2018年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（二）试题.docx

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1、2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题Section IUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Why do people read negative Internet comments and do other things that will obviously be painful? Because humans

2、have an inherent need to 1 uncertainty, according to a recent study in Psychological Science. The new research reveals that the need to know is so strong that people will 2 to satisfy their curiosity even when it is clear the answer will 3In a series of four experiments, behavioral scientists at the

3、 University of Chicago and the Wisconsin School of Business tested students willingness to 4 themselves to unpleasant stimuli in an effort to satisfy curiosity. For one 5 , each participant was shown a pile of pens that the researcher claimed were from a previous experiment. The twist? Half of the p

4、ens would 6 an electric shock when clicked.Twenty-seven students were told whichpens were electrified;another twenty-seven were told only that some were electrified.7left alone in the room, the students who did not know which ones would shock them clicked more pens and incurred more shocks than the

5、students who knew what would8. Subsequent experiments reproduced this effect with other stimuli, 9the sound of fingernails on a chalkboard and photographs of disgusting insects.The drive to 10 is deeply rooted in humans, much the same as the basic drives for 11 or shelter, says Christopher Hsee of t

6、he University of Chicago. Curiosity is often considered a good instinct - it can 12 new scientific advances, for instance - but sometimes such 13 can backfire. The insight that curiosity can drive you to do 14 things is a profound one.U 呻 ealthy curiosity is possible to 15 , however. In a final expe

7、riment, participants who were encouraged to 16 how they would feel after viewing anunpleasant picture were less likely to 17 to see such an image. These results suggest that imagining the 18 of following through on ones curiosity ahead of time can help determine 19 it is worth the endeavor. Thinking

8、 about long-term20 is key to reducing the possible negative effects of curiosity, Hsee says. In other words, dont read online comments.- 4 -1. A. protect2. A. refuse3. A. hurt4. A. alert5. A. message6. A. remove7. A. When8. A. continue9. A. rather than10. A. discover11. A. pay12. A. lead to13. A. wi

9、thdrawal14. A. self-reliant15. A. define16. A. overlook17. A. remember18. A. relief19. A. why20. A. consequencesB. resolveC. discussD. ignoreB. waitC. regretD. seekB. lastC. misleadD. riseB. tieC. treatD. exposeB. reviewC. trialD. conceptB. weakenC. interruptD. deliverB. IfC. ThoughD. UnlessB. happe

10、nC. disappearD. changeB. regardless ofC. such asD. owing toB. forgiveC. forgetD. disagreeB. marriageC. schoolingD. foodB. rest onC. learn fromD. begin withB. persistenceC. inquiryD. diligenceB. self-destructiveC. self-evidentD. self-deceptiveB. resistC. replaceD. traceB. predictC. designD. concealB.

11、 promiseC. chooseD. pretendB. planC. dutyD. outcomeB. whetherC. whereD. howB. investmentsC. strategiesD. limitationsSection IIReading ComprehensionPart A Directions:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (4

12、0 points)Text 1It is curious that Stephen Koziatek feels almost as though he has to justify his efforts to give his students a better future.Mr. Koziatek is part of something pioneering. He is a teacher at a New Hampshire high school where learning is not something of books and tests and mechanical

13、memorization, but practical. When did it become accepted wisdom that students should be able to name the 13th president of the United States but be utterly overwhelmed by a broken bike chain?As Koziatek knows, there is learning in just about everything. Nothing is necessarily gained by forcing stude

14、nts to learn geometry at a graffitied desk stuck with generations of discarded chewing gum. They can also learn geometry by assembling a bicycle.But hes also found a kind of insidious prejudice. Working with your hands is seen as almost a mark of inferiority. Schools in the family of vocational educ

15、ationhave that stereotype that its for kids who cant make it academically, he says.On one hand, that viewpoint is a logical product of Americas evolution. Manufacturing is not the economic engine that it once was. The job security that the US economy once offered to high school graduates has largely

16、 evaporated. More education is the new principle. We want more for our kids, and rightfully so.But the headlong push into bachelors degrees for all and the subtle devaluing of anything less misses an important point: Thats not the only thing the American economy needs. Yes, a bachelors degree opens

17、more doors. But even now, 54 percent of the jobs in the country are middle-skill jobs, such as construction and high-skill manufacturing. But only 44 percent of workers are adequately trained.In other words, at a time when the working class has turned the country on its political head, frustrated th

18、at the opportunity that once defined America is vanishing, one obvious solution is staring us in the face. There is a gap in working-class jobs, but the workers who need those jobs most arent equipped to do them. Koziateks Manchester School of Technology High School is trying to fill that gap.Koziat

19、eks school is a wake-up call. When education becomes one-size-fits-all, it risks overlooking a nations diversity of gifts.21. A broken bike chain is mentioned to show students lack ofA. practical abilityB. academic trainingC. pioneering spiritD. mechamcal memonzat10n22. There exists the prejudice th

20、at vocational education is for kids who. have a stereotyped mindB. have no career mot1vat10nC. are not academically successfulD. are financially disadvantaged23. We can infer from Paragraph 5 that high school graduates. used to have big financial concernsB. used to have more job opportunities are re

21、luctant to work in manufacturingare entitled to more educational privileges24. The headlong push into bachelors degrees for all. helps create a lot of middle-skill jobsmay narrow the gap in working-class jobsis expected to yield a better-trained workforce indicates the overvaluing of higher educatio

22、n25. The authors attitude toward Koziateks school can be described as supportivetolerantC. disappointed cautiousText 2While fossil fuelscoal, oil, gasstill generate roughly 85 percent of the worlds energy supply, its clearer than ever that the future belongs to renewable sources such as wind and sol

23、ar. The move to renewables is picking up momentum around the world: They now account for more than half of new power sources going on line.Some growth stems from a commitment by governments and farsighted businesses to fund cleaner energy sources. But increasingly the story is about the plummeting p

24、rices of renewables, especially wind and solar. The cost of solar panels has dropped by 80 percent and the cost of wind turbines by close to one-third in the past eight years.In many parts of the world renewable energy is already a principal energy source. In Scotland, for example, wind turbines pro

25、vide enough electricity to power 95 percent of homes. While the rest of the world takes the lead, notably China and Europe, the United States is also seeing a remarkable shift. In March, for the first time, wind and solar power accounted for more than 10 percent of the power generated in the US, rep

26、orted the US Energy Information Administration.President Trump has underlined fossil fuelsespecially coalas the path to economic growth. In a recent speech in Iowa, he dismissed wind power as an unreliable energy source. But that message did not play well with many in Iowa, where wind turbines dot t

27、he fields and provide 36 percent of the states electricity generationand where tech giants like Microsoft are being attracted by the availability of clean energy to power their data centers.The question “what happens when the wind doesnt blow or the sun doesnt shine?” has provided a quick put-down f

28、or skeptics. But a boost in the storage capacity of batteries is making their ability to keep power flowing around the clock more likely.The advance is driven in part by vehicle manufacturers, who are placing big bets on battery-powered electric vehicles. Although electric cars are still a rarity on

29、 roads now, this massive investment could change the picture rapidly in coming years.While theres a long way to go, the trend lines for renewables are spiking. The pace of change in energy sources appears to be speeding upperhaps just in time to have a meaningful effect in slowing climate change. Wh

30、at Washington doesor doesnt doto promote alternative energy may mean less and less at a time of a global shift in thought.- 5 -26. The word plummeting (Line 3, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to.A. stabilizingC. fallingD. nsmg27. According to Paragraph 3, the use of renewable energy in America.A. is

31、progressing notablyis as extensive as in EuropeC.faces many challengeshas proved to be impractical28. It can be learned that in Iowa,. wind is a widely used energy source wind energy has replaced fossil fuelstech giants are investing in clean energy there is a shortage of clean energy supply29. Whic

32、h of the following is true about clean energy according to Paragraphs 5&6 ? Its application has boosted battery storage.It is con皿only used in car manufacturing. Its continuous supply is becoming a reality.Its sustainable exploitation will remain difficult.30. It can be inferred from the last paragr

33、aph that renewable energy. will bring the US closer to other countrieswill accelerate global environmental changeC.is not really encouraged by the US government is not competitive enough with regard to its cost- 6 -Text3The power and ambition of the giants of the digital economy is astonishing Amazo

34、n has just announced the purchase of the upmarket grocery chain WholeFoods for $ 13.Sbn, but two years ago Facebook paid even more than that to acquire the WhatsApp messaging service, which doesnt have any physical product at all. What WhatsApp offered Facebook was an intricate and finely detailed w

35、eb of its users friendships and social lives.Facebook promised the European commission then that it would not link phone numbers to Facebook identities, but it broke the promise almost as soon as the deal went through. Even without knowing what was in the messages, the knowledge of who sent them and

36、 to whom was enormously revealing and still could be. What political journalist, what party whip, would not want to know the makeup of the WhatsApp groups in which Theresa Mays enemies are currently plotting? It may be that the value of Whole Foods to Amazon is not so much the 460 shops it owns, but

37、 the records of which customers have purchased what.Competition law appears to be the only way to address these imbalances of power. But it is clumsy. For one thing, it is very slow compared to the pace of change within the digital economy. By the time a problem has been addressed and remedied it ma

38、y have vanished in the marketplace, to be replaced by new abuses of power. But there is a deeper conceptual problem, too. Competition law as presently interpreted deals with financial disadvantage to consumers and this is not obvious when the users of these services dont pay for them. The users of t

39、heir services are not their customers. That would be the people who buy advertisingfrom them - and Facebook and Google, the two virtual giants, dominate digital advertising to the disadvantage of all other media and entertainment companies.The product theyre selling is data, and we, the users, conve

40、rt our lives to data for the benefit of the digital giants. Just as some ants farm the bugs called aphids for the honeydew they produce when they feed, so Google farms us for the data that our digital lives yield. Ants keep predatory insects away from where their aphids feed; Gmail keeps the spammer

41、s out of our inboxes. It doesnt feel like a human or democratic relationship, even if both sides benefit.- 7 -31. According to Paragraph 1, Facebook acquired WhatsApp for its.A. digital productsB. user informationC. physical assetsD. quality service32. Linking phone numbers to Facebook identities ma

42、y. Aworsen political disputesB. mess up customer recordsC. pose a risk to Facebook users mislead the European commission33. According to the author, competition law. should serve the new market powersmay worsen the economic imbalance should not provide just one legal solution cannot keep pace with t

43、he changing market34. Competition law as presently interpreted can hardly protect Facebook users because.A. they are not defined as customers they are not financially reliable the services are generally digitalD.the services are paid for by advertisers35. The ants analogy is used to illustrate.a win

44、-win business model between digital giants a typical competition pattern among digital giantsC.the benefits provided for digital giants customers the relationship between digital giants and their users- 8 -Text4To combat the trap of putting a premium on being busy, Cal Newport, author of Deep Work:

45、Rules for Focused Success in a Distracted World, recommends building a habit of deep work - the ability to focus without distraction.There are a number of approaches to mastering the art of deep work - be it lengthy retreats dedicated to a specific task; developing a daily ritual; or taking a journa

46、listic approach to seizing moments of deep work when you can throughout the day. Whichever approach, the key is to determine your length of focus time and stick to it.Newport also recommends deep scheduling to combat constant interruptions and get more done in less time. At any given point, I should

47、 have deep work scheduled for roughly the next month. Once on the calendar, I protect this time like I would a doctors appointment or important meeting, he writes.Another approach to getting more done in less time is to rethink how you prioritise your day - in particular how we craft our to-do lists. Tim Harford, author of Messy: The Power of Disorder to Transform Our Lives, points to a study in the early 1980s that divided undergraduates into two groups: some were advised to set out monthly goals and study activities; others were told to plan activi