新编简明语言学重要期末考点(共10页).doc
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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上一、选择题 15%二、T/F 15%三、概念解释 4题 20%四、简答题 30%五、语言现象分析 20%TG grammar,bond morpheme, sentence relation1. Linguistics is the scientific study of language.2. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.3. Morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of lan
2、guage. It can not be used alone.4. A word is a meaningful grammatical language unit which can be used by its own.5. Lexicon refers to all the words or mental words that a speaker knows.6. Compound refers to the way of forming new words by stringing words together in certain manner.7. An allomorph is
3、 any the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.8. The major branches of linguistics ? 写出五大分支:语音学/音位学/形态学/句法学/语用学Phonetics语音学is the study of sounds used in linguistic communication.Phonology音位学 is the study of sound patterns in human languageMorphology形态学 is the s
4、tudy of the internal structure, forms and classes of words. Syntax句法学 is the study of rules that govern the grammatical formation of sentences.Pragmatics语用学 is the study of how language is used in actual communication.Semantics语义学 is the study of language meaning.Lexicology词汇学is the study of words a
5、nd phrases.9. distinctions in linguistics :1) prescriptive规定性,提供说话的规范/descriptive描述性,关心人们的说话方式而不是规定该怎么说 modern linguistics is mostly descriptive2) synchronic共时性研究/ diachronic历时性研究(几个时段一起研究)modern linguistics is mainly synchronic, because it focus on studying a language at some point of time in histo
6、ry. 在特定的一个时期3) speech口语 / writing书面语 (two major media of communication)speech is prior to writing 原因:from the point of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing ; speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed ; speech is always the way in which every
7、native speaker acquires his mother language.4) langue语言 / parole言语(说话的最终方式)langue refers to the abstract linguistic system ; parole focuses on the realization of language in actual use.5) competence语言能力 / performance语言运用6) traditional grammar传统语法 / modern linguistics现代语言学3个区别:modern linguistics is d
8、escriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive ; modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary while traditional grammar emphasizes on written words ; modern linguistics does not force language into a Latin-based framework.10. Design features of language 5个特点,语言与动物交流区分1)arbitrarine
9、ss任意性 (means that the symbols used in human language is arbitrary. there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. it is not entirely arbitrary. some compound words are also not arbitrary.2) productivity创造性:language is productive or creative3) duality双重结构: language consists of two sets o
10、f structures, or two levels.4) displacement不受时空限制 language can be used to refer contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speakers.5) cultural transmission文化传递(文化基因)people were born with the ability to acquire language.(是具有学习能力而不是生来就能使用语言)11. functions of language根据tripartite framework分为
11、3个 1) descriptive function2) expressive function3) social function根据美籍俄人Jacobsons model 分6类 言语活动的6个主要功能1) emotive : express the attitude2) conative : The addresser aims to influence the addressees thoughts or actions意动功能,影响听话人的行为3) referential : convey a message or information 所指功能,传递信息4) poetic : d
12、isplay the beauty of language itself 组诗功能,表现语言本身的美5) phatic communion : establish or maintain interpersonal relationships. 寒暄功能,用于维系人际关系6) metalinguistic : use language to make clear the meaning of language itself. 元语言功能12. three branches of phonetics语音学: articulatory phonetics发音语音学: studies the spe
13、ech sounds from the speakers point of viewauditory phonetics听觉语音学:studies the hearers point of viewacoustic phonestic声学语言学: studies the sound waves13. IPA International Phonetic Alphabet 国际音标vowel元音20个,其中单元音12个,双元音8个 consonants辅音28个辅音按manner of obstruction分为6个:stops/fricatives/affricates/liquids/nas
14、als/glides按place of obstruction分为7个:bilabial/labiodental/dental/alveolar/palatal/velar/glottal14. broad transcription宽式标音法(一个字母表一个音)narrow transcription严式标音法(加符号表示不同)broad transcription using one letter to represent one sound.narrow transcription adding diacritics to the letter symbols to show diffe
15、rence.15. phonemic contrast 音位对立,如/p/ 与 /b/16. minimal pairs 最小对立位,在同一位置上的两个不同音位when two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same position in the stings, the two sound combinations are said to form a minimal pair.17. phonology音位学规则: sequential
16、rule 顺序规则:rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular languageassimilation rule同化规则:copying a feature of a sequential phonemedeletion rule 省略规则:a sound is to be deleted although it is represented.18. suprasegmental features超切分手段3个: stress重音 The shift of word stress may change the par
17、t of speech of words of the same spelling.tone声调 may distinguish the meaning of words.intonation语调 can show the implied message.19. morpheme分类:free morpheme 自由词素 bound morpheme 粘着词素 allomorph词素变体,-es,ies, -ren derivational morpheme派生词素,如im,un,tele inflectional morpheme曲折词素 表现语法功能,如-ed,-ing,-s,-est20
18、. Category词的范畴 refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language, such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb.The last and more reliable criterion of determining a words category is its distribution.21. coordinate structures : A rule of gramma
19、r that state the composition of a coordinate structure.22. A phrase contain specifiers指示语and complements补语besides the head中心词。23. synonymy同义refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. 同义词是synonymsfive types of synonymy: 1) dialectal synonyms方言同义词synonyms used indifferent regional dialects
20、,如elevator与lift2) stylistic synonyms文体同义词synonyms differing in style 如dad,daddy,father3) synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaning具有不同感情或评价意义的同义词4) collocational synonyms 搭配不同的同义词5) semantically different synonyms语义有轻微差别的同义词 synonyms that differ slightly in meaning.24. polysemy一词多义
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