toefl writing 托福写作教程.ppt

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1、托福强化写作许莉佳 A考试频率每月多于4次，每年50-60次考试证件身份证、护照出成绩的时间一般在考试后十五天左右一个人两次考试的间隔不低于7天TOEFLIBT简介TestSectionNumberofQuestionsTimingReading3-5passages,12-14questionseach 60-100minutesListening6-9lecturesandconversations60-90minutesBreak10minutesSpeaking2independenttasks20minutes4integratedtasksWriting1integratedtas

2、k26minutes1independenttask30minutesTotal4hour复习策略v5-5-5vOrv3-4-3v标题？v格式？v缩行式、空行式TOEFL高分攻略心态技巧实力文如其人Reportsthatsaythatsomethinghasnthappenedarealwaysinterestingtome,becauseasweknow,thereareknownknowns,therearethingsweknowweknow.Wealsoknowthereareknownunknowns,thatistosayweknowtherearesomethingswedono

3、tknow.Buttherearealsounknownunknownstheoneswedontknowwedontknow.就我们所知，有些事情早已是众所周知的。就我们所知，有些事情早已是众所周知的。有些事情我们知道自己知道。我们也知道，有些事情我们知道自己知道。我们也知道，有些事情早已是已知的未知，这也就是说，有些事情早已是已知的未知，这也就是说，我们现在知道了，有些事情我们其实并不知我们现在知道了，有些事情我们其实并不知道。但也有一些事情是未知的未知道。但也有一些事情是未知的未知这些这些事，我们并不知道自己不知道。事，我们并不知道自己不知道。文如其人vThis university w

4、as founded,with the support of our country,to further the ties between our two nations.他彻夜都能听见大自然深沉而自由的呼吸。AllnightlonghecanhearNaturebreathingdeeplyandfreely.R.L.Stevenson,Travels with a donkeyv切勿因得分尚可而生骄矜之心，从而蠡测天下文章。v须知江湖险恶，山外有山。IndependentWritingv独立写作是argumentativeessay，和GREAnalyticalWriting和SAT作文

5、相同。v区别：v题目难度v行文难度vTOEFLIBTvDoyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Successfulpeopletrynewthingsandtakerisksratherthanjustdoingwhattheyalreadyknow.vGREissuevPresentyourperspectiveontheissuebelow:Success,whetheracademicorprofessional,involvestheabilitytosurviveinanewenvironmentand,eventually,toc

6、hangeit.vTOEFLIBTvDoyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Itismoreimportantforteacherstohelpstudentsgainself-confidencethantoteachspecificknowledge.vGREissuevPresentyourperspectiveontheissuebelow:themostelusiveknowledgeisself-knowledgeanditisusuallyacquiredthroughsolituderatherthanthroughinter

7、actionwithothers.vTOEFLIBTvDoyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Schoolsshouldnotpaymuchattentiontogeneralsubjects.Indeed,theyshouldhelpstudentsprepareforfuturejobsandcareers.vIELTSvSomepeoplethinkthatschoolsanduniversitiesshouldprovidegraduateswiththeknowledgeandskillsneededintheworkplace.O

8、thersthinkthatthetruefunctionofaschoolorauniversityshouldbetogiveaccesstoknowledgeforitsownsake,regardlessofwhetherthecourseisusefultoanemployer.What,inyouropinion,shouldbethemainfunctionofschoolsanduniversities?vIELTSvSomepeoplebelievethatthereshouldbefixedpunishmentsforeachtypeofcrime.Others,howev

9、er,arguethatthecircumstancesofanindividualcrime,andthemotivationforcommittingit,shouldalwaysbetakenintoaccountwhendecidingonthepunishmentGRE官方满分范文vOverspecializationmeansnarrowfocusonwhichpeoplecanlosethelargerpicture.Onecanhopetounderstandthehumanbodybyonlyinspectingonesowntoe-nails.Whatwelearnfrom

10、anarrowfocusmaybeinternallylogicallycoherentbutmaybeirrelevantorfallaciouswithintheframeworkofabroaderperspective.Further,ifweinspectonlyourtoe-nails,wemayconcludethatthewholebodyishardandwhite.Usefulconclusionandthusperhapsusefulinventionsmustcomebysharingamongspecialists.Simplythrowingoutvariousdi

11、scoveriesmeanswehaveapileofuselessdiscoveries.ItisonlywhenonecanmakewiththemamosaicthatwecanseethattheymayformapictureTOEFLIBT官方满分范文vIfourfriendhadwornanewly-purchaseddressonherbirthdayandenergeticallyaskedusifitwasaworthybuy,wouldwefreelyexpressouropinionthatwewouldneverseenadressastheoneshewearing

12、andjustspoiledherbirthday?Inarguably,hidingthetruthinsomesituationcanbequitehandyindeed.你是猪v正常：Youareapig。vTOEFL症：Youarecertainlynomorethanapig。vGRE症前期：Itwouldnotbeunjustifiabletoclaimthatyouresembleapignotonlysuperficiallybutalsointrinsically。v(声称你不论表面还是内在都与猪有相似之处，这绝非空穴来风。)vGRE症后期：Youareporcine/swi

13、nish/hoggish。v(豕者，乃之类也。)独立写作攻略v独立写作评分标准v独立写作的写作语言v独立写作构思与结构v独立写作开头、结尾、主题句、发展写法优秀的女人VS.优秀的文章v优秀的女人1.做人要大气2.做事要有分寸3.做事要善始善终v优秀的文章1.字数2.分段3.开头段和检查官方的说法是：“Aneffectiveresponseistypicallyabout300wordslong.Ifyouwritefewerthan300words，youmaystillreceiveatopscore，butexperiencehasshownthatshorterresponsestypi

14、callydonotdemonstratethedevelopmentofideasneededtoearnascoreof5.”。机经的分析(TOPICandTASK)v2009年1月24日托福独立写作考题你认为没有共同兴趣和个性的人能彼此成为朋友吗OG225页第4题v2009年5月31日托福独立写作考题Peoplewillspendlesstimeoncookingfood.A/DOG216页第3题2006年年v1.14 同185题库28题v3.25 同185题库84题v4.8 同2005年12.3v6.17 同2005年12.16v7.15 同2006年1.6v7.29 同185题库 7

15、1题v9.9 同185题库47题v9.15 同2005年12.17v9.23 同185题库66题v10.15 同2006年8.18v10.22 同2006年3.1710.28同2006年2.311.3 同2006年9.911.17同2006年1.2111.18同185题库74题12.1同2006年9.2312.3同185题库72题12.8同2006年4.812.10同185题库41题12.13同185题库68题12.15同2006年3.2512.16同185题库62题2007年年v1.6同2006年2.3v1.13同2006年12.13v1.14同2006年12.14v1.19同2006年3.

16、3v1.27同2006年4.28v2.10同2006年2.3v2.27 同2007年2.103.3 同2006年8.263.7同2007年3.43.10同2006年5.123.23同185题库576.30同2006年5.269.8 同2006年2.112008年年v1.5同185题库62题v1.13同06年10.21v1.19同06年11.5v2.16同185题库72题v2.23 同185题库81题v2.24同06年10.29v3.1同185题库38题v3.2同185题库74题3.8同185题库273.29同185题库1354.27同185题库68题5.10同07年5.55.17同185题库5

17、7题5.31同185题库108题机经(TOPICandTASK)v只考AorD题v重复已经考过的题目v可以转化为185题库的题目评分标准vOGP209OG(3e.)P2095 Anessayatthislevellargelyaccomplishesallofthefollowing:vEffectivelyaddressesthetopicandtaskvIswellorganizedandwelldeveloped,usingclearlyappropriate explanations,exemplifications,and/ordetailsvDisplaysunity,progre

18、ssion,andcoherencevDisplaysconsistentfacilityintheuseoflanguage,demonstrating syntactic variety,appropriate wordchoice,andidiomaticity,thoughitmayhaveminorlexicalorgrammaticalerrors36ScoringRubricsv有效切题或解决了任务v组织结构有序，适用清晰合适的解释、例证和细节v表现出整体性、统一性和前后一致v表现出稳定的语言应用能力，句式多样，合理选词和适用成语，尽管可能有小的词汇和语法错误。扣题这个指主旨充实

19、这个指素材严密这个指论证耐看这个指词句和语法独立写作评分标准veffectively:in a way that produces the intended result or a successful resultvorganized:arranged or planned in a particular order or structure vdeveloped:to make an idea clearer by explaining it furthervexplanation:a statement,fact or situation that tells you why a rea

20、son given for somethingvunity:the state of looking or being complete in a natural and pleasing wayvprogression:the process of developing gradually from one stage to another独立写作评分标准vcoherence:of different ideas,arguments,sentences to have a clear logical connection so that together they make a wholev

21、consistent:always behaving in the same way,or having the same opinions standardEffectively addresses the topic and task有效的回答了题目和任务有效的回答了题目和任务vTopicv题目vInthemodernsociety,theabilitytospeakwellismoreimportantthantheabilitytowritewell.vTaskv任务vDoyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?vWhichdoyoupr

22、efer?（机经中很少出现）vWhydoyouthink?（机经中不再出现）v例1：Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Inthemodernsociety,theabilitytospeakwellismoreimportantthantheabilitytowritewell.vAddressthetopic:Formostpeople,speakingabilityismoreimportantthanwritingability.vFailtoaddressthetopic：Speakingabilityplaysavitalro

23、leinapersonssuccess.v不能随意增加或者删减题目的内容v例1：Someoneprefertoasktheirfriendsforadvicewhentheymettroubles,othersprefertoasktheirparentsforadvice.Whichdoyouprefer?Usespecificreasonsanddetailstosupportyouranswer.vAddressthetopic:Iprefertoaskmyparentsforadvice/Iprefertoaskmyfriendsforadvice.vFailtoaddressthet

24、opic：Iprefertoaskacounselorforadvice.Well-organized良好的组织v整体well-organized。要求：整篇文章分为introduction、body和conclusion；thesisstatement位于introduction之后；body分bodyparagraphs；transitionalwords；conclusion重申thesisstatement。v段内well-organized。要求topicsentence尽量置于段首，段内每个sentence支持topicsentence。45ScoringRubricsvwell-

25、organized良好的组织Does easier-prepared food improve the way people live?AnotherreasonIheldforthisopinioncanbeeneasilyseen.Nowpeopleingrowingnumbersareunhealthy,especiallyamongchildren.Whatmakethiscomesofar?Undoubtlyshortorderisthemajorityofreasons.Thesignificanceofhealthcannotbeemphsizedtoomuch.Shortord

26、ermakespeople get fatter,and it threat our heath strictly.It alsobrought on a fact that the majority of peopleare not ingoodcondition.Propermeasuresmustbetakentolimitthissituation.Well-developedv三重意义vThesisstatement得到well-developed，意味着bodyparagraph(subpoint)的数量不能过少v每个topicsentence得到充分展开。v每个bodyparag

27、raph(subpoint)的字数不能过少。经验表明，主要段落字数不低于150字。vExamplesvwell-developed 良好的展开47ScoringRubricsDoes easier-prepared food improve the way people live?Although I agree that there may be a couple ofadvantages of easier-prepared food,I feel that thedisadvantages are more obvious and even debased thewaypeopleliv

28、e.detailsvHe is rich.vHe owns a large company and has an annual income of 20 million dollars.details1)Youshouldstopsmokingnow.vYoushouldgiveupsmokingnow,forthesakeofyourownhealth,forthesakeofthehealthofothers,forthesakeofyourfamily,andforthesakeoftheentireworld.2)Doctorsthinkthatanactivepersonshould

29、havearestfulhobby,whileapersonwhositsatadeskshouldhavealivelyhobby.vDoctorsthinkthatanactiveperson,suchasabaseballplayeroraswimmer,shouldhavearestfulhobbysuchasreading,collectionsofstamps,dolls,buttonsorshellsandsoon,whileapersonwhositsatadeskallday,suchasateacheroradoctorshouldhavealivelyhobbysucha

30、stennis,golf,swimmingorskating.3)Achildwithaproblemwillprobablygotohisfriendsforsympathy.vAchildwithaproblem,thenhefeelswhathewillprobablygetfromhisparentsisincomprehensionorcriticism,willgoinsteadtohisfriendsforsympathyandadvice,leavingtheparentstotallyunawareoftheproblemhehas.4)Wecanbeinformedofal

31、otbyreadingbooks.vByreadingscientificbooks,wecanbeinformedofmanyfacts;byreadinggeography,weknowtheearthsurface,forms,physicalfeaturesandsoon;byreadinghistory,wearetoldofthegrowthofthenations.5)Wedbettertokeepcompanywiththetruefriends.vAsfriendsarebothhelpfulanddisastrous,itisbettertokeepcompanywitht

32、hetruefriendswhoarehelpful,encouragingandloyal,buttoavoidthosewhoaremean,stingyandtreacherous.UnityvIntroduction、Body、Conclusion必须完整v每个bodyparagraph支持thesisstatementv每个bodyparagraph中的sentences支持topicsentenceProgressionvBodyparagraphs使用transitionalwords和repetitionvBodyparagraphs中从抽象（topicsentence）到具体

33、（exemplification）Coherencev正确使用代词-行文更加流畅v人称代词v指示代词v关系代词vAtemplesatonahillwherelivedanoldmonk.unity,progression,coherencevIn any relationship of mine，I would wish that first of all，the person I am dealing with is honest.Even though he/she thinks that he/she did something wrong that I wouldnt like，he/

34、shed better tell me the truth and not lie about it.Later on if I find out about a lie or hear the truth from someone else，thatd be much more unpleasant.In that case how can I ever believe or trust that person again?How can I ever believe that this person has enough confidence in me to forgive him/he

35、r and carry on with the relationship from there.So if I cannot trust a person anymore，if the person doesnt think I can handle the truth，there is no point to continuing that relationship.appropriate word choicev使用搭配词典和语料库。vDQ（DictionQuotient）。v符合语境和习惯用法。英文解释的使用vdedicatev题献？dedicatevto inscribe or add

36、ress by way of compliment韦氏大学词典vdedicate something to someone to say at the beginning of something such as a book or song that it has been written for a person you love or admire麦克米兰词典vIf someone dedicate something such as a book,play,or a piece of music to you,they mention your name,for example in

37、front of a book or when a piece of music is performed,as a way of showing affection or respect for you.柯林斯词典67v字典：vCollinsCo-BuildDictionaryvOxfordsCollocationsforstudentsofEnglishvlingoesv语料库vCollinsCo-BuildDictionaryvTheCorpusofContemporaryAmericanEnglishwww.americancorpus.org词汇意义的细化vChairman is t

38、he _(重要的重要的)figure in managing board.vimportantvessentialvpivotal vprincipal vchiefvmomentous vfatefulvsignificant vdominant vleadingvlargely vchiefly vpredominantlyv洗澡间和厨房都很好。A:Thebathroomandthekitchenaregood.B:Thebathroomandthekitchenarewell-furnished.v好好学习v好好孝敬父母v好好对女朋友v好好对男朋友v好工作v好学校“一些人认为”Somev

39、无数的vnumerousvmyriad(amyriadof)“一些人认为”peoplev公众vthepublicv在周末我们做很多作业。A:Atweekends,wehavealotofhomeworktodo.B:Atweekends,wehaveendlesshomeworktodo.大量的vAgreat(large,huge,considerable,significant,noticeable)numberofvAgreat(large,huge,considerable,significant,noticeable)amountofvAgreat(large,huge,conside

40、rable,significant,noticeable)quantityofvAgreat(large,huge,considerable,significant,noticeable)portionof对半的valmosthalfofvnearlyhalfofvclosetohalfofvapproximatelyhalfof大多的vthe(vast/overwhelming)majorityof各行各业vpeoplefromallwalksoflifevpeoplefromeverytradevpeoplefromavarietyofindustriesvpeopleofallkinds

41、vpeoplefromdifferentwalksoflifevawiderangeofreaders/audiences学生vexamineesvtesteesvstudents支持者/反对者vfollowersobjectorsvconsentersdissentersvadvocatesopponentsvsupportersdiscommenders参与者vparticipantsvcandidatesvinterviewees“一些人认为”thinkvassumevarguevholdvclaimvsuggestvdeclarevdeemvassertvstatevinsistvma

42、intainvdoubtvsuspect赞成/反对vvotefor/againstvballotfor/againstvcastonesvote/ballotfor/againstvsidewithvstandonthesideof支持vgiveonessupportforvexpressonessupportforvshowonessupportforvdemonstrateonessupportfor意见是vonesviewpointisthatvbewiththeviewthat接受vtaketheadvisethatvfollowthesuggestionthatvaccepttheo

43、pinion/ideathatvItisgenerally/widelybelieved/held/agreedthat引起人们注意vclaim/call/attractgeneral/public/worldattentiontosth.v适应新的形势/变化：adapt/adjust/accommodateoneselftonewenvironment/changev接触各种思想/经历：beexposedtonewideas/experiences/problemsv接触社会：comeintofrequent/closecontactwiththeworld/societyv获得成功：ach

44、ieve/accomplishsuccess意识到vthereisagrowingawareness/realizationof/thatvawakensb.tothefact/dangerv提出观点/建议：advance/putforward/comeupwiththearguments/ideas/suggestionsv作出努力：maketremendous/persistent/sustainedefforttodosth.takegreatpainstodo(withwork/study)v影响学习/工作：interferewithstudies/workv产生影响：have/exe

45、rtaprofoundinfluenceonlife/personalityhaveadramatic/undesirableeffectonv较好地驾驭生活：beabetterpilotofoneslifev剥夺机会/权力：depriveoneselfofthechance/right/opportunityv取代就的方式：substitutefor/taketheplaceoftheoldwayv采取措施：takeeffectivesteps/measurestov控制我们的环境：takeincreasingcontroloverourownenvironmentv躲避危险/挑战：runa

46、wayfromthedangers/challengev满足要求：meet/satisfy/accommodatethedemandofv补偿损失：compensatefor/makeupfortheloss/damagev解释某现象：accountfor/explainthephenomenonv对很好的了解：haveabetterunderstanding/appreciationofhaveanewperspectiveonprovide/gainaninsightintov把某因素考虑进去：takesth.intoaccount(consideration)givemuchthough

47、ttov培养对的信心：develop/fosteronesinterest/confidenceinv经历变化/困难/艰险：undergo/experiencegreatchanges（hardships/experience）v发挥/起到重要作用：playan(important/active/great)role/partv知识/经验丰富：richinknowledge/experiencev确立/追求目标：set/pursueagoal/higherstandardv到达目标：achieve/accomplish/stainthegoal/aim/objectivev克服困难：overc

48、omeobstacles/difficultyv面临危险/困难：beconfronted/facedwith/inthefaceofdanger/difficultyv阻碍了成功：standinthewayofsuccessbeanobstacle/barriertosuccess/growthv阻碍了发展：hamper/impede/stuntthedevelopmentofv持传统的看法：holdconventionalwisdomv发表看法：voice/expressonesopinionv持相反/合理的观点：taketheopposite/freshviewv揭穿某种一贯的说法：sha

49、tterthemythofv把成功/错误归咎于：attribute/ownthesuccess/failuretov对重要：beindispensable/important/vitaltov重视：assign/attachmuchimportance/significancetov强调：place/putmuchemphasis/stress/valueonv把注意力集中在：focus/concentrateonesattention/efforts/thoughtsuponv提供机会/信息：provide/offer/furnishanopportunityforsb.v抓住机会：grab

50、/seize/taketheopportunityv得到机会：venjoy/gainaccesstoanopportunityv有可能：thereis(little/much)possibilitythatv展开竞争：competeagainst/withsb.forsth.v开展运动：conduct(undertake/initiate/launch/wage)a(vigorous/nation-wide)campaign(for/against)v对我很有/没有什么意义：makemuchsensetomev带来无穷的幸福/满足：beasourceofhappiness/satisfacti