《普通微生物学》PPT课件.ppt

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1、普通微生物学（General MicrobiologyGeneral Microbiology）同济大学生命科学与技术学院同济大学生命科学与技术学院同济大学生命科学与技术学院同济大学生命科学与技术学院School of Life Science&Technology School of Life Science&Technology 张梦杰张梦杰Schedule of Microbiologyn nAcademic unitAcademic unit：2 credit hours/week 2 credit hours/week 17 weeks 17 weeksn nPractical un

2、itPractical unit：3credit hours/two weeks(odd 3credit hours/two weeks(odd week)week)6 weeks 6 weeks Room:Medical building 1206 n nreferencesreferences：微生物学，沈萍主编，高等教育出版社微生物学，沈萍主编，高等教育出版社微生物学，沈萍主编，高等教育出版社微生物学，沈萍主编，高等教育出版社 Microbiology Microbiology fifth edition,Prescott,Harley,Klein fifth edition,Presc

3、ott,Harley,KleinWebsite:Website:Chapter:Introduction to Microbiology1.microorganisms and MicrobiologyMicroorganisms(Microorganisms(微生物微生物微生物微生物)are not equal to germs(are not equal to germs(病菌病菌病菌病菌).).What is Microorganism?What is Microorganism?n nMicroorganismsvery tiny life forms,most of them Mic

4、roorganismsvery tiny life forms,most of them cannot be seen without magnificationcannot be seen without magnificationn n Microbiology(Microbiology(微生物学微生物学微生物学微生物学)the science deals with the science deals with microorganismsmicroorganisms Basic aspect Basic aspect Applied aspect Applied aspectn nInc

5、luding:Bacteria(细菌细菌),Fungi(真菌真菌),Algae(藻类藻类),Protozoa(原生动物原生动物)and Viruses(病毒病毒)n nMicrometer(m,微米微米)is always used to describe the size of microorganisms.n nMicroscope(显微镜显微镜)is always used to observe individual microorganism.n nThe discovery of microorganismsThe discovery of microorganismsDisease

6、s -invisible living creaturesDiseases -invisible living creaturesn nThe conflict over spontaneous generation(The conflict over spontaneous generation(自然发生学自然发生学自然发生学自然发生学说）说）说）说）-living organisms could develop from nonliving living organisms could develop from nonliving matter matter Italian physici

7、an Francesco Redi Italian physician Francesco Redi meat-maggors meat-maggors？3 containers fine gauze 3 containers fine gauze：flies lay eggs on the gauzeflies lay eggs on the gauze uncovered:lay eggs on the meat uncovered:lay eggs on the meat paper paper The scientific methodn nProblemDevelop hypothe

8、sisSelect information needed to test hypothesisCollect information by observation or experimentAnalyze informationfalsificationHypothesis supportedHypothesis rejectedConstruct new hypothesisExpose to more testsEventual falsificationDevelop new hypothesis incorporating strong points of old hypothesis

9、Control group2.Importance of Microorganisms to Humankind2.Importance of Microorganisms to HumankindttThe Total of bacteria in The Total of bacteria in soil:10034 10 soil:10034 10 12 12 tonton；ton the surface of money：9 million；human skin：100 thousand/cm2；mouth：500 kinds；intestines：total 1015 1）benef

10、its of Microorganismsn nMany microorganisms benefit humans,producing foods we Many microorganisms benefit humans,producing foods we eat,removing wastes we produce,and making eat,removing wastes we produce,and making antibiotics antibiotics(抗生素抗生素抗生素抗生素)and and vaccines(vaccines(疫苗疫苗疫苗疫苗)for use in m

11、edicine.for use in medicine.n nMicroorganisms are essential for maintaining the balance Microorganisms are essential for maintaining the balance of nature and sustaining life on earth.of nature and sustaining life on earth.n nWhich other benefits do microorganisms have?Which other benefits do microo

12、rganisms have?Wine productionWine and beer productionBeer fermentationMushroom cultureWaste water treatment with microorganismMethane production2）Microorganisms and Diseasen nThe reduced impact on humankind of diseases The reduced impact on humankind of diseases caused by microorganisms is due in pa

13、rt to caused by microorganisms is due in part to advances in our scientific knowledge of advances in our scientific knowledge of microorganisms and their interactions with human.microorganisms and their interactions with human.Vaccines(Vaccines(疫苗疫苗疫苗疫苗)and and Antibiotics(Antibiotics(抗生素抗生素抗生素抗生素)n

14、 nThe battle between humans and microorganisms The battle between humans and microorganisms will continuewill continueEnemies or friends?Mortality due to different diseases in 1900 and 1990sChicken pox(水痘水痘)Measles(麻疹麻疹)Smallpox(天花天花)Colorized micrograph of the human immunodeficiency virus(HIV),that

15、 cause AIDS,on the surface of a cellCoronavirus(Coronavirus(冠状病毒冠状病毒冠状病毒冠状病毒)that cause SARS)that cause SARSAvian influenza virus(禽流感病毒)Streptococcus suis(猪链球菌猪链球菌)that can cause death on both pigs and human beingsDistribution of HIV/AIDS patientsSpoilage of dairySpoilage of food3.Historical Perspec

16、tive stage:Discovery of Microorganismsn nLeeuwenhoek(列列文虎克；吕文虎克文虎克；吕文虎克)of Holland invented the first microscope and made the first recorded observation of bacteria in 1670.Leeuwenhoeks microscopes and his sketches of bacteriaLeeuwenhoeks microscopes and his sketches of bacterian nLouis Pasteur&Robe

17、rt Koch a.Pasteura.Pasteur Louis Pasteur（18221895）stage stage:experimental stage:experimental stageSpontaneous generation of microorganisms?b.KochRobert Koch（18431910）n n discovery of antibioticsdiscovery of antibioticsdiscovery of antibioticsdiscovery of antibiotics：1929 Fleming:discovery 1929 Flem

18、ing:discovery of penicillinof penicillin1940 Florey:purification 1940 Florey:purification of penicillinof penicillinn nImmunological studiesPasteur-chicken cholera（霍乱）（霍乱）stage stage:development:development Main Branches of Microbiologystage stage:modern microbiology:modern microbiology4.classificat

19、ions and characteristicsn n1）classificationsmicroorganismAcellular:virus Prokaryotic：Eubacteria(真细菌）真细菌）Archaebacteria（古细菌）（古细菌）Cellular:Eukaryotic：Fungi（真菌）（真菌）Algae（藻类）（藻类）Protozoa（原生动物）（原生动物）2）Characteristicsn nsimple structure,tiny size：measure unit：m or nmaverage length of rod：2 m；1500 rod bact

20、eria=the length of a sesamethe ratio of surface area to volume(SA/V)of microorganism is larger than other organism.acellular（virus）；）；unicellular；multicellularn nstrong digestion and transformation JJ various ways to acquire nutrition the source of the nutrition to micoorganisms:the source of the nu

21、trition to micoorganisms:cellulose,lignose,keratin,oil,methanol,methane,cellulose,lignose,keratin,oil,methanol,methane,plastic,many organic compoundsplastic,many organic compounds n nquickly reproduce，easily culture JJ Each E.Coli:10 Each E.Coli:10 1212 grams grams，20 minutes/generation20 minutes/ge

22、neration after 24 hours after 24 hours：4.7 4.710102222 cells cells，the weight is 4722 tonsthe weight is 4722 tons after 48 hours after 48 hours：2.2 10 2.2 10 43 43 cellscells，the weight is 2.2 10the weight is 2.2 102525 tonstons=4000 times of the weight of the Globe=4000 times of the weight of the G

23、lobe！JJ Many microorganisms can be easily cultured in labs Many microorganisms can be easily cultured in labs！n nstrong resist bad environments,high mutationJJExtreme environmentExtreme environment：high temperature,low T,high pressurehigh temperature,low T,high pressureJJHigh mutation to survive:Hig

24、h mutation to survive:突变率：突变率：10-5 Lot mutations in short timeProduction of Penicillin：20 U/ml（1943）10000 U/mlDosage of Penicillin：最高：最高：10 5U/day（40s）数百万数百万-千万单位千万单位/次次n nbroad distribution JJSoil,water,air,on the surface of animals and plants and so onJJ 1020 104 species have been confirmed,only o

25、ccupy 1%of the total JJVarious metabolic products；diversity of physiology(生理）；生理）；morphology(形态学形态学)；genetics（遗传）；（遗传）；and so on级界宽：级界宽：Five-kingdom classification system proposed by Whittakerphotosynthesis absorption ingestionphotosynthesis absorption ingestion (光合作用光合作用光合作用光合作用)()(吸收吸收吸收吸收)()(摄食摄食

26、摄食摄食)Five-kingdom Five-kingdom classifica-tion classifica-tion systemsystem multicellularmulticellular eukaryotes eukaryotes unicellular unicellular eukaryotes eukaryotes prokaryotes prokaryotes级界宽：级界宽：5.Prospects of Microbiology in the 21 centuryn n more interactions with other disciplinesn the too

27、l to accelerate the pace of genomicsn nthe tool to discover the essential of life：n n To stimulate the industrialization of microbiology 6.how to study Microbiologyn n more practicesn n learn the importance of Microbiology to other subjectsn n review n nbe familiar with the advanced development in this subject