专接本英语秋季讲义.docx

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1、语法局部语语法讲义各章目录名词名词复数的规那么变化其它名词复数的规那么变化 名词复数的不规那么变化 不可数名词量的表示 定语名词的复数不同国家的人的单复数名词的格冠词和数词不定冠词的用法定冠词的用法零冠词的用法冠词与形容词+名词结构数词代词人称代词的用法人称代词之主、宾格的替换代词的指代问题并列人称代词的排列顺序物主代词双重所有格反身代词相互代词指示代词疑问代词关系代词every, no, all, both,non。, few, som。, any, 代词比拟辩异 ono, that 和it ono/a/other/the other the”的妙用anyone/e/y on。;,both,

2、 either, neither,many, muchfew, little, a few, 形容词和副词1)表示一个，意为one；指某人或某物，意为a certain。例如：A Mr. Ling is waiting for you.有位姓凌的先生在等你。2)代表一类人或物。例如：A knife is a tool for cutting with.刀是切割的工具。Mr. Smith is an engineer.史密斯先生是工程师。3) 组成词组或成语，如 a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many / many

3、 a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try /keep an eye on / all of a sudden 等。2.2 定冠词的用法定冠词the与指示代词this, that同源，有那（这）个的意思，但意义较弱，可以和 一个名词连用，来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。1）特指双方都明白的人或物。例如：Take the medicine. 把药吃了。2）上文提到过的人或事。例如：He bought a hou

4、se. Ive been to the house.他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。3)4)指世上独一物二的事物，如the sun, the sky, the moon,the earth 等。5)6)7)与单数名词连用表示一类事物，如the dollar美元；the fox狐狸；或与形容词或分词 连用，表示一类人：the rich富人；the living生者。用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词only, very, same等前面。例如：Where do you live? I live on the second floor. 你住在哪？我住在二层。That，s the very thin

5、g Ive been looking for.那正是我要找的东西。与复数名词连用，指整个群体。例如：They are the teachers of this school.（指全体教师）They are teachers of this school.（指局部教师）表示所有，相当于物主代词，用在表示身体部位的名词前。例如：她抓住了我的手臂。She caught me by the arm.8)用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前。例如:the People，s Republic of China 中华人民共和the United States 美9)9)用在表示乐器

6、的名词之前。例如:She plays the piano.她会弹钢琴。10）用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人。例如: the Greens 格林一家人（或格林夫妇）11）用在惯用语中。例如：in the day, in the morning(afternoon, evening),the day after tomorrowthe day before yesterday, the next morning, in the sky (water, field, country)in the dark, in the rain, in the distance, in the middle

7、(of) , in the end,on the whole, by the way,. go to the theatre2.3 零冠词的用法1）国名，人名前通常不用定冠词：England, Mary。1. bendbeneficial2. bindblank3. bloombold4. boombound5. breezebrilliant6. budgetbulk7. burdencabinet8. calendarcampaign9. cancelcandidate10. cautiouscategory11. ceaseceremony12. certificatechallenge

8、13. championcharacteristic14. chargecharity15. chasecirculate16. civilianclarify17. classicclient18. clumsycollapse19. colleaguecollision20. columncommerce21. commitcomment22. companioncompel23. competentcomplain24. composecomprehensive25. concealcondense26. confessconfident27. confirmconscience28.

9、consentconsiderable29. consultcontent30. continuousconvert河北省专接本英语考试核心词汇汇编（三）1. crash2. credit3. critical4. crucial5. crude6. cultivate7. curiosity8. deadline9. deceive10. decent11. decline12. delete13. delicate14. delicious15. deliver16. density17. deposit18. descend19. deserve20. determine21. dict

10、ate22. diet23. discipline24. disaster25. dispose26. dissolve27. distinguish28. diverse29. domestic30. dominant31. dramatic32. due33. drop in34. on duty35. draw ondo away with36. make a differencein detail37. take delight inin debt38. out of dateto the day39. cut downcount on40. at the cost ofat all

11、cost41. around the corneron the contrary42. take into considerationdraw up河北省专接本英语考试核心词汇汇编（四）31 . make a fuss over32 . set free33 . make a fortune34 . fool about35 . as follows36 . catch fire37 . set fire to38 .feed on39 .at fault40 .far from41 .fall back on42 .as a matter of fact43 .to a certain ex

12、tent44 .every other45 .set an example to46.take exception to47.in effect48 .take effect49 .at ease5O.in excess ofease1. economicaleffective2. elaborateelegant3. eliminateembrace4. emergeendure5. enhanceentitle6. equivalentessential7. evaluateevolve8. exceedexclude9. expandexploit10. extendfaculty11.

13、 faminefantastic12. fatalfeasible13. fertileflexible14. fluentfortnight15. frustrat河北省专接本英语考试核心词汇汇编（五）1071.generous35. intend2.genuine36. interfere3.glance37. interpret4.graceful38. intimate5.grant6.grateful7.8.9.10. halt11. harmony12. haste13. headline14. hint15. hollow16. horizon17. humble18.19.20

14、.22.23.24.25.26.27.28.39. invasion40. involve41. isolategreedy42. inquire aftergrossguilty43. be in for44. break the ice45. in honor of46. bring47. take heart50. go identicaldiegnorantmaginarymmensemponclinendifferent48. on guard against49. go back29.30.ncrediblendispensablenevitablenheritnnocentinq

15、uire31. insertinspire33. instinct1081092）泛指的复数名词，表示一类人或事物时，可不用定冠词。例如：They are teachers,他们是教师。3）抽象名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词。例如：Failure is the mother of success. 失败乃成功之母。4）物质名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词，当表示特定的意思时，需要加定冠词。例如:Man cannot live without water, 离开水人就无法生存。5）在季节、月份、节日、假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前，不加冠词。例如：We go to school from

16、 Monday to Friday. 我们从星期一到星期五都上课。6）在称呼或表示官衔，职位的名词前不加冠词。例如：The guards took the American to General Lee. 士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。 7）在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前，不加冠词，如have breakfast, play chesso 8）当两个或两个以上名词并用时，常省去冠词。例如：I cant write without pen or pencil. 没有钢笔和铅笔，我就写不了字。9）当by与火车等交通工具连用，表示一种方式时，中间无冠词，如by bus, by train。

17、10）有些个体名词不用冠词，如 school, college, prison, market, hospital, bed, table, class, town, church, court等个体名词，直接置于介词后，表示该名词的深层含义。 例如：go to hospital ,去医院看病go to the hospital 去医院（并不是去看病，而是有其他目的） 11）不用冠词的序数词；a.序数词前有物主代词时。b.序数词作副词。例如：He came first in the race.他跑步得了第一。c.在固定词组中，如 at （the） first, first of all, fr

18、om first to last 等。2.4冠词与形容词+名词结构1）两个形容词都有冠词，表示两个不同的人或物。例如:他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。He raises a black and a white cat.这只黑猫和白猫都是他的。The black and the white cats are hers.2）如后一个形容词无冠词，那么指一人或一物。例如：He raises a black and white cat.他养了一只花猫。2. 5冠词位置 1）不定冠词位置不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。注意：a.位于such, what, many, half等形容词之后。例如：I have

19、 never seen such an animal.我从来没见过这样的动物。Many a man is fit for the job.许多人适合这岗位。b.当名词前的形容词被副词as, so, too, how, however, enough修饰时，不定冠词应放 在形容词之后。例如：It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent. 我从未这么高兴过。So short a time如此短的时间Too long a distance 距离太远了c. quite, rather与单数名词连用，冠词放在其后。但当rather, quite前仍有形容词,

20、不定冠词放其前后均可,如:rather a cold day/a rather cold day。d.在as, though引导的让步状语从句中，当表语为形容词修饰的名词时，不定冠词放形容河北省专接本英语考试核心词汇汇编（六）1101. jealous2. joint3. junior4. justify5. keen6. knee7. label8. landscape9. lately10. latter11. launchmutual35. negativedo justice to36. keep an eye onlag behind37. at largelay off38. no

21、t in the leastin light of39. live throughlook into26. ma12. layout46. make up for13. leak47. more or less48. lose oneself in14. lean15. leisure49. live up16. liable50. by ae17. liberal18. likely19. load20. lonely21. loyalty22. luxury23. man24. margin25.e28. melt27. med29. mess30. minoritymission32.

22、moderate33. moral34. motive111河北省专接本英语考试核心词汇汇编（七）11248.pull through46.with respect to47.rather than27.reliable 28.relieveprinciple1. priorprivilege2. procedureprofile3. prominentpromote4. prospectprosperous lO.provoke ll.punctual 12.qualify 13.radical 14.rational 15.realistic16.reasonable17.rebel 18

23、.receipt 19.recession 20.recommend 21.recruit22.refine23.refer 24.re 25.regi 26.relea34.reserve35.resign36.report38.resume39.restore4O.retreat41.reveal42.reward43.rigid.give.rise to44 .at risk29.reluctant 3O.renew 31.remind 32.resemble 33.rescue113河北省专接本英语考试核心词汇汇编(A)1141.rough35.stand for2.routine36

24、.on the spot3.royal37.in spirits4.rude38.so to speak5.sacrifice39.sooner or later6.sake40.so. as to7.sampleat first sight8.scale42.show off9.scarce43.in short10.schedule44.settle for45.scratchset about12.security46.in a sense13.seminar47.in seasonsenior48.14.49.15.shade16.shelter50.17.shrinksignific

25、ance18.19.sincere20.slenderspecies22.specific23.speculatespoil24.25.26.27.squeeze28.staffstakestarvego without saying for the sake ofrun int29.30.status32.stock33.stick to34.take steps115河北省专接本英语考试核心词汇汇编（九）1161. stream2. stress3. studio4. submit5. substitute6. subtract7. successive8. superior9. surr

26、ender10. survivevital35. volumevolunteer36. wickedwithdraw37. wreckwrite off38. in other wordson the whole39. once in a while11. suspend12.13.14.15.16.17.18.19.20. underline45. wear outsympathetic46.under way47.on vacationtackle48.a variety oftame49.telescopeuse up50.tenderturterminalterritorythrive

27、toleratetransferultimateuniforuniqueuniversvacantvainvanish30. varietyvertical31. victimvigorous32. violate117118119词后。例如：Brave a man though he is, he trembles at the sight of snakes,他尽管勇敢，可见到 蛇还是发抖。2）定冠词位置定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前，但放在all, both, double, half, twice, three times等词之后，名词之前。例如：All the students i

28、n the class went out. 班里的所有学生都出去了。2.6数词表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词，数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词；表示顺序的数词叫序数词。 一、基数词1）基数词一般可写成如 345 或 three hundred and forty-five。2）基数词一般是单数形式，但遇以下情况，常用复数：a.与of短语连用,表示概数,不能与具体数目连用,如scores of people指许多人;b.在一些表示一排或一组的词组里。例如:They arrived in twos and threes. 他们三三两两的到了。c.表示“几十岁。d.表示年代，用i

29、n +the +数词复数。e.在乘法运算的一种表示法里，如Three fives is （are） fifteen。二、序数词序数词的缩写形式如 first 1st second2nd thirty-first31st等。三、数词的用法1）倍数表示法a.主语+谓语+倍数（或分数）+ as + adj. + as。例如. I have three times as many as you. 我有你三倍那么多。b.主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ the size （amount, length）of。例如：. The earth is 49 times the size of the moon. 地球

30、是月球的 49 倍。c.主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+形容词（副词）比拟级+ than。例如：The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year. 今年 比去年粮食产量增加8%od.还可以用by+倍数，表示增加多少倍。例如：The production of grain has been increased by four times this year. 今年粮食 产量增加了 4倍。2）分数表示法的构成：基数词代表分子，序数词代表分母。分子大于1时，分子的序数 词用单数，分母序数词用复数。例如：.1/3 on

31、e-third； 3/37 three and three-sevenths.3.代词代词是代替名词的词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词，按其意义、 特征及在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、自身代词、相互代词、疑问 代词、关系代词和不定代词八种。一、人称代词是表示我、你、他、她、它、我们、你们、他们的词。人称 代词有人称、数和格的变化，见下表：英语短语和搭配1.短语动词be about to do刚要,即将 be friends with与友好 bear in mind 记住go wrong出错，出故障had better 应该had rather 宁愿had

32、rather. than 宁愿而不愿bring into effect 实行;使生效have an advantage over 胜过，优于bring into operation 实施;使生效 can not help禁不住,忍不住 carry into effect 施行;使生效 cast light on/upon 说明，使了解 catch fire着火，烧着catch ones breath 喘气，松口气；屏息 catch ones eye 引人注目 catch sight of 看到,发现have in mind想到；记得;打算have nothing to do with和.毫无关

33、系comecomecomecomeinto effect生效;实施into operation施行，实行，生效 to ones senses 醒悟；苏醒 true实现could not help禁不住，忍不住cut short中断，打断do one“s best 尽力, enjoy oneself 过得 fall in love withgai get get get get getfind fauw摆脱,riheaarnloseheartloseone s岔loseone slosesightovermakemake失去勇气,丧失信心 head慌乱,仓皇失措 temper发脾气,发努 of忘

34、记,忽略;看不见have(something/much/little) 和.(有些/有很大羯有什么) help oneself自用，自取 keep an eye on留意，照看 keep in mind 记住 keep ones head 保持镇静 eep ones word 守信用keep pace (with)(与)齐步前进o withthe way引路,带路heart记住，背诵alone不打搅，不干预et alone更别提，不打搅 let go (of)放，松手a /the difference有影响，起作用 friends交朋友the best of 战胜the better of战胜

35、，占上风together会面，装配makemakemakefun of取笑,嘲弄one,s way去，前往sense讲得通,言之有理give rise to引起，导致give way让路,让步go ahead开始,进行go into effect施行，实行,生效go into operation 生效,实施make sure查明；务必make the best of 充分利用make the most of 充分利用make up one“s mind 下决心，打定主意make use of使用，利用佳鑫诺专接本make way让路,让出地方 ：0311-8669367681571677may

36、 asneverwell还不如，不妨mind不要紧;不用担忧pay attention to 注意piece together 拼合play a part (in)起作用，参于putputputputseeseesetinto effect实施;使生效 into operation实施；使生效 into practice 实施;实行 to use使用.to it that注意，务必，保证 that注意,务必,保证 fire to使燃烧,点燃absent from不在,缺席abundant in 富于alien to与相反angry with sb at/about sth 生气，愤怒 anxi

37、ous about/for 忧虑，担忧 appropriate for/to 适当， applicable to 适用于 apt at聪明，善于 apt to易于ashamed of 羞愧，害approximataware of 消take. for把.认为是take a chance冒险，投机 take (a) delight in 以.为乐ava到骷匕可用，可供近拟,接近taketaketaketaketaketaketaketake不乎没有,缺bound for开往：pable of 能够tof没有,不接触留神，注意of照顾,照料charge管理，接 effect生效,起 into ac

38、countcebareadvantage of利用,趁.之机carecarebo 独特 clearof/about/with;小心,注意f /about确信,肯定/in doing characteristic of 特有,for granted 认为. one,s tiitake pains努力,尽力,下苦功v 7part (in) 参加，参干taketaketaketakePlace发生,进行,举行 the place of代替,取代turns依次,轮流to throw light on 说明，使了解think better of经考虑改变对.的看法clever at 善于close to

39、接近，亲近 comparable to/with 可比拟 conscious of发觉到，意识到 consequent on随之而来 considerate towards 体谅，体贴 contemporary with 与 同时代 content with 满足于 contrary to 违反 counter to与相反try ones best 尽力，努力2.形容词同介词的搭配crazy about热衷，着迷critical of挑剔,批评佳鑫诺专接本curious about好奇,想知道 distinct from种类（风格）不同 doubtful of /about 怀疑 east o

40、f在.东面 equal to相等,胜任 equivalent to 等于,相当于 essential to/for 必不可少 expert at/in/on 善于 ：0311-8669367681571677faithfulfamiliarfamiliarfatal toto忠实于to sb为.所熟悉 with sth熟悉,通晓 致命的.jealous of 嫉妒 keep on爱好,很喜欢 liable for对有责任 liable to 易于 loyal to 忠于 mad at/with sb.生气，愤怒 mad with 因.发狂 next to 下一个，其1 necessary to

41、 /fo/ opposite to 在对面 open to不限制，开放的 particular about 挑易!J,讲究融与:,平等,类似）独特的，独有的；,ith有耐心，前with受喜爱,爱戴ative of代表的para.ecufearfulpatientfit forPskilled atsimilar to无兴趣,不关心sufficientfavourable to 支持，赞成 favourable for 有帮助的foreign fond ofof惧怕适于to非.所原有喜欢/from未受.；免free with康慨,大方 guilty of有罪的 hungry for 渴望igno

42、rant impatient impa with sth.不耐烦elative to与有关rich in富于responsible for 负责，是原因 sensitive to 对敏感 sensible of 觉查到 sick of厌恶,厌倦 short of 缺少impatient indifferent tependent of不受.支配 急切,渴望indignant with sb.愤慨inferior to级别低于,不如ab/about sth innocent of 无.罪，无辜intent on专心于invisible to不可见的subject to/in善于相似for足够的 受制于,易于superior to优于，级别高于suitable for/to 适合于suspicious of 怀疑sure of /about对有信心，确信佳鑫诺专接本typical of是典型的,特有的 ：0311-8669367681571677balance between.之间的平衡tired of对.不在感兴, vital to对.关系重大barrier to .的障碍unce