英美文学鉴赏课件.ppt

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1、英美文学鉴赏1.Jeffery Chaucer(1340-1400)Father/founder of English Poetry was buried in“poets corner”in Westminster AbbeyMajor works:The Romaunt of the Rose 玫瑰传奇The Parliament of Fowls百鸟议会Troilus and Criseyde 特鲁伊罗斯和克里塞德The Legend of Good Women好女人传The Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷故事集2The Canterbury TalesThe story o

2、f a group of thirty people who travel as pilgrims to Canterbury.A rich,tapestry(织锦)of medieval social life combining elements of all classes,from nobles to workers,from priests and nuns to drunkards and thieves.3The Canterbury Tales1.london dialect 伦敦方言2.heroic couplet英雄双韵体3.iambic pentameter五音步抑扬格4

3、.order of words 语序5.humor,satire and irony 幽默与讽刺艺术4The General Prologue（总序）The General Prologue consists of character sketches of each member of the group that is going to CanterburyThe setting(P3-4)The Prioress 女修道院副院长女修道院副院长(P4-5)irony 反讽反讽secular 世俗的世俗的hypocritical 虚伪的虚伪的52.William Shakespeare(15

4、64-1616)RenaissanceMeaning:rebirth or revivalTime:began in the 14th century,end in the 17th century.Place:began in Italy,later spread to France,Spain and England.A keen interest in the Greek and Latin culture;the art and science of ancient Greece and Rome were being born again after long years of ne

5、glect.Essence:humanism6William ShakespeareWorks37 plays2 long narrative poems154 sonnets7大家学习辛苦了，还是要坚持继续保持安静继续保持安静8William ShakespeareDrama:Tragedies-Hamlet,Macbeth,King Lear,Othello,Romeo and JulietComedies-As You Like It,The Merchants of Venice,Much Ado About Nothing,A Midsummer Nights Dream，The T

6、aming of the Shrew,Twelfth Night Histories-Henry IV,Henry V,Henry VI,Henry VIII,Richard III,Romances/tragicomedies:Cymbeline,The Tempest9HamletCharacters:Hamlet,Claudius,Gertrude,Ophelia,Polonius,LaertesPlot(P10-11)ThemeAct III,Scene I“To be or not to be”(P11-12)Soliloquy(内心独白)（P16）10William Shakesp

7、eare:SonnetA sonnet is a lyric invariably of fourteen lines,usually in iambic pentameter五音步抑扬格,restricted to a definite rhyme scheme韵律.Three types of sonnet1)Petrarchan sonnet(彼特拉克体彼特拉克体/意大利十四意大利十四行诗行诗)2)Spenserian Sonnet（斯宾塞体十四行诗）（斯宾塞体十四行诗）3)Shakespearian Sonnet（莎士比亚（莎士比亚/英国体十英国体十四行诗四行诗11Shakespear

8、ian Sonnet3 quatrains+a coupletabab cdcd efef ggSonnet 18(P14)“Shall I compare thee to a summers day?”Theme:A nice summer day is usually transient,but the beauty in poetry can last forever.Thus Shakespeare expresses his faith in the permanence of poetry,of art and love.Figures of speech:simile,metap

9、hor,personification12Artistic achievements Characterization:Shakespeares major characters are individuals representing certain types.Shakespeare succeeds in exploring the characters inner world.Shakespeare also portrays his characters in pairsContrasts plot construction:Shakespeare seldom invents hi

10、s own plot;instead,he borrows them.There are usually several clues running through the play,thus providing the story with the suspense and apprehension.Language:different poetic forms,such as the sonnet,the blank verse and the rhymed couplet.rich in vocabulary and idiom.133.John Milton(1608-1674)Eng

11、lish poet in 17th centuryBoth his life and his works are closely related to politicsHe became completely blind in 1652Major works:Paradise LostParadise RegainedSamson Agonistes14Paradise Lostepic 史诗blank verse无韵诗Plot(P21-22)Satans Adjuration(P22-23)The image of Satan/God15Sonnet On His Deceased Wife

12、(P24)To his second wife Katherine Woodcockabba abba cdcdcd164.Daniel Defoe(1660-1731)One of the pioneers of the realistic novel in 18th centuryMasterpiece:Robinson Crusoe(1719)17Robinson CrusoeForerunner of the English realistic novelBased on a real story(P30)plot(P30-31)Image of Robinson Crusoe:typ

13、ical of the English bourgeoisie(资产阶级)of the 18th century：hard-working,iron-willed,persistent,self-relianttheme:the molding of character through the influence of varied environment;glorifying the human labor;a typical character of English bourgeoisie at the early stages of its development;colonizatio

14、n in germ.(P31)Excerpt:P31-3418RomanticismBegins with the publication of Lyrical Ballads(1798)and ends with the death of Sir Walter Scott(1832).Pre-romantic poets:William Blake,Robet BurnsActive romantic poets:George Gordon Byron,Percy Bysshe Shelley,John KeatsPassive romantic poets/Lake Poets:Willi

15、am Wordsworth,Samuel Taylor Coleridge,Robert Southey.195.William WordsworthPoet Laureate 桂冠诗人Collaborate with Coleridge on Lyrical Ballads:a declaration of romanticismDefine Poetry as“the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings,which originates in emotion recollected in tranquility”.A worshipper o

16、f nature 20I Wandered Lonely as CloudStructure:four six-line stanzas;iambic tetrameter;rhyme scheme:ababcc;theme:the harmony between things in nature and the harmony between nature and the poet himself/Nature s beauty uplifts the human spirit.Figures of speech:simile,metaphor,personification216.Jane

17、 Austen(1775-1817)The first important English woman novelistWriting style:Theme:mostly about love and marriageLanguage:simple,humourous,witty,ironicPlot:straightforward,little actionCharacters:like real living personsDialogues:true to life22Jane Austen(1775-1817)She called her work“a fine engraving

18、made upon a little piece of ivory only two inches square”(“两寸牙雕”):A very narrow literary fieldBut within her own field,she is unrivaled:vivid portrait of her major characters and realistic and colorful pictures of the life and manners of the upper middle class in rual England of her time23Jane Auste

19、nMajor works:Northanger Abbey诺桑觉寺(1818)Sense and Sensibility 理智与情感(1811)Pride and Prejudice 傲慢与偏见(1813)Mansfield Park曼斯菲尔德庄园(1814)Emma 艾玛(1816)Persuasion 劝导(1818)24Pride and Prejudice“It is a truth universally acknowledged,that a single man in possesion of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.”M

20、ain characters/plot/themeDialoguesCharacter analysis:Mr.and Mrs.Bennet;Elizabeth and Mr.Darcy;Jane and Mr.BingleyPride/prejudice257.Washington Ivring(1783-1859)Father of American literature.the father of American short stories.the first American writer to gain international game.His writing marks th

21、e beginning of Romanticism in American literature26Washington IvringMajor worksA History of New York 纽约外史The Sketch Book 见闻札记including:“The Legend of the Sleepy Hollow”睡谷的传说“Rip Van Winkle”瑞普凡温克尔27Rip Van WinkleThe story of Rip Van Winkle begins about five or six years before the American Revolution

22、 and ends twenty years later.The action takes place in a village in British colonial New York,near the Hudson River and the Catskill Mountains.The character of Rip Van Winkle:A simple,good-natured man;An obedient,henpecked(惧内的)husband;A great favorite among neighbors and children;who loathes（厌恶）prof

23、itable labor.Language:humorousTheme:the nostalgia for the unrecoverable past288.Brontee sistersCharlotte Brontee:Jane EyreEmily Brontee:Wuthering Heights Anne Brontee:Agnes Grey The Tenant of the Wildfell Hall 29Jane EyreThe first important governess novel in the English literary historyPlot:five st

24、agesChildhood at GatesheadEducation at the Lowood SchoolAs a governess at ThornfieldWith the Rivers family at Moor HouseHer reunion with and marriage to Rochester at Ferndean30Jane EyreDo you think I can stay to become nothing to you?Do you think I am an automaton?-a machine without feelings?and can

25、 bear to have my morsel of bread snatched from my lips,and my drop of living water dashed from my cup?Do you think,because I am poor,obscure,plain,and little,I am soulless and heartless?You think wrong!I have as much soul as you-and full as much heart!And if God had gifted me with some beauty and mu

26、ch wealth,I should have made it as hard for you to leave me,as it is now for me to leave you.I am not talking to you now through the medium of custom,conventionalities,nor even of mortal flesh:it is my sprit that addresses your spirit;just as if both had passed through the grave,and we stood at Gods

27、 feet,equal-as we are!31Jane EyreA ground-breaking(开拓性的)novel:1.The heroine is small,plain,&poor2.The heroine is the first female character to claim the right to feel strongly about her emotions and act on her convictions（信念）3.It is the first governess novel in the history of English literature.4.It

28、 is a work of critical realism as well as the first and one of the most popular works of the working middle-class women.32Wuthering HeightsCharacters:Wuthering Heights vs Thrushcross Grangeplottheme:love,class,revengeExcerpt:chapter 9(P91-96)33Mr.LintonMr.EarnshawIsabellaEdgarCatherine Heathcliff Hi

29、ndleyLittle Catherine(Cathy)Little LintonHareton349.Emily Dickinson (1830-1886)An eventless lifeRemain single all her life1,800 poems altogether,but only 7 were published while she was aliveThemes:death and immortality;nature;love;truth,beauty,etc.35Emily DickinsonPoems:Because I could not stop for

30、death(P116-117)Structure:six 4-line stanzasTheme:death leads to immortalityForm:unconventional dash;capital letterFigures of speech:metaphor;personificationI Died for beauty-but was scarce(P118)Theme:beauty and truth are ultimately oneIm Nobody!(P119)Somebody/nobody/frog/bog36Style A:Her poems have

31、no titles,hence the first line of each poem is always quoted as the title of each poem.B:particular stress pattern:dash“”C:Capital letters as a means of emphasis;D:Language:brief,direct,and plain;E:Poem:short,always on original images or symbols F:Short poetic lines,condensed by using intense metaph

32、ors and by extensive use of ellipsis.3710.Mark Twain(1835-1910)Related literary terms:Local colorism(乡土文学):as a trend became dominant in American literature in the 1860s and early 1870s,it is defined as having such quality of texture and background that it could not have been written in any other pl

33、ace or by anyone else than a native.In literature,regionalism or local color referts to fiction or poetry that focuses on specific featureincluding characters,dialects,customs,history,and landscapeof a particular region.Mark Twain employed an unpretentious style of colloquialism in his novels which

34、is best described as“vernacular”.38Mark TwainThe Gilded Age(镀金时代):the term was coined by Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner in their 1873 book,The Gilded Age:A Tale of Today.In American history,the Gilded Age refers to substantial growth in population in the United States and extravagant displays

35、of wealth and excess of Americas upper-class during the post-Civil War and post-Reconstruction era,in the late 19th century.39Mark TwainThe Adventures of Tom SawyerThe Adventure of Huckleberry FinnThe Prince and the PauperThe Cop and the AnthemRunning for GovernorThe 1,000,000 Bank-NoteThe Innocents

36、 AbroadThe Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras CountyThe Gilded AgeLife on the Mississippi40Mark TwainThe Adventure of Huckleberry FinnPlotThemeMain charactersWriting style:humor;local colorism;vernacularExcerpt(P124-129):How Huck escapes from his father4111.Ernest Hemingway(1899-1961)In 1954,he wa

37、s awarded the Noble Prize for literature.Deeply depressed and tormented by failing artistic and physical power,he committed suicide on July2,1961.He is the spokesman for the Lost Generation.42Major worksThe Sun Also Rises(1926)太阳照常升起太阳照常升起A Farewell to Arms(1929)永别了，武器永别了，武器For Whom the Bell Tolls(1

38、940)丧钟为谁而鸣丧钟为谁而鸣The Old Man and the Sea(1952)老人与海老人与海（Pulizer Prize,Nobel Prize）43Ernest HemingwayHemingways hero is usually isolated,and fights a good fight.There is a particular term for his character,“the code hero/man”(硬汉形象)。（P166）He thinks a writer should write little,so that readers can unders

39、tand much more.This is calles Iceberg Principle(冰山原则).（P166）44The Old Man and the Sea“Life is but a losing battle,it is a struggle man can dominate in such a way that loss becomes dignity；man can be physically destroyed but never defeated spiritually.”人生不过是一场注定失败的战斗。但人们可以主导这场战斗，化损失为尊严。人的肉体可以被毁灭，但精神永

40、不败。At the end of the story,is the old man defeated?Why or why not?4512.Toni Morrison(1931-)A famous African American woman writerWon the Nobel Prize in literature in 1993Her novels mainly deal with the problems of black women defining their roles and striving to survive in a male dominated society.4

41、6Toni MorrisonMajor works:The Bluest Eye(1970)Song of Solomon(1977)Tar Baby(1981)Beloved(1987)Jazz(1992)47Figures of speechSimile 明喻Metaphor 暗喻Personification拟人Hyperbole夸张Repetition重复Parallelism排比Allusion 典故48Terms of poetry1.stanza 诗节2.meter 格律格律3.foot 音步4.pentameter 五音步五音步5.iamb 抑扬格抑扬格6.iambic pen

42、tameter 抑扬格五音步抑扬格五音步7.rhyme 韵韵8.Rhyme Scheme 韵律韵律49MeterRefers to the arranged pattern composed by stressed syllable and unstressed syllable.One unit,or combination of a stressed and unstressed syllable is called a foot(音步).5051Kinds of Meter(1)monometer(one foot)(2)diameter(two feet)(3)trimeter (th

43、ree feet)(4)tetrameter（four feet)(5)pentameter(five feet)(6)hexameter(six feet)(7)heptameter(seven feet)(8)octameter(8 feet)iambic pentameter(五音步抑扬格)iambic tetrameter (四音步抑扬格)52Kinds of Stanza(1)couplet(两行押韵的诗体)(2)tercet(三行押韵的诗体)(terza rima:隔行押韵的三行诗体,如:Ode to the West Wind)(3)quatrain(四个诗行组成的诗体)(4)o

44、ttava rima(八行诗体)(5)Spenserian stanza(九行诗体)(6)sonnet(十四行诗)(又叫商籁体)53Heroic couplet英雄双韵体Two successive rhyming lines of iambic pentamenter.It was common practice to string long sequences of heroic couplets together in a patten of aa,bb,cc,dd,ee,ff,and so on.E.g.As soon as April pierces to the root a Th

45、e drought of March,and bathes each bud and shoot aThrough every vein of sap with gentle showers bFrom whose engendering liquor spring the flowers;bWhen zephyrs have breathed softly all about cInspiring every wood and field to sprout c54Rhyme schemeDefinition:pattern or sequence in which rhyme occurs E.g.Bid me to weep,and I will weep A While I have eyes to see;B And having none,and yet I will keep A A heart to weep for thee.B55