考博英语阅读理解讲解课件.ppt

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1、博士研究生入学考试博士研究生入学考试阅读理解阅读理解2ProcessofreadinglSkimlScanlStudylStudy阅读技巧阅读技巧一.主旨题skim二.观点/态度题skim/studyExample11)ResearchersbelievethatMAO(Monoamineoxidase)inthebrainhasaneffectonbehaviorbybreakingdownthechemicalneurotransmittersthatcarrymessagesbetweenneurons2)Scientistshavefoundaconnectionbetweenleve

2、lsofMAOandadultbehavior3)OnestudyfoundapproximatelythesamerangeofMAOlevelsininfantsandadultsExample1A.MAOAndBehaviorPatternsB.WhatIsMAO?C.MAOsEffectOnAdultBehaviorExample21)Evenatthemolecular(分子的)level,changeisnotspontaneous2)Resistancetochangeobviouslyoccursinthebiologicalrealm3)Naturehasspecialrew

3、ardsforlivingsystemswhichseekimprovementExample2A.Change:TheSpecialRewardsinnatureB.Change:NatureResistsbutRewardsC.Change:AProblemofMolecularBiologyExample3Inearlierdays,thosewhohadoverseasbusinesswhichtheybelievedshouldbediscussedpersonally,tookashipandsetoutacrossthebrinydeep.Onceabroad,theytrans

4、actedtheiraffairs,engagingincommercialandsocialmattersorconductinggovernmentalbusiness.Todayshipsandpassengerscontinuetosailthesevenseas,andairplanessoaroverhead.Butabovethemall,wordsspeedthroughtheskytelephoneconversationswhichquicklybringtogether,inthemostpersonalfashion,peoplewhoareseparatedbytho

5、usandsofmiles.Example31.Thebesttopicis_.A.EarlyTravelAbroadB.OverseasTalkYesterdayandTodayC.TheImportanceofPerson-to-PersonConversationsD.TheTelephoneTodayExample32.Themainideais_.A.Overseastelephoneservicetodayisrulingoutallneedforoverseastravel.B.Nothingcantaketheplaceofperson-to-personconversatio

6、ninsettlingbusiness,social,andgovernmentalproblems.C.Manyconversations,whichoncerequiredoverseastravel,cannowbeconductedbytelephone.D.Evenwithmodernoverseastelephoneservice,peoplecontinuetotravelabroadbyshiporbyplane.Example4Whilewemaybeinterestedinthepossibilitiesofsocialharmonyandindividualfulfill

7、menttobeachievedthroughnontraditionaleducation,onecannothelpbeingcautiousaboutacceptinganysortofone-sidededucationalprogramasacurefortheworldsills.Example4lHowdoestheauthorfeelaboutnontraditionaleducation?a.Hebelievesthatithasnopossibilityofsuccess.b.Hedoubtsthatitcancuretheworldsills.c.Hefeelsthati

8、tisacurefortheworldsills.d.Hebelievesitwillbringsocialharmony.三三.事实事实/细节题细节题scan肯定法:lDictionlSyntaxlSignalslGeneralknowledge事实事实/细节题之干扰项：细节题之干扰项：l无中生有(背离主旨)-路线错误l偷梁换柱（最常见）-陷阱无处不在！l常识错位(顽症)-不要反客为主Example1lWhatismostobviousinthisbookareallthosedetailsofdailylivingthatmakeMrs.Richardsanythingbutcommon.

9、Accordingtothisstatement,whatkindofpersonisMrs.Richards?a.Sheisveryobvious.b.Sheisanythingshewantstobe.c.Sheisanunusualperson.d.Sheisquiteordinary.Example2lFewphenomenainhistoryaremorepuzzlingthanthisone:thatmenandwomenwithgoalssovague,withknowledgesouncertain,withhopessofoggy,stillwouldhaveriskedda

10、ngerssocertainandtaskssogreat.Whathistoricalfactispuzzling?a.thatpeoplehadsuchvaguegoalsb.thatpeopletooksuchgreatrisksc.thatpeoplehadfoggyhopesanduncertainknowledged.thatpeoplecompletedsuchgreattasksExample3Englands400HMInspectors(Waleshasitsownforceof50)providesmallteamstogointoselectedschoolsfora3

11、-5dayinspectionaccordingtosizeortype.Thisissometimesbecausetheyhavebeencriticizedbyparents,councilorsorthepress.Theremaybeotherreasons;possiblyaschoolisknownforitsparticularlyhighstandards,inwhichcasetheinspectoratewillwishtolearnthesecretandpassitontotheMinisterconcerned.Possibly,aninformalinspecto

12、rsvisithadalreadydugupsignsoftrouble.Thiswouldcertainlyleadtoafullerinspection.Example3lTheinspectorsalwaysvisitschools_.A.forthesamenumberofdaysB.ifabriefinspectionsuggestssomethingiswrongC.ifparentshavecomplainedaboutthemD.iftheyhearthattheschoolisdoingverywellTest200717.Bysaying“ForMoscow,thestak

13、esareevenhigherinUkraine”,theauthormeans_.A.alloftheformerSovietRepublicsbetrayedRussiaexceptUkraineB.UkraineisthekeytoPutinspoliticalplanC.UkraineisunlikeGeorgeinmanyaspectsD.UkraineweightsmoreforitscloselinkwithRussiaTest200719.Whatsthemeaningofthesentence“theKremlinspropagandamachinehasbeeninfull

14、swing”?A.TheRussiamediahasturnedfromsideasitdoesntknowwhichsidetostand.B.TheRussianmediahasshownanoverwhelmingsupportforYanukovych.C.DifferentreportsfromKremlinsmediamadethepublicswingfromtimetotime.D.Unlikewesternmedia,KremlinspropagandamachinehastakenaneutralstandPassage4,Test2006Ifanewcharterofth

15、erightsofpeople(intheFirstWorld,orNorth,orwhateveryouliketocallthepartwherepeopledonotonthewholestarve)weretobedrawnup,thereisnodoubtthattherighttobeatourist,togotoaSpanishbeachortovisitplacesendorsedasbeingofculturalorscenicinterest,wouldbeprominentamongitsclauses.Test200613.Thefirstsentenceindicat

16、esthat_.A)peoplehaveauniversalclaimtoholidaysabroadB)touriststurnablindeyetothepovertyinthecountriestheyvisitC)holidaysoverseasareconsideredessentialbypeopleinWesternsocietiesD)PeopleseemtoappreciatetherighttoaholidaymorethananyotherrightText1OnereasonitisdifficulttodevelopvaccinesfordiseaseslikeSAR

17、SandEbolaisbecausesomevirusesarebelievedtomutateconstantly.Ifaviruschangesquickly,avaccinemightbesuitableforawhilebutnotforever.Text11.WhyisithardtodevelopavaccineforSARS?AItsasevereacuterespiratorydisease.BThereisnoknowncureforthedisease.CThereisaconstantchangeinthegeneticstructureofthevirus.DTheSA

18、RSvirusbeginsitslifeinananimalratherthanahuman.Text1However,thescientistsenvisionthattheSARSvaccinecouldbegroundintoapowder,formedintocapsules,andconsumedasadietarysupplement.Text15.HowmighttheSARSvaccinebecommercialized?AVaccinepillsmightbeavailable.BVaccineinjectionmightbeavailable.CVaccinetobacco

19、mightgoonsale.DVaccinetomatoesmightgoonsale.三三.事实事实/细节题细节题scan否定法:lWhichofthefollowingdoesNOTdescribeintuitivetalents?lAnorganizationsleadershipshoulddoallofthefollowingEXCEPT_.lAllofthefollowingareexamplesofsolubleionsEXCEPT_.E.g.Questions25&40,Readingmaterials四四.判断判断/推理题推理题studylContextlSignalslLo

20、gic判断判断/推理题之干扰项：推理题之干扰项：l夸大后果Smokingmentaldamage?l条件不足RainWetground?Example1Well,nogainwithoutpain,theysay.Butwhataboutpainwithoutgain?EverywhereyougoinAmerica,youheartalesofcorporaterevival.Whatishardertoestablishiswhethertheproductivityrevolutionthatbusinessmenassumetheyarepresidingoverisforreal.E

21、xample1lTheauthorraisesthequestionwhataboutpainwithoutgain?because_.A.hequestionsthetruthofnogainwithoutpainB.hedoesnotthinktheproductivityrevolutionworksC.hewondersiftheofficialstatisticsaremisleadingD.hehasconclusiveevidencefortherevivalofbusinessesExample2Ifambitionistobewellregarded,therewardsof

22、ambition-wealth,distinction,controloveronesdestiny-mustbedeemedworthyofthesacrificesmadeonambitionsbehalf.Ifthetraditionofambitionistohavevitality,itmustbewidelyshared;anditespeciallymustbehighlyregardedbypeoplewhoarethemselvesadmired,theeducatednotleastamongthem.Inanoddway,however,itistheeducatedwh

23、ohaveclaimedtohavegivenuponambitionasanideal.Whatisoddisthattheyhaveperhapsmostbenefitedfromambition-ifnotalwaystheirownthenthatoftheirparentsandgrandparents.Thereisaheavynoteofhypocrisyinthis,acaseofclosingthebarndoorafterthehorseshaveescaped-withtheeducatedthemselvesridingonthem.Example2lThelastse

24、ntenceofthefirstparagraphmostprobablyimpliesthatitis_.A.customaryoftheeducatedtodiscardambitioninwordsB.toolatetocheckambitiononceithasbeenletoutC.dishonesttodenyambitionafterthefulfillmentofthegoalD.impracticalfortheeducatedtoenjoybenefitsfromambitionTest2007Adefeatofthepro-Moscowcandidate,PrimeMin

25、isterViktorYanukovych,wouldhumiliatetheKremlinoneyearafteranotherformerSovietrepublic,Georgia,slippedfromitsinfluence,accordingtoobserversandpoliticalanalysts.TheUkrainianupheavalechoeswhathappenedinGeorgia,whereprotestsovervoteriggingledtotheresignationofaMoscow-linkedpresidentandalandslidevictoryo

26、fayoung,western-educatedandWestern-orientedleader.Test200720.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?A.Russiansweredissatisfiedwiththeabsenceofaseriouslycontestedelection.B.RussiawouldtightenitsruletocontrolpoliticallifeinotherformerSovietrepublics.C.AsequenceofupheavalsinitsneighborsindicateRussiaslossofco

27、ntroloverthemD.RussiawouldallowUkrainetoberuledthroughdemocraticinstitute.Test2005lButfornuclearscientistsandforcertainAmericanauthorities,ithadbeenknownforsometimethatsuchaweaponwaspossible.lThepoliticalbackgroundoftheatomicscientistsworkwasthedeterminationtodefeattheNazis.Test200520.Itisimpliedtha

28、tthenuclearscientists_.A）mightnothaveagreedtodevelopthebombiftherehadbeennoNazithreatB）wouldhavedevelopedthebombevenwithouttheNazithreatC）wouldhavemadethebomb,underpeacetimeconditions,butonlyfortheuseofaninternationalauthorityD）developedthebombbecauseEinsteinthoughtiturgentandnecessaryText2lWithther

29、emaining57percentofstudentsscatteredacross29othersubjects,somedepartmentsarestrained-byPrincetonscomparativelyluxuriousstandards-whileothersareunderused.Text28.WhatdoestheauthorimplybyPrincetonscomparativelyluxuriousstandards?APrincetonhasalwaysbeenauniversityfortherich.BPrincetonhasstricterstandard

30、sfortheBig5departments.CYouhavetopayalargesumoftuitionfeestoattendPrinceton.DTheteacher-studentratioinotheruniversitieswouldusuallybebigger.Text10lTodayhestilltakestheblamefornoteducatingthesebusiness-leaders-to-be.IreallyfeellikeIfailedthem,hesays.IfIwasabetterteachermaybeIcouldhavereachedthem.Text

31、1047.WhydidAmitaiEtzionisayIreallyfeellikeIfailedthem?A)Hewasunabletoalerthisstudentstocorporatemalpractice.B)Hedidntteachhisstudentstoseebusinessinnewanddifferentways.C)Hecouldnotgethisstudentstounderstandtheimportanceofethicsinbusiness.D)Hedidntoffercoursesthatwouldmeettheexpectationsofthebusiness

32、-leaders-to-be.五五.词汇题词汇题studyl上下文l信号词/标点符号l构词法五五.词汇题词汇题study1.定义以及重述（Definitionandrestatement）lAresolutemanisapersonwhooncemakesuphismindtodosomething,hewontgiveituphalfway.lThismanthoughthewasomniscient,thatis,hefelthekneweverything.五五.词汇题词汇题study1.定义以及重述（Definitionandrestatement）(1)信号词is/are,thati

33、s,called,meaning,putinanotherway,inotherwords,etc.(2)标点符号：破折号、括弧、逗号、分号。五五.词汇题词汇题study2.举例（Examples)lSelectanyoftheseperiodicals:Times,Newsweek,Readers DigestorThe New Yorker.(1)信号词e.g.,suchas,forexample,forinstance,etc.(2)标点符号：破折号、分号。五五.词汇题词汇题study3.比较关系(Comparison)lThesnowwasfalling.Bigflakesdrifte

34、dwiththewindlikefeathers.lThehot-airballoontookoff.Itwasasbuoyantintheairasacorkinwater.五五.词汇题词汇题study4.对比关系(Contrast)lMaryistalkative,buthersisterisreticent.lMostofusseeeverythingasindependentfromoneanother.Buttherealityisthateverythingispartofoneinterconnected,interrelatedwhole.五五.词汇题词汇题study4.对比关

35、系(Contrast)lMaryistalkative,buthersisterisreticent.lMostofusseeeverythingasindependentfromoneanother.Buttherealityisthateverythingispartofoneinterconnected,interrelatedwhole.五五.词汇题词汇题study5.常识(Commonsense)lThedoorwassolowthatIhitmyheadonthelintel.lMarkgotonthemotorbike.Isatbehindhimonthepillion,andw

36、eroaredoffintothenight.五五.词汇题词汇题study6.构词法(Wordformation)TheAmericanideaofthefutureislimited,however.Itistheforeseeablefutureandnotthefutureofinvolvingmanycenturies.lWeweretoldthatourswasthemostspaciousroominthehotel.Thatwaswhywehadtopaysomuchforit.Test2003lNomaneverlooksattheworldwithpristineeyes.H

37、eseesiteditedbyadefinitesetofcustomsandinstitutionsandwaysofthinking.19.Theword“pristine”isclosestinmeaningtoA.basicB.generalC.pureD.objectiveTest2002lWiththiscandourdoesthegentlemanspeakofhimselfandothers.Thesamefranknessrunsthroughallhisconversation.19.“Candour”means_.A.franknessB.obsequiousC.opti

38、mismD.sarcasmText6lSevenotherpeople,incahootswiththeresearchers,alsoexaminedthelinesandgavetheiranswersbeforethesubjectsdid.Andsometimestheseconfederatesintentionallygavethewronganswer.27.Whatwouldbethepossiblemeaningoftheword“cahoots“?A)secretpartnership B)closeconnectionC)detaileddirection D)caref

39、ulconsiderationPassage3,Test2005ViewIThesupremetwenty-centurystatesmanandpolitician,presidingwitheaseoverthenation,andrepresentingAustraliaabroadwithdignityandaplomb.ViewIIAuthoritariandespitehisprofessedliberalbeliefs,hewastheenemyoftheworkers,whostayedinofficeforseventeenyearsthroughacombinationof

40、unscrupulousopportunism,remarkablegoodluck,andthegullibilityoftheAustralianpeople.Passage3,Test2005ViewIIIMenziesimposedthevaluesofabygoneageonAustralia,withhisdevotiontoBritainandtheBritishmonarchy,andhiscautiousconservatism.Hesuppressedanew,creative,energeticgenerationbycultivatingsmugness,fearand

41、indifferenceintheAustraliaofthe1950sand1960s.ViewIVDownrightdemocratic,somethingnewanddifferentbutwithaneasy-goingmannerandaggressiveindependence.扩大词汇量扩大词汇量构词法构词法lAffixationlCompoundinglBlendinglConversionlClippinglacronymAffixationlPrefix:通常改变词义；lSuffix:通常改变词性。1.表示否定意义的前缀1)纯否定前缀纯否定前缀a-,an-,asymmetr

42、y（不对称）不对称）anhydrous（无水的）无水的）dis-dishonest,dislikein-,ig-,il,im,ir,incapable,inability,ignoble,impossible,immoral,illegal,irregularne-,n-,none,neither,nevernon-,nonsenseneg-,neglectun-，unable,unemployment2)表示错误意义的前缀lmale-,mal-,malfunction,maladjustment(失调失调)lmis-,mistake,misleadlpseudo-,pseudonym(假名假

43、名),pseudoscience3)表示反动作的前缀lde-,defend,demodulation(解调解调)ldis-,disarm,disconnectlun-,unload,uncover4)表示相反，相互对立的前缀lanti-,ant-antiknock(防震防震),antiforeign,(排外的排外的)lcontra-,contre-,contro-,contradiction,controflow(逆流逆流)lcounter-,counteraction,counterbalancelob-,oc-,of-,op-,object,oppose,occupylwith-,with

44、draw,withstand2.表示空间位置，方向关系的前缀1)a-表示表示“在在之上之上”，“向向”aboard,aside,2)by-表示表示“附近，邻近，边侧附近，邻近，边侧”bypath,bypass(弯路弯路)3)circum-,circu-,表示表示“周围，环绕，周围，环绕，回转回转”，circumstance,circuit2.表示空间位置，方向关系的前缀4)de-,表示表示“在下，向下在下，向下”descend,degrade5)en-,表示表示“在内，进入在内，进入”encage,enbed(上床上床)6)ex-,ec-,es-,表示表示“外部，外外部，外”exit,ecli

45、pse,expand,export2.表示空间位置，方向关系的前缀7)extra-,表示表示“额外额外”extraction（提取）提取）8)fore-表示表示“在前面在前面”forehead,foreground9)in-,il-,im-,ir-,表示表示“向内，在内，背于向内，在内，背于”inland,invade,inside,import2.表示空间位置，方向关系的前缀10)inter-,intel-,表表示示“在在间间，相相互互”international,interaction,internet11)intro-,表示表示“向内，在内，内侧向内，在内，内侧”introduce,in

46、troduce12)medi-,med-,mid-,表示表示“中，中间中，中间”Mediterranean,midposition2.表示空间位置，方向关系的前缀13)out-,表示表示“在上面，在外部，在外在上面，在外部，在外”outline,outside,outward14)over-,表表示示“在在上上面面，在在外外部部，向向上上”overlook,overhead,overboard15)post-,表示表示向后，在后边，次向后，在后边，次”postscript(附言附言)2.表示空间位置，方向关系的前缀16)pre-,表示表示在前在前”在前面在前面”prefix,preface,p

47、reposition17)pro-,表示表示“在前，向前在前，向前”progress,proceed,18)sub-,suc-,suf-,sug-,sum-,sup-,sur-,sus-,表示表示“在下面，下在下面，下”subway,submarine,suffix,suppress,supplement2.表示空间位置，方向关系的前缀19)super-,sur-,表示表示“在在.之上之上”superficial,surface,superstructure20)trans-,表示表示“移上，转上，在那一边移上，转上，在那一边”translate,transform,transoceanic、

48、21)under-,表示表示“在在.下面，下的下面，下的”underline,underground,underwater22)up-,表示表示“向上，向上面，在上向上，向上面，在上”upward,uphold,uphill(上坡上坡)常见的名词后缀常见的名词后缀-abilityabilitystabilityavailability-ageleakageshortageshrinkagedrainage-aldenialdismissalrenewalwithdrawalburial-anAmericanRussianAsianIndianAfrican-anceadmittanceatte

49、ndanceendurance-antaccountantattendantcontestantpollutant-ary missionaryadversarybeneficiarydignitary-ateelectorateconsulatedoctoratedirectorate-ationexaminationimaginationrelaxationeducation-cyprivacyaccuracyefficiencypregnancypresidency-domfreedomwisdomboredomstardomkingdom常见的名词后缀常见的名词后缀-eeemploye

50、enomineeexamineetraineetrustee-eerengineermountaineerprofiteer-ence differenceexistencedependencecompetence-erfarmerobserverleaderwaiterwinnerrecorder-erybriberymockerymachineryscenery-eseChineseJapanesePortuguese-essprincessactressempressgoddessheiress-hoodchildhoodmanhoodneighborhoodbrotherhood-ia