《当代翻译理论》PPT课件.ppt

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1、Chapter III.Western Translation Studies in Modern Times1.Introduction2.TheClassicalRevivalofthe19thCentury2.1WaterBenjamin(1892-1940)2.2WillardVanOrmanQuine(1908-2000)2.3RomanJakobson(1896-1982)2.3.1Jakobson3DescriptionsofTranslation:2.4Jean-PaulVinay(1910-1999)andJeanDarbelnet(1904-1990)3.TheHeroic

2、Age(1950s-70s)3.1EugeneNida(1914-)3.1.1EugeneNidasThree-stageSystemofTranslation3.2JamesHolmes(1924-1986)andHisMap of Translation Studies v4.Descriptive Translation Studiesv4.1Holmesv4.1.1ThegeneralbranchofHolmessframeworkv4.1.2TheappliedbranchofHolmessframeworkv4.1.3HolmessTranslationPolicyv4.2Jere

3、myMundayv5 Development since 1970s 1.Introduction Astranslationhistorianclaim,theclassicalrevivalofthe19thcenturyandtheemphasisontechnicalaccuracy,combinedwithaspiritofexclusivismamongtheintelligentsia,conspiredtomakethe19thcenturypedanticinitsattitudetowardstranslation.The20thcenturywitnessedaradic

4、alchangeinWesterntranslationstudies.Infact,5developmentshavehadasignificanteffectonthetheoryandpracticeoftranslationduringthe20thcentury:1)Rapiddevelopmentofstructurallinguistics;v2)Applicationofmethodsinstructurallinguisticstodealwithspecialproblemsoftranslation;v3)TheUnitedBiblesocieties,whichcond

5、uctedinternationalconferenceoftranslationandbeganpublishingaquarterlyjournal(BibleTranslation),forwhichtheywereinclosecontactwithlinguistics;v4)PublicationofBabel,whichhelpstranslatorsgettoknowaboutnewtoolsandaidsandbecomeawareofthechangingconditions;v5)Thedevelopmentofvariousprojectsonmachinetransl

6、ationwhichhasprogressedthroughdifferentphasesandprovideduswithimportantinsightsintosemantictheoryandofstructuraldesign.2.TheRepresentativesintheClassicalRevivalofthe19thCenturyv2.1 Water Benjamin(1892-1940)vHe is now generally recognized as one of the most original and influential thinkers of the 20

7、th century.In his essay“The task of the translator”(1923),he said:“a translation participates in the afterlife of the ST,enacting an interpretation that is informed by a history of reception.This interpretation does more than transmit messages;it recreates the values that produced the ST over time.A

8、nd insofar as the linguistic differences of this text are signaled in the TL,they ultimately convey a philosophical concept,“pure language”,a sense of how the“mutually exclusive”differences among languages coexist with“complementary”intentions to communicate and to refer,intentions that are derailed

9、 by the differences.”For Benjamin,translation differs a Utopian vision of linguistic“harmony”.2.2 Willard Van Orman Quine(1908-2000)vBorn in Akron,Ohio,he began his philosophical studies at Oberlin College in his native state.Later he studied the foundations of mathematical logic with Alfred Whitehe

10、ad at Harford University,where Quine himself became professor of philosophy in 1936.During 1940s-50s,disciplinary trends of translation studies vary widely,ranging between the extremes of philosophical skepticism and practical optimism.The skeptical extreme in Anglo-American analytical philosophy is

11、 occupied by Quines concept of radical translation.the optimistic extreme in translation studies is occupied by linguistic analysis.The dominant issue is translatability by analyzing specific translation problems and describing the methods that translators have developed to solve them.2.3 Roman Jako

12、bson(1896-1982)vARussian-Americanlinguist,aleadingauthorityonSlaviclanguages,heistheprincipalfounderofPragueschoolofstructural linguisticsandofphonology.HismajorpublicationsincludePreliminaries to Speech Analysis(withG.FantandM.Halle,1952)andFundamentals of Language(1956).2.3.1 Jakobsons 3 Descripti

13、ons of Translation:1)Intralingual translation/rewording2)Interlingual translation/translation proper3)Intersemiotic translation/transmutationJakobson follows the relation set out by Saussure between the signifier and the signified.From a linguistic and semiotic angle,he approaches the problem of equ

14、ivalence with the following,now famous,definition:equivalence in difference is the cardinal problem of language and the critical concern of linguistics.For him,the problem of meaning and equivalence focuses on differences in the structure and terminology of languages rather than on any inability of

15、one language to render a message that has been written in another verbal language.2.4 Jean-Paul Vinay(1910-1999)and Jean Darbelnet(1904-1990)Jean-PaulVinaywasborninParisandstudiedEnglishattheSorbonnebeforeobtaininganMAinPhoneticsandPhilologyfromtheUniversityofLondonI1937.thenhemovedtoCanadain1946asa

16、professorandheadofthedep.oftheLinguisticsandTranslation,andin1967hemovedtotheUniversityofVictoriainBritishColumbia.AndJeanDarbelnetwasborninParis,hetaughtFrenchatHarfordbeforemovingtoCanadain1940,wherehetaughtatMcGillUniversityuntil1946,settingupathree-yearprogramoftranslation.TheirbookStylistique c

17、omparee du francais et de langlais(1958)isalandmarkworknotparticularlybecauseofitscontributiontocomparativelinguisticsbutbecauseofwhatitexpressedinthesubtitle:methode de trduction,claimingthatalinguistic comparison of languages could in itself found a translation method.Theworkthusgaverisetoataxonom

18、icmodeoftranslationtheoryostensiblyaimedathelpingtranslatorstotranslate.ByapproachingFrench-Englishtranslationfromthefieldofcomparativestylistics,theyprovideatheoreticalbasisforavarietyoftranslationmethodscurrentlyinuse.Theirdescriptionsoftranslationmethodsinvolvesomereductionoflinguisticandcultural

19、differencestoempiricistsemantics:Equivalenceofmessagesultimatelyreliesuponanidentityofsituations,where“situations”indicatesanundefined“reality”.Buttheyalsoencouragethetranslatortothinkofmeaningasaculturalconstructionandtoseeacloseconnectionbetween linguisticproceduresand“metalinguisticinformation”,n

20、amely“thecurrentstateofliterature,science,politicsetc.ofbothlanguagecommunities.”TheenormouspracticalandpedagogicalvalueofVinayandDarbelnetsworkovercomesanyphilosophicalqualmsabouttranslatabilityanddistractsattentionawayfromtheirconservativeprescriptionsaboutlanguageuseintranslation.3.The Heroic Age

21、(1950s-70s)The3decadesof1950s-70switnessedthelinguistic turnintranslationstudies.Fawcettcallsthislinguisticorientationoftranslationstudiesas“theheroicage”.AftertheSecondWorldWar,translationtheorywasprofoundlyinfluencedbyNoamChomskysconceptsofdeepstructureandsurfacestructure,andthefirststepsinmachine

22、translation.AsMarySnell-Hornby(1988:41)succinctlyexplains“translationisarecordingorchangeofsurfacestructureinrepresentationofthedeepstructureunderlyingit.”Chomskystheoriesstronglyinfluencedthescienceoftranslatingasunderstoodduringthe1960s.3.1EugeneNida(1914-)NidareceivedhisBAin1936fromtheUniversityo

23、fCaliforniaatLosAngeles.HavingearnedhisdegreeinGreek,heenrolleditheSummerInstituteofLinguistics(SIL).ThenhepursuedaMAinGreekNewTestamentattheUniversityofSouthernCalifornia.In1941,hebeganaPhDinLinguisticsattheUniversityofMichiganandcompleteditin2years.In1943,hewasordainedintheNorthernBaptistConvertio

24、n,andjoinedthestaffoftheAmericanBibleSociety(ABS)asalinguist.Nidastheoryoftranslationdevelopedfromhisownpracticalworkinthe1940sonwardswhenhewadtranslatingandorganizingthetranslationoftheBible.Histheorytakesconcreteformintwomajorworksinthe1960s:Toward a Science of Translating(1964)andThe Theory and P

25、ractice of Translation(co-authoredwithTabre,1969).Nidaattemptstomovetranslationintoamorescientificerabyincorporatingrecentworkinlinguistics,andhismoresystematicapproachborrowstheoreticalconceptsandterminologybothfromsemanticsandpragmaticsandfromNoamChomskystheoryofTG(transformation-generative)gramma

26、r.Nidadescribesvariousscientificapproachestomeaningrelatedtoworkthathavebeencarriedoutbytheoristsinsemanticsandpragmatics.Aseriesoftechniques,adaptedfromworkinlinguistics,arepresentedasanaidforthetranslatorindeterminingthemeaningofdifferentlinguisticitems.Techniquestodeterminereferentialandemotiveme

27、aningfocusonanalyzingthestructureofwordsanddifferentiatingsimilarwordsinrelatedlexicalfields.Theseincludehierarchicalstructuringandcomponentialanalysis.Anothertechniqueissemanticstructureanalysis,thecentralideaofwhichistoencouragethetraineetranslatortorealizethatthesenseofacomplexsemantictermvariesa

28、ndmostparticularlyisconditionedbyitscontext.ForNida,themodelofdeepstructureandsurfacestructureprovidesthetranslatorwithatechniquefordecodingtheSTandaprocedureforencodingtheTT(Nida,1964:60),althoughhereversesChomskysmodelwhenanalyzingtheSt;tobespecific,thesurfacestructureoftheSTisanalyzedintothebasic

29、elementsofthedeepstructure,whicharetransferredinthetranslationprocessandthenrestructuredsemanticallyandstylisticallyintothesurfacestructureoftheTT.(seefigure1.)Figure 1:Eugene Nidas Three-stage System of Translation3.1.1 Eugene Nidas Three-stage System of TranslationNida and Tabers own description o

30、f the process emphasizes the scientific and practical advantages of this method compared to any attempt to draw up a fully comprehensive list of equivalences between specific pairs of SL and TL systems.Just as kernel sentences are the most basic structures out of which language builds its elaborate

31、surface structures.Kernels are the level at which the message is transferred into the receptor language before being transformed into the surface structure in three stages:1)literal transfer 2)minimal transfer 3)literary transferNidasmovetowardascienceoftranslationhasprovedtobeespeciallyinfluentiali

32、nGermany,wherethecommontermfortranslationstudiesinUbersetzungssenschaft(Translatology).AmongthemostprominentGermanscholarsinthetranslationsciencefieldduringthe1970sand1980sareWolframWilss,andthosefromthethenGermanDemocraticRepublic,theLeipzigSchool,includingOttoKadeandAlbertNewbert.3.2 James Holmes(

33、1924-1986)and His Map of Translation StudiesJamesHolmes,Americanscholar,poet,translatorandoneofthefoundingfathersofTranslationStudiesasanacademicdiscipline,wasbornandraisedonafarmincentralIowa,USA,whowaseducatedatWilliamPennCollege,Haveford,andBrownUniversity.In1949,hewenttoHollandasaFulbrightexchan

34、geteachertoteachEnglishatanInternationalQuakerCollege.Thelastthreedecadesofthe20thcenturywitnessedagreatchangeintranslationstudies.AndthefieldofTranslationStudieswasdecisivelydefinedbyJamesHolmes,inhisseminalpaper,entitled“The Name and Nature of Translation Studies”,whichwasoriginallypresentedtotheT

35、hirdInternationalCongressofAppliedLinguisticsheldinCopenhagenin1972.Sincethen,researchhasbeenconductedwithmulti-disciplinary approachesinamoresystematicalfashiontowardtheformationofcontemporarytranslationtheoryinitsownright.Inhispaper,Holmesputsforwardanoverallframework,describingwhattranslationstud

36、iescovers.ThisframeworkhassubsequentlybeenpresentedbyGideonTouryasinfigure2.Figure2:JamesHolmesMapofTranslationStudies4.DescriptiveTranslationStudiesDescriptiveTranslationStudies(DTS)ismainlyconcernedwiththreeaspects:1)Product-orientedDTS;whichexaminesexistingtranslations,involvingthedescriptionoran

37、alysisofasingleST-TTpairoracomparativeanalysisofseveralTTsofthesameST(intooneormoreTLs)2)Function-orientedDTS;whichdescribesthefunction(oftranslation)intherecipientsocioculturalsituation.3)Process-orientedDTS.whichisconcernedwiththepsychologyoftranslation,i.e.Withtryingtofindoutwhathappensinthemindo

38、fatranslator.4.1Holmes 4.1.1TheGeneralBranchofHolmessFramework1)Medium-restrictedtheories(whicharesubdivisionsaccordingtotranslationbymachineandhumans,withfurthersubdivisionsaccordingtowhetherthemachine/computerisworkingaloneorasanaidtothehumantranslator,towhetherthehumantranslationiswrittenorspoken

39、andtowhetherspokentranslation(interpreting)isconsecutiveorsimultaneous);2)Arearestrictedtheories(whicharerestrictedtospecificlanguagesorgroupsoflanguagesand/orcultures);3)Rankrestrictedtheories(whicharelinguistictheoriesthathavebeenrestrictedtoaspecificlevelofthewordorsentence);4)Text-typerestricted

40、theories(whichfocusonspecificdiscoursetypesorgenres,e.g.literary,businessandtechnicaltranslation);5)Time-restrictedtheories(whichrefertotheoriesandtranslationsrestrictedaccordingtospecificperiods);6)Problem-restrictedtheories(whichrefertospecificproblemssuchasequivalenceortoawiderquestionofwhetherun

41、iversalsoftranslatedlabguageexist).4.1.2 The Applied Branch of Holmess Framework TheappliedbranchofHolmessframeworkconcerns:1)Translatorstraining(teachingmethods,testingtechniques,curriculumdesign);2)Translationaids(dictionaries,grammars,informationtechnology);3)Translationcriticism(theevaluationoft

42、ranslations,includingthemarkingofstudenttranslationsandthereviewsofpublishedtranslations).4.1.3HolmessTranslationPolicyHolmesalsofocusedontheareaoftranslationpolicy,whereheseesthetranslationscholaradvisingotheplaceoftranslationinsociety,includingwhatplace,itshouldoccupyinthelanguageteachingandlearni

43、ngcurriculum.4.2 Jeremy Munday JeremyMunday，aseniorlecturerinSpanishinDepartmentofLinguistic，CulturalandTranslationStudiesanddeputydirectorofCenterforTranslationStudies(CTS),UniversityofSurrey,UK，gothisPhDattheUniversityofBradford,whichhehadbeenteachingthereuntilhecametoSurreyin2000.Hisresearchinter

44、estsareinDTS,styleandideologyintranslation,corpus-basedtranslationstudieshistoryofliterarytranslatorsinthe20thcenturyandinteractionbetweenthevisualandwrittenwordsintranslation.HismajorpublicationsincludeIntroducing Translation Studies：theories and application（2001）andTranslation：an advanced resource

45、 book(withBasilHatim,2004）.MundaypointsoutthatHolmesdivisionisflexibleenoughtoincorporatethesetechnologicaldevelopments”andexpandstheappliedbranchinHolmesmapintoFigure3.Figure 3:Mundays expand applied branch of translation studiesvAccordingtoMunday（2001：13-4),thecrucialroleplayedbyHolmespaperisthema

46、ppingofthepotentialoftranslationstudies.Themapisstilloftenconsideredasapointofdeparturesince1972，evenifsubsequenttheoristssuchasSnell-Hornby（1991）andPym（1998）haveattemptedtorewritepartsofit.ThefactthatHolmesdevotestwo-thirdsofhisattentiontothepureaspectsoftheoryanddescriptionsurelyindicateshisresear

47、chinterestsratherthanalackofpossibilitiesfortheappliedside.Translationpolicywouldnowadaysmorelikelybevrelated to the ideology that determines translation than was the case in Holmes description.The different restrictions，which Toury identifies as relating to the descriptive as well as the purely the

48、oretical branch，might well include a discourse-type as well as a text-type restriction.Inclusion of interpreting as a sub-category of human translation would also be disputed by some scholars.In view of the very different requirements and activities associated with interpreting，it would probably be

49、best to consider interpreting as a parallel field,maybe under the title of interpreting studies.In addition，as Pym points out Holmes map omits any mention of the individuality of the style,decision-making processes and working practices of human translators involved in the translation process.5.Deve

50、lopment since 1970s vAccording to Bassnett（1998:108-11),one simple way of understanding the changes and developments in translation studies during the last three decades of the 20th century is through the application of keywords to specific periods.The keyword of the 1970s is history；in 1980s cultur