including用法总结.pdf

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1、IncludingIncluding 用法用法（1)RON 说过:the”comma+ing”modifier”comma+ing”modifier should only be used when：（A）it MODIFIES THE ENTIRE ACTION of the preceding clauseMODIFIES THE ENTIRE ACTION of the preceding clause,and itAPPLIES TOAPPLIES TOTHE SUBJECT of that clauseTHE SUBJECT of that clause;ANDAND（B）one o

2、f the followingone of the following is true：（1）the ing action is SIMULTANEOUSSIMULTANEOUS with the main action;i ran down the sidewalk,flapping my arms wildly（2)the ing”action is a DIRECT CONSEQUENCEDIRECT CONSEQUENCE of the main action。-i got a 100 on the most recent exam,bringing my average up to

3、91other examples：joe ran down the sidewalk，flailing his arms.correct（simultaneous)my cousin took extra classes every semester in college,graduating in three years.correct,because the”ing”is an actual consequence of the first action。my cousin ate frozen food every day in college，graduating in three y

4、ears。-incorrect,because there is no relationship（in particular，the second thing is nota consequence of the first thing,and isnt simultaneous either）.所以那个 including 不可能修饰 authenticity，要不修饰前面句子，要不句子主语作伴随；但是如果根据（1）说的，那么有时候 including 修饰前面句子和主语作伴随不合理；（2）但是 RON 又说过:importantimportant：INCLUDINGINCLUDINGisi

5、sananEXCEPTIONEXCEPTIONtotothetheotherwiseotherwiserobustrobustrulesrulesforforcomma+ingcomma+ingmodifiers.modifiers.when you see comma+including”，you should think of”including as a preposition,not as an ing modifier.therefore,including X”will becom e a prepositional phrasethat describes the stuff p

6、receding the comma.即吖 RON 说，或伴随;是即 RON：comma+”includingcomma+”including can stand for the preceding NOUN preceding NOUN-orthe preceding NOUN+MODIFIERSpreceding NOUN+MODIFIERS，if there are modifiers attached to the noun。including 可以作介词，可以不一定修饰前面句子或名词，”.。，Ving”的一个例外 exception.例题：例题：GWD-29GWD-29Q10Q10

7、与与 GWD-3GWD-3Q3Q3（新（新 PREP1PREP1215)215)对比对比IncludingIncluding 修饰修饰 instructionsinstructionsThe principal feature of the redesigned checks is a series of printed instructions thatthe company hopes will help merchants confirm a checks authenticity，which includesreminders to watch the endorsement,comp

8、are signatures，and view the watermarkwhile holding the check to the light.A.which includes reminders to watch the endorsement，compare signatures，andviewB.which include reminders for watching the endorsement,to compare signatures andviewC.by including reminders for watching the endorsement,comparing

9、signatures，andviewingD.including reminders to watch the endorsement，comparing signatures and viewingE.including reminders to watch the endorsement,compare signatures，and view选项分析：选项分析：including 修饰前面句子，特别修饰 instructions！只有这样才合理，因为 A 中 which 修饰 authenticity，逻辑上不合理！所以如果 which修饰 instructions 的话,才符合逻辑,但是

10、这样 includes 又跟 instructions 不一致；关键在于逻辑意思！看看 which 就近那个词修饰合不合理，然后向前找；A which 应该指代 instructions，includes 主谓不一致；B for watching,to compare signatures and view不平行C by 在 including 前面的用法不对.其实本题用平行很容易快速选出选项。D。to watch，comparing signatures and viewing 不平行E Correct.E Correct.including should modify instructio

11、ns and not authenticity.GWDGWD3-Q33-Q3（新（新 PREP1PREP1215215）IncludingIncluding 修饰修饰 remediesremediesA study by the Ocean Wildlife Campaign urged states to undertake a number ofremedies to reverse a decline in the shark population，which includes theestablishment of size limits for shark catches,closi

12、ng state waters for shark fishingduring pupping season,and requiring commercial fishers to have federal sharkpermits.A.which includes the establishment of size limits for shark catches,closingB.which includes establishing limits to the size of sharks that can be caught,closingC.which include the est

13、ablishment of size limits for shark catches，the closing ofD.including establishing size limits for shark catches,closingE.including the establishing of limits to the size of sharks that are caught,theclosing of题目释义题目释义:A study urged to:A study urged to，includingincluding，closingclosing，and requiring

14、.and requiring.考点考点:句子结构(grammatical construction）逻辑意思（logical predication）1.定语从句关系代词which的指代2.现在分词表伴随功能动作时，与句子谓语同时发生,逻辑主语等于句子主语。3。and平行结构.4。limit做动词时的固定搭配：limit to+limit to+界限；界限；limit on doing sth.(limit on doing sth.(做某事的限制）做某事的限制）名词：size limitssize limits 大小、规模限制大小、规模限制5.urge的固定搭配：urge sburge sb

15、。to do sth.to do sth.6。shark catches:捕鲨量，此处catch意为a quantity of fish that has been caught at onetime选项分析：选项分析：A.which离其逻辑上所指的remedies太远，且如如果果指指代代remediesremedies不不该该用用单单数数B.C.D.E.includesincludes；thethe establishmentestablishment ofof不如动词不如动词 establishingestablishing简洁简洁，而且与后面的closing不平行。which和inclu

16、des错误同A；limits to the size of sharks that can be caughtlimits to the size of sharks that can be caught 不够不够简洁，直接用简洁，直接用size limitssize limits和和shark catchesshark catches就行就行which错误同 A;thethe establishmentestablishment ofof和和thethe closingclosing ofof名词短语不简洁且和名词短语不简洁且和requiringrequiring不平行不平行CorrectCorrect;includingincluding修饰修饰remediesremedies，includingincluding是介词，其跳跃能力比是介词，其跳跃能力比whichwhich强强limits to the size of sharks that can be caught 不够简洁,直接用 size limits 和 sharkcatches 就行；the establishment of和 the closing of名词短语不简洁且和 requiring不平行