失望。由于，尽管“HeadStart能够使智力迅速地提高，但这种増

47、长并不会持续太久。另一方面，很显然，“HeadStart的目的是让学龄前儿童做好上学的准备。相对那些没介入过“HeadStart计划的孩子们而言，参加了这个项目的孩子们对学业有着更充分的准备。而且，“HeadStart的毕业生今后的学习成绩会更好。最后，调査表明，固然收获一般，但最终“HeadStart的毕业生在高中结束时会获得更高的学术成就。【4】此外，从其他类型的学龄前预备项目的结果来看，那些参加过学前项目的毕业生很少重读，他们更愿意完成学校而不是预备项目。在毕业生长到27岁时，纳税人在这个项目上曾经花费的每1美元都可省下7美元。【5】近期关于早期参与项目的综合评估表明，总的来讲，学前项目

48、能够带来宏大的收益，政府在早期投入的资金最终会减少将来的花销。比方讲，与没有介入早期参与项目的孩子相比,参加了各种项目的孩子在情感和认知能力上得到了提高，改善了教育成果，提高了经济的自足性，减少了犯罪行为的发生，健康行为得到了改良。当然，不是所有的项目都能产生这样的收益，也不是每个孩子都能得到同等程度的提高。此外，一些调査者称那些相对便宜的项目和昂贵项目结果一样好。评估的结果仍然很乐观，它以为早期参与的潜在好处是不可估量的。【6】并不是所有人都以为在学前期追求学术上的提高是一件好事。事实上，据发展心理学家大卫?艾尔凯德所讲，美国社会急于催促逼迫孩子，以致于他们年纪小却感到压力。艾尔凯德以为学术上的成功主要取决于父母控制以外的因素，如天生的能力和孩子的成熟程度。因而，假如不考虑特定年龄段孩子们目前的认知发展水平，就不能等待他们把握教材。总之，孩子们需要发展适当的教育实践，那就是基于孩子的典型发展和独特性的教育。新托福浏览推理题深度解析