孔子介绍（中英文版）课件.ppt

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1、孔孔 子子n中国在两千五百年前的“春秋”时期，出现了一个伟大的思想家和教育家孔子（公元前551-公元前479年）。n【English】About 2 500 years ago,in what was called(known as)the Spring and Autumn Period(551-479 BC),China produced a great thinker and educator Confucius.n春秋时期（公元前770-公元前476年）是一个政治、经济和社会大变动的时代。nThe Spring and Autumn Period(770AC-476AC)was a t

2、ime/age/era of great/dynamic political,economic and social changes.n政治上，周天子只是在名义上君临天下，实际上已没有多大权力。nIn the political field,the king of the East Zhou Dynasty continued to reign over the country,but in name only,for he had little real power.n(Why not“emperor”?)n诸侯中的强大者，如齐、晋、秦、楚、吴、越等国，在不同的时候享有霸权，比周天子的影响和

3、号召力还大。nThe strongest of his vassals,like the dukes of the states of Qi,Jin,Qin,Chu,Wu and Yue,enjoyed their own hegemony one after another,and were more powerful and influential than the king.(having more power.)n各邦国之间战争不断，许多小国被大国并吞；各国内部，争权、夺位、篡位、僭越、谋杀的事件频繁发生。n Wars broke out from time to time betwe

4、en the states,with the result of many small ones annexed by the big ones.Within those states power struggle,usurpation,assumption of undue titles or positions,and assassination,were frequent.nFrequent within those states were.n经济上，铁器开始使用，农业生产大大提高。与此同时，手工业和商业也有发展。在大城市里出现了富商，他们甚至可以和掌权的公侯交往，并对其施加影响。nIn

5、 the economic field,agricultural production rose markedly thanks to the use of iron tools.Along with this developed handicrafts and commerce.In big cities emerged rich merchants who were capable of steady contacts with ruling princes or dukes,and even exerting influence on them.n政治上和经济上的变革必然对各阶层人的思想

6、观点产生影响。nSuch political and economic changes were certain to affect the thinking and attitudes(opinions)of all people(people from all walks of life).n各国统治者都力图富国强兵，民众在兵役和赋税的重压下，渴望生存与和平。nThe rulers of the states,without exception,tried hard to make their states rich and strong,while the common people,g

7、roaning under the heavy burden of military services and taxation,desired above all for survival and peace.n一个新的阶层士出现了。士就是有知识、有学问的人。他们来自各个阶层，但都发奋读书研究各种问题和策略。nUnder these circumstances,a new class of people,the scholars(intellectuals),appeared.They came from various backgrounds and worked hard to stud

8、y social and political issues(questions,problems),seeking for their solutions.n他们当中有的人为各国统治者所用，为他们出谋划策；有的进一步研究自然、社会和历史规律，进行哲学探讨。nSome of these scholars,employed by the rulers of various states,gave their masters advice on how to deal with various problems.Some of them went a step further to explore

9、the basic laws of nature and society,and engage in philosophical research.n其中最突出的就是孔子和老子，他们为以后的儒家和道家学派奠定了基础。这种学术研究的风气在随后的战国时期（公元前475-公元前221年）有了很大发展，形成了“百家争鸣”局面。nOf the latter the most outstanding were Confucius and Laozi,who laid the foundation of Confucius and Taoist schools of thought.This academi

10、c atmosphere developed drastically in the Warring States Period(475-221 BC)that followed,into what is so-called“the contention of the hundred schools of thought”in historical works.n孔子名丘，字仲尼，出生于鲁国，在今山东省南部。三岁丧父，是母亲带他迁居鲁国都城曲阜。n Kongqiu,the real name of Confucius,and whose courtesy name was Zhongni,was

11、 born in the state of Lu,which is located in the south of present-day Shandong Province.After his father died when he was only three years old,his mother brought him to Qufu(capital of the Lu state)and they settled down there(where they settled down).n孔子生长在鲁国文化的氛围中，自幼勤奋好学，逐渐成为有名的学者，并形成了自己的信念和哲学思想。nG

12、rowing up in the cultural environment of the Lu state,Confucius showed a great interest in learning and became a renowned scholar with his distinct beliefs and philosophical thoughts.n他一生从事教育，主张“有教无类”，/nHe devoted all his life to education,advocating that education should be provided to everybody wi

13、thout any distinction or discrimination.n凡是向他求教的人，他都接受为学生，打破了以前贵族对教育的垄断，把教育带给所有的人，/从而对中国文化的发展产生深远的积极影响。nAccordingly,he accepted all those who came to ask for learning,thus breaking the monopoly of education by the nobles before his time and making education accessible to all people.It turned out tha

14、t this has a far-reaching influence on the development of Chinese culture.n 孔子是中国第一个教育家，毕生从事教学和整理古代典籍，并提出许多重要的教育原则和有效的教学方法。nAs the first educator in China,Confucius engaged in teaching and editing ancient classics all his life.He put forward many important educational principles and teaching methods

15、.n他认为人人皆可教，因为人性相近，差别只缘于学习和实践。他的教学内容主要是古代文献和道德理念。nHe believed that all men are educable,because they are like by nature,different only as a result of learning and practice.His teaching mainly involves ancient classics and moral tenets.n他希望学生了解历史和社会，成为对社会有用、品德高尚的人；他的教学方法包括启发式、因材施教和理论联系实际等。nHe expected

16、 his students to understand(learn from)history and society and become useful men of moral integrity.His methods include eliciting teaching,personalized teaching and combining theory with reality and practice.n孔子是中国思想史上第一个把道德作为做人和治国首要条件和最高标准提出来的哲人。道德的核心是仁。n Confucius was the first thinker(philosopher

17、)in Chinas intellectual history to propose(consider)moral standards as the first and highest criterion for mans behaviour and government.The core of morality,according to him,is humanity(humaneness,benevolence).n人怀仁心，即会从各种贪欲、野心、自私和罪恶的念头中解放出来，过着高尚、愉快、充实而有意义、无愧于心、心情平静的生活，从而实现人生的价值。nA humane mind would

18、 free one from greed,ambition,and all other selfish or evil ideas,and enable one to live a lofty,happy,fulfilled and meaningful life,at peach with the world and himself,thus making it possible for one to realize his life value.n孔子重视孝悌，即重视家庭。这便加强了中国人的家庭观念。nConfucius stressed(emphasized,valued,treasur

19、ed)the importance of filial piety and brotherly love,or the importance of family.These views helped to strengthen the Chinese attachment to the family.n他的思想不但在中国、而且在世界都已经产生巨大影响，并将在治疗社会弊病、提高人的素质，乃至推动社会进步方面发出更加灿烂的光辉。nHis thoughts have had great influence on not only the Chinese people but also the who

20、le world.It will further prove to burn with the enduring glow of the central heat in curing social diseases,improving human qualities,and even promoting social progress.nQuestion:nWhat are the main points of this passage?n贫困地区资源开发利用程度、土地生产率和劳动生产率均较低，资源开发层次浅，经济结构单一，缺乏支柱产业，经济效益差，不能充分发挥贫困地区资源优势；第一产业比重过

21、大，产业链条短；第二产业极不发达，少数贫困地区发展高能产业，污染严重；社会发育程度低，第三产业非常落后。贫困地区的产业优化升级面临生态环境恶劣、农业生产条件差，人口数量大、质量低，贫困地区的政府行政措施不当、农民有抵触情绪，产业结构调整晚、程度低、效益差等诸多难题。n贫困地区资源开发利用程度、土地生产率和劳动生产率均较低，资源开发层次浅，经济结构单一，缺乏支柱产业，经济效益差，不能充分发挥贫困地区资源优势；nThe poor areas stay at low levels of resource use,land and labor productivity,and resource dev

22、elopment/exploitation.Meanwhile,their simplex/single/simple economic structures and lack of backbone industries produce bad economic results.All this makes them unable to take advantage of their resources.n第一产业比重过大，产业链条短；第二产业极不发达，少数贫困地区发展高能产业，污染严重；社会发育程度低，第三产业非常落后。nThe primary industry takes up too

23、large a proportion,with a very short industrial chain,while the secondary and tertiary industries remain underdeveloped.A few poor areas focus on energy-consuming industries resulting in serious pollution problems.The society is underdeveloped and in lack of the tertiary industries.n贫困地区的产业优化升级面临生态环

24、境恶劣、农业生产条件差，人口数量大、质量低，贫困地区的政府行政措施不当、农民有抵触情绪，产业结构调整晚、程度低、效益差等诸多难题。nUpgrading and optimizing the industries in these areas is faced with many difficulties,such as ecological adversity,poor agricultural conditions,large population with poor qualities,resentment from farmers due to improper measures of local governments,and delayed and inefficient industrial restructuring.