高考英语一轮复习 阅读理解专题练习之说明文.doc

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1、2022高考英语阅读理解专题练习之说明文（A）Imagine you had never tasted lemonade. You would still probably assume that lemon juice mixed with sugar tastes better than lemon juice alone. Because you know what lemons taste like, and you know what sugar tastes like.You can recall those past experiences, and make a predict

2、ion about your response to something new. Researchers call the ability to predict our future emotional state affective forecasting. And some have suggested that the skill is unique to humans. But is it?“We combined different liquids and asked participants, the orangutan （猩猩）and the humans, to predic

3、t what such novel liquid combinations taste like, and whether they prefer one or the other,” Lund University cognitive scientist Gabriela-Alina Saueiuc told us.She and her colleagues offered their cocktails（鸡尾酒）to a 21-year-old male orangutan named Naong, who lives in Swedens Furuvik Zoo. They used

4、four ingredients-cherry juice, rhubarb juice, lemon juice, and apple cider vinegar-which they combined into six unfamiliar mixtures. Altogether, that made for 24 possible comparisons of one drink against another.Naong watched the researchers mix his drinks. Then he got to choose from the two sets be

5、fore him. And in 21 of the 24 trials, Naong matched the researchers predictions： that his choice would be based on his relative fondness for the separate ingredients. For example, since he liked rhubarb juice better thanlemon juice, he also preferred rhubarb-cherry juice to lemon-cherry juice-despit

6、e having had no experience with either.“We are impressed with Naongs ability to be so consistent in his choices. Both human and orangutan species seemed to make consistent choices about future events even if they had no previous experience to guide their decision-making.Its a single study with a sin

7、gle orangutan. But probably we will soon mark yet another skill off the list of things that were once thought to be specific to our species. Perhaps whats truly unique about us is our ongoing search for something unique about us.1. What did the scientists ask Noang to do in the study?A. Separate dri

8、nk ingredients.B. Choose one out of two mixed drinks.C. Combine drinks into mixtures.D. Taste novel liquid combinations.2. What is a precondition for the study?A. Naong could appreciate cocktails.B. Naong could read the scientists mind.C. Naong was unfamiliar with the ingredients,D. Naong had a pref

9、erence for certain ingredients.3. What can we infer from the last paragraph?A. Similar research findings are expected to follow.B. The research has drawn a safe conclusion.C. There is a list of all the uniquely human skills.D. Animals equal humans in every way.4. What can be a suitable title for the

10、 text?A. Orangutan Taught to Make Predictions.B. Intelligence Found in the Animal Kingdom.C. Affective Forecasting： Not Unique to Humans.D. The On-going Search for Uniquely Human Skills.（B）In the 1960s and 1970s, the greatest fear was that the human race, and possibly all advanced life forms on the

11、planet, could be wiped out by nuclear missiles. Today, however, environmental problems have taken over as the greatest risk to life on .Earth. Scientists are thinking of ways to lower this risk, such as replacing coal and oil with forms of renewable energy. But they are also preparing for the worst:

12、 what can we do if the terrifying scenes in films such as The Day After Tomorrow happen in real life? What is our plan B for Earth?One option is to explore other planets to see if we could live on them. The most likely choice is Mars, which is relatively close to Earth and has an environment less ho

13、stile than that of other planets. Mars has fascinated people since ancient times, and today our interest in Martian exploration is greater than ever before. Besides, more governments are making efforts to educate the public on the Red Planet.There is no doubt that humankind is drawn towards Mars. Ho

14、wever, sending people there will require all the skill, courage and intelligence. While the Moon can be reached within days, it would take months to reach Mars, travelling through dangerous solar radiation. And even if the first settlers do reach Mars safely, they may not be able to return to Earth

15、ever. Staying alive will be a daily challenge, but as proved by the Biosphere 2 experiment, not impossible. As early as the 1980s, scientists were building Biosphere 2 in the Arizona desert, consisting of a closed space in which people, animals and plants could live together. Although the two-year e

16、xperiment was not a success, it did provide us with a better understanding of how humans might be able to live on another planet.For now, human settlement of Mars is still decades away. Until we are finally able to live on another planet, we need to take much better care of our own. Right now, its t

17、he only one we have!1. What was the biggest threat to humans in the 1960s and 1970s? A. Human race themselves.B. All advanced life forms.C. Nuclear missiles.D. Environmental problems.2. Why is Mars so attractive to scientists?A. Its closest to the earth.B. It has relatively appropriate living condit

18、ions.C. It has drawn the publics attention in recent years. D. It has a more hostile environment. 3. What can be inferred from the passage?/A. Humans have visited Mars.B. The Biosphere 2 experiment proved to be valueless.C. Humans will have to go and live on another planet.D. Our Plan A includes dev

19、eloping renewable energy resources.4. From which magazine would the passage probably be taken? A. The Traveler.B. Environmental Concerns.C. All About Space.D. Biology for Fun,（C）With over 4.1 billion people，or around 55 percent of the worlds population，living in urban areas，cities and towns worldwid

20、e are getting increasingly jammedIn addition to spending hours stuck in traffic，residents are also exposed to high air pollution levels caused by transportation emissions(排放)Now，Saudi Arabia hopes to overturn urban living with“The Line”a futuristic city designed around nature，without cars，roads and

21、crowded places! The totally different city，announced on January 10，2021，is the brainchild of Saudi Crown Prince(王储)Mohammed bin Salman(MBS)Located in Neom，a 10，000-square-mile high-tech planned development on the Red Sea coast，The Line will be the base of MBSs Saudi Vision 2030The strategic plan aim

22、s to diversify Saudi Arabias oil-dependent economy into other fields，like tourism，and create exciting job opportunities for its citizensThe 105-mile-long city，expected to cost between $100 billion and $200 billion，will be built along a straight line and comprise several self-sustaining communitiesTo

23、 ensure all services are within a short，five-minute walk，each community will feature a three-layer infrastructure(基础设施)There will be no cars or roads on the top“pedestrian layer”，so residents can freely walk and bike in the surrounding green spacesThe second“service layer”，will include all essential

24、 daily services，such as schools，medical clinics，leisure facilities，and grocery storesThe third“spine layer”will house ultra-high-speed transportation and autonomous vehicles transporting residents across communities in less than 20 minutesThe entire city will be powered with renewable clean energy s

25、ources such as solar and wind，and possibly even hydrogenIf all goes according to the plan，construction of this groundbreaking，complex infrastructure project will start before the end of 2021In addition to providing up to a million residents with a clean and stress-free living environment，The Line is

26、 expected to create 380，000 new jobs，promote economic diversification，and contribute a shocking $48 billion to Saudi Arabias Gross Domestic Product(GDP)by 2030More importantly，MBS believes it will provide governments worldwide a blueprint for how people and planet can co-exist in harmony1Where can y

27、ou purchase a bike if living in The Line?APedestrian layer BService layer CSpine layerDThe green spaces2Which of the following can best describe the project of The Line?AWidely-accepted BIll-consideredCRisk-takingDMind-blowing3What does MBS think is the most important effect of The Line?ATo facilita

28、te Saudi economic diversificationBTo offer a model for nature-man integrationCTo boost the governments financesDTo create more job opportunities4What might be the best title of the text?ASaudi Vision for Environmental ProtectionBThe Construction of The Line Is UnderwayCMBS：An Influential Leader of S

29、audi ArabiaDMB SVision of a Futuristic Zero Carbon City（D）This year, new technologies will enable more drivers to take their hands off the steering wheel （方向盘）while on the road. But that doesnt mean their cars will be fully self-driving - that day still remains far in the future.Automakers like Gene

30、ral Motors （GM）, Ford and Stellantis are introducing, or upgrading existing technologies. But in the words of Kay Stepper, an automated driving expert, these systems are feet off and hands off, but they will not be eyes off or “mind off.For the time being, these systems will only be used on limited-

31、access highways, where there are no pedestrians or bicyclists. Vehicles with this technology will be able to drive at relatively high speeds, but only in simple traffic situations.Bryan Reimer, a researcher with the Massachusetts Institute of Technologys AgeLab, said it will be decades before people

32、 can buy truly self-driving cars in which humans ride as passengers.Still, the technology that will be rolled out by the major automakers this year will do more than most so-called Advanced Driver Assistance Systems, or ADAS, do now.GMs Super Cruise system allows drivers to completely let go of the

33、steering wheel while driving on selected highways. It was introduced in 2017 on the Cadillac CT6 sedan, which was discontinued last year. An improved version is coming this year on the Cadillac Escalade SUV and the Cadillac CT4 and CT5 sedans.Super Cruise only works on highways that have been previo

34、usly laser-mapped in three dimensions. GPS positioning and the vehicles, radar sensors （传感器）and cameras are used to enable drivers to unhand - and unfoot all the controls.Drivers still need to pay attention, however. A camera in the car makes sure the driver is looking at the road at all times. If t

35、he driver looks away from the road for more than a few seconds, the system will stop working.1. At present, what can the self-driving cars do?A. They can drive freely on city streets.B. They can run without human drivers.C. They handle complex road conditions on their own.D. They allow drivers to ta

36、ke their hands off the steering wheel.2. What does Paragraph 6 mainly talk about?A. GMs Super Cruise system. B. GMs latest car models.C. GMs development plan. D. GMs close competitors.3. What can we infer from the words of Kay Stepper?A. People need to trust new technology.B. People still need to pa

37、y attention.C. People can look away from the road.D. People cant unhand all the controls. 4. What can be a suitable title for the text?A. Its High Time to Get a New CarB. The Industrial Revolution Is UnderwayC. Super Cruise Does More than Most ADASD. The Real Self-driving Remains Far Away（E） Unless

38、youre very young or very old, its likely you have some kind of relationship with email, whether you get hundreds of messages a day or a few dozen a week. A new study suggests that how we deal with these incoming messages could be affecting our stress levels and overall health.A team from the Future

39、Work Centre in the UK surveyed 2,000 people across various industries, sectors, and job roles, asking participants how they managed their email and how much associated stress they felt as a result. Overall, those who spent the most time organising and staying on top of messages felt the most emailre

40、lated pressure too.“While email can be a valuable communication tool，its clear that its a source of stress and frustration for many of us. The people who reported it being most useful to them also reported the highest levels of email pressure，” said one of the team, Richard MacKinnon.Two of the habi

41、ts linked to more emailrelated stress were checking for messages the first thing in the morning and the last thing at night. Half of those surveyed had push notifications(消息推送) set up for new email，while 62 percent of respondents left their email app open all day and all night. Both were linked to h

42、igher levels of email pressure. The survey also found that managers suffered more than nonmanagers.Stress is not just a problem when it comes to our moodits been linked to a lot of disorders such as heart disease，weight gain, memory impairment(减弱), digestive problems, and depression.The researchers

43、suggest that the relationship between emailrelated stress and the negative impact on home life is not the same for everyone.1Whats the purpose of the study?ATo find out how many people have an email account.BTo know what sort of people use email most.CTo find out how email management is related to s

44、tress.DTo show what changes email has brought about to people.2What does Richard MacKinnon think of email?AIt brings more strengths. BIt is not an essential tool.CIt is a doubleedged sword. DIt makes people puzzled.3Which of the following habits causes the most stress?AChecking email in the morning.

45、BChecking email in the evening.CKeeping email app open at work.DSetting up push notifications for new email.4Where does the text most probably come from?AScience fiction. BA science reportCA fashion magazine. DA book guide.（F）Attention to the fight against climate change tends to be focused on trees

46、, but 75%of the planets surface is covered by the ocean, and a natural process taking place underwater has excited scores of investors at the recent World Economic Forum who may want to help.During the recent wildfires in the Amazon rainforest, journalists often described trees as the “lungs of the

47、world”, but that title most certainly belongs to phytoplankton, which alone refreshes nearly 50%of the atmospheric oxygen on planet earth, the value of four Amazons.And, in the effort to stop the warming of the planet, our greatest assistants could belong to whales, because of the great amount of th

48、eir excrement left in the sea.A new paper published by economist Dr. Ralph Chianti highlights the influence that whales, especially blue whales, and their excrement have on climate change. It is all due to whales excrement in the diets of phytoplankton.The tiny marine algae floats at the center of several marine food webs, and they provide food for a host of sea creatures including whales, while also requiring whales excrement to fee