第九讲抽象与具体11.ppt
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1、第九讲第九讲 抽象与具体抽象与具体Abstract and Concreten n目目 的的 要要 求求 n n 仔细体会:导致英语普遍抽象的原因是什么?n n作作 业业 n n 思考:为什么汉语是意像性语言?P173抽象名词的特征隐隐玄玄曲曲暗暗虚虚A.英语的逻辑和理性的显著特点就是抽象性n na.亚里斯多德的形式逻辑和欧洲16-18世纪盛行的理性主义导致人们的思维注重“以理服人”,不注重“以情感人”。n nPlato actually thought that these abstractions had a greater reality than the properties of o
2、bjects in the physical world.P160n n为了使语言表达冷静,必须多用名词、尤其是抽象名词。An Englishman does not like to commit himself by being enthusiastic or too distressed.n nb.抽象思维被认为是一种高级思维。是高度文明的象征。P161n nCivilization means among other things increase of abstract terms and decrease of superfluous special words.The more a
3、dvanced a language is,the more developed is its expressing abstract or general ideas.-o.Jesperson 英语中抽象名词的大量使用导致涵义概括,指称笼统,有“虚”、“泛”、“曲”.的感觉n n1.英语的名词化往往导致表达的抽象化。n nAn excessive reliance on the noun.will detach the mind of the writer from the realities of here and now,from when and how and in what moo
4、d the thing was done and insensibly induce a habit of abstraction,generalization and vagueness.Exampls n nThere seems to have been an absence of attempt at concilliaation between rival sect.n n对立的两派之间似乎从来也没有尝试过要求和。n nYour disablement pension entitlement is now satisfactorily placed beyond all disput
5、es on logical grounds.n n作为残疾人,你有完全权利领取抚恤金。Examples n nThe availability of the new facilities is hard to obtain.n n 很难购到这批设备.n nManliness is judged according to ones invulnerability to the impact of the outside world.n n 男子汉气是根据他是否能抵抗住外来影响而判断的。To express ones thoughts accurately is hard work,and to
6、be precise is dangerous.n n2.以迎合某种需要,抽象的模糊性可以掩饰作者以迎合某种需要,抽象的模糊性可以掩饰作者的含糊和真实思想。的含糊和真实思想。P162-163P162-163n nThe The absence of intelligenceabsence of intelligence is an is an indication indication of satisfactory developments.of satisfactory developments.n n没有消息没有消息表明了表明了有可喜的进展。有可喜的进展。n nThere are man
7、y communities where There are many communities where anonymityanonymity in personal relationships in personal relationships prevail.prevail.社区许多人都互相社区许多人都互相不认识不认识。从形容词或动词派生出来的抽象名词涵义压缩、简化,易于传诵。n n3.抽象名词可以使表达含蓄,对事物的本质进行高度概括,特别适合表达深奥的哲理和模糊的思想,留有余地,留下发展空间。P165 n nEg.Surviaval of the Fittest.n n Studies
8、serve for delight,for ornament,and for ability.The ancient Greeks were fond of categories,.turing attributes into abstractionsn n4.英语有丰富的词义虚化手段,其语义的细化和抽象化程度较高,大大的方便了抽象词的运用。n n4.1 用词缀虚化。P166 n nmicro-,inter-,-ness,-tion,-ism,-encen n4.2 词化(lexicalization)就是用一个词来表示一个短语或句子的语义。P167n n literacy(读写能力)ndec
9、ontextualization(不依赖语境而存在)经过词化的抽象名词常常在汉语中找不到对应词来翻译。n n有具体名词派生出来的抽象名词语义复杂,词义内涵比较广泛,常表现为一词多义或一词多用。表达起来具有概括性。n n如:service:服务,服役,维修、服务部门,服务机构,上菜.n n power:动力、电力、权力、势力、强国n n4.3 用介词表达虚泛意义。n nBe in at 参与;be in for 谋求;No language is so sophisticated as English-it is abstracted to death.n n5.5.拉丁语和希腊语等外来词广泛运
10、用于科技、哲拉丁语和希腊语等外来词广泛运用于科技、哲学等庄重场合,只讲究概念学等庄重场合,只讲究概念 和理性;加之,和理性;加之,英语英语的形合构词法,的形合构词法,只讲究形式结构和逻辑上的一致,只讲究形式结构和逻辑上的一致,缺乏生活中的形象对应;语音符号构成的语言不缺乏生活中的形象对应;语音符号构成的语言不来自生活。对世界的认识建立在逻辑推演基础之来自生活。对世界的认识建立在逻辑推演基础之上。上。n nP170P170英国社会不少文体学家提倡英国社会不少文体学家提倡 a mixture of a mixture of long abstract Latin words with short
11、long abstract Latin words with short concrete Anglo-Saxon words.concrete Anglo-Saxon words.n nYou can choose the high word for high You can choose the high word for high effect,or you can get tough with Anglo-effect,or you can get tough with Anglo-Saxon specifics.you must guard against Saxon specifi
12、cs.you must guard against sobrietys luring you into all Latin.sobrietys luring you into all Latin.B.汉语的儒、道、佛哲学汉语的儒、道、佛哲学Chinese are disinclined to use precisely defined terms or categories but expressive,metaphoric language.n nChinese philospphers quite explicitly Chinese philospphers quite explicit
13、ly favored the most concrete sense favored the most concrete sense impressions in understanding the world.impressions in understanding the world.There is no word for sizeor colour.But There is no word for sizeor colour.But big size or small size,big size or small size,the white of the the white of t
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