英语语言学大全课件.ppt

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1、语言学知识点语言学知识点nI语言学导论nII语言学主要分支学科nIII语言学的流派和理论I 语言学导论语言学导论 1.designfeatureoflanguage（语言的定义特征）2.LanguageFamilies(世界语言分类)3.importantdistinctionsinlinguistics(语言学研究中几对重要的概念)4.scopeoflinguistics(语言学的研究范围)LOREM IPSUM DOLORn1.designfeatureoflanguage（语言的定义特征)definingpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishit

2、fromanyanimalsystemofcommunication1.design feature of language语言定义特征语言定义特征n1)Arbitrariness（任意性）n2)Duality(二层性)n3)Creativity/Productivity(创造性)n4)Displacement（移位性）n5)CulturalTransmission(文化传递性)n1）Arbitrariness(任意性):n定义：theformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.n举例：n书,book,livren

3、喜欢，like，aimerLOREM IPSUM DOLORLOREM IPSUM DOLORn2）Duality（二层性）:n定义：thepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevel.n举例：Soundssyllableswordsphrasesclausessentencestexts/discoursesLOREM IPSUM DOLORn3）Creativity/Productivity（创造性）:n定义：Langu

4、agecanbeusedtocreatenewmeaningsbecauseofitsdualityn举例1：/k/,/a:/,/p/-carporparkn举例2：England,defeated,FrancenEnglanddefeatedFrance.nFrancedefeatedEngland.n n4）Displacement（替代性）:n n定义：Humanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizesomethingwhicharenotpresentatthemomentofcommunication.n5）CulturalTransmission（

5、文化传递性）:n定义：languageispassedonfromgenerationtogenerationthroughteachingandlearningratherthaninstinct.n反例：印度狼孩LOREM IPSUM DOLOR3.Design feature 定义特征定义特征n1)Arbitrariness（任意性）n2)Duality(二层性)n3)Creativity/Productivity(创造性)n4)Displacement（移位性）n5)CulturalTransmission(文化传递性)n如何记忆:五性，创意遗传LOREM IPSUM DOLORn4.

6、ImportantDistinctionsinLinguisticsn(语言学研究中几对重要的概念)n1)descriptive&prescriptiven2)synchronic&diachronicn3)langue&parolen4)competence&performanceLOREM IPSUM DOLORn1)Descriptive（描述性）vs.Prescriptive（规定性）nDescriptive:describinghowthingsare.nprescriptive:prescribinghowthingsoughttobeImportant Distinctions

7、in Linguisticsn举例：nDontsayX.nPeopledontsayX.nThefirstisaprescriptivecommand,whilethesecondisadescriptivestatement.LOREM IPSUM DOLORn2).Synchronic（共时性）vs.Diachronic（历时性）nsynchronic:takesafixedinstantasitspointofobservation.ndiachronic:thestudyofalanguagethroughthecourseofitshistory.LOREM IPSUM DOLORn

8、举例：n研究1800年的英语发音nSynchronicstudies(共时性研究)n研究1800-1900的法语语法变化nDiachronicstudies(历时研究)2.世界语言分类世界语言分类Language family 语系language group 语族Language branch 语支印欧语系,汉藏语系，南岛语系，阿尔泰语系，南亚语系印欧语系下的日耳曼语族，罗曼语族，凯尔特语族,斯拉夫语族，伊朗印度语族日耳曼语族下分东日耳曼语支，西日耳曼支，北日耳曼语支2.世界语言分类世界语言分类Language family 语系language group 语族Language branc

9、h 语支印欧语系,汉藏语系，南岛语系，阿尔泰语系，南亚语系印欧语系下的日耳曼语族，罗曼语族，凯尔特语族,斯拉夫语族，伊朗印度语族日耳曼语族下分西日耳曼支，东日耳曼语支，北日耳曼语支Indo-Europeanlanguagefamily印欧语系Germanicgroup日耳曼语族WestBranch西日耳曼语支英语，德语NorthBranch瑞典语，丹麦语-Celticgroup凯尔特语族NorthCelticgroup北凯尔特语支爱尔兰语，盖尔语SouthCelticgroup南凯尔特语支威尔士语Romangroup罗曼语族WestRomanGroup西罗曼语支法语，西班牙语等东支罗马尼亚语S

10、lavicgroup斯拉夫语族WestSlavicgroup斯拉夫语西支波兰语，捷克语东支俄语n3).langue（语言）&parole（言语）nTheorist：Saussure（索绪尔）,fatherofmodernlinguisticsnlangue:abstractlinguisticsystemnparole:actualrealizationoflangue Important Distinctions in Linguistics Important Distinctions in Linguisticsn举例：n汉语系统nlanguen每个中国人在不同具体场景中说出的具体话语n

11、paroleImportantDistinctionsinLinguisticsn4)Competence（语言能力）andperformance（语言运用）ntheorist:Chomsky(乔姆斯基)ncompetence:usersknowledgenofrulesaboutthelinguisticsystem.nperformance:theactualnrealizationofthisknowledgeinconcretesituations.LOREM IPSUM DOLORn5.ScopeofLinguistics(语言学的研究范围)n1）按研究内容来分n2）按研究导向来分语

12、言学分类语言学分类-按研究内容分按研究内容分LinguisticsMicro-linguistics语言内部问题Macro-linguistics语言与外部世界关系问题语言学分类语言学分类-按研究内容分按研究内容分Micro-LinguisticssoundPhonetics(语音学)Phonology（音系学）wordMorphology（形态学）sentenceSyntax（句法学）meaningSemantics（语义学）Pragmatics(语用学)Macro-linguisticsLanguage&SocietySociolinguistics社会语言学Language&MindPs

13、ycholinguistics心理语言学Language&Cultureanthropologicallinguistics人类语言学Language&ComputerComputationalLinguistics计算机语言学语言学分类语言学分类-按研究导向分按研究导向分LinguisticsTheoreticalLinguisticsLinguisticnature,universalrulesAppliedLinguisticslanguageacquisition,teaching,assessment语言学分类语言学分类-按研究内容分按研究内容分Micro-Linguisticsso

14、undPhonetics(语音学)Phonology（音系学）wordMorphology（形态学）sentenceSyntax（句法学）meaningSemantics（语义学）Pragmatics(语用学)语言学分类语言学分类-按研究内容分按研究内容分Micro-LinguisticssoundPhonetics(语音学)Phonology（音系学）wordMorphology（形态学）sentenceSyntax（句法学）meaningSemantics（语义学）Pragmatics(语用学)LOREM IPSUM DOLORn考点:n1.语音学(phonetics)和音系学(phono

15、logy)的定义和区别n2.语音学重要概念:清音和浊音n3.音系学重要概念:音子，音位,超音段特征LOREM IPSUM DOLORnPhoneticsstudiesallspeechsoundsinhumanlanguages:howtheyareproduced,transmittedandhowtheyarereceived.nPhonology:aimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.n区别:m

16、eaning(是否研究和表达意义有关的语音）LOREM IPSUM DOLORn举例:ntoo和tea中的/t/n发too中的/t/时,舌位更靠近口腔前部n发tea中的/t/时，舌位更靠近口腔后部n语音学要研究这种/t/发音的不同之处,音系学不研究n nPhonetics studies how speech sounds are produced,transmitted,and perceived.语音学分类语音学分类narticulatoryphonetics(发音语音学):speakersproductionnacousticphonetics（声学语音学）:transmissionsm

17、ediumnauditoryphonetics(听觉语音学):receiversreceptionn n如何记忆phonetics和phonolgy的区别:n n联想:mathematics,physics,mechanicsn nphonetics语言学，-ics科学性更强n nn ngeology,sociology,astrologyn nphonology音系学，-ology人文性更强Speechorgans How speech sounds are madePosition of the vocal folds(声带声带):voicing(浊音浊音)and voiceless(清音

18、清音)LOREM IPSUM DOLORnVoiceless(清音)：vocalcordsaredrawnwideapart,lettingtheairstreamgothroughwithoutcausingobstructionn清音举例：p,s,tnVoicing/Voiced（浊音）：vocalcordsheldtogether,lettingtheairstreamvibratesn浊音:b,z,dLOREMIPSUMDOLORnThedistinctionbetweenvowelsandconsonantsliesintheobstructionofairstream.nAsthe

19、reisnoobstructionofairintheproductionofvowels,thedescriptionoftheconsonantsandvowelscannotbedonealongthesamelines.LOREM IPSUM DOLORn音系学定义：studyofhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.n音系学重要概念:nphone音子，nphoneme音位(音系研究的基本单位)nsupra-segmen

20、talfeatures超音段特征LOREM IPSUM DOLORnPhone(音子)：aphoneticunit;thespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringcommunicationareallphonesn举例:ntoo和tea中的/t/n发too中的/t/时,舌位更靠近口腔前部n发tea中的/t/时，舌位更靠近口腔后部n所以too和tea中的/t/两个不同的音子LOREM IPSUM DOLORPhoneme(音位):phonologicalandabstractunit,aunitofdistinctivevalue;thesmallestunitofs

21、oundinalanguagewhichcandistinguishtwowords.举例：tea和sea,/t/和/s/是两个不同的音位morphemeLOREM IPSUM DOLORnWhatisthepointofdepartureofphonology?nA.phoneB.soundC.voiceD.phonemeLOREM IPSUM DOLORnWhatisthepointofdepartureofphonology?nA.phoneB.soundC.voiceD.phoneme(音位)LOREM IPSUM DOLORnWhatisthepointofdepartureofph

22、onetics?nA.phoneB.soundC.voiceD.phonemeLOREM IPSUM DOLORnWhatisthepointofdepartureofphonetics?nA.phoneB.soundC.voiceD.phonemeSuprasegmental features(超超音段特征音段特征)n nSuprasegmental features:phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments.n nThe principal suprasegmentals are:LOREM IPSUM DOL

23、ORnSupra-segmentalfeatures(超音段特征)：nstress（重音）n举例:perfect(adj)和perfect(v)ntone(声调)/pitch(音高):n定义:soundfeaturewhicharecausedbythedifferingrateofvibrationofthevocalfolds.n举例:m妈,m麻,m马，m骂n比较：英语单词，如meLOREMIPSUMDOLORnintonation（语调）：pitch,stress,andsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation

24、.举例:Morphology 形态学形态学n1.学科定义n2.语素的定义和分类n3.词的分类（classificationofwords）形态学研究的基本单位形态学研究的基本单位n1.morpheme(语素）.Themostbasicelementofmeaninginlanguage，anelementthatcannotbefurtherdividedintosmallerunitswithoutalteringitsmeaning.n举例：nballnfootballnballsMorpheme语素Freemorpheme自由语素定义：constitutewordsbythemselve

25、s举例：girl,book,dogBoundmorpheme粘附语素定义:notoccurbythemselvesDerivationalmorpheme派生语素定义：changelexicalmeaning举例：Dis-,co-,-ful,-enInflectionalmorpheme屈折语素定义：changegrammaticalmeaning举例:-s,-ed,-ing,er,est Types of MorphemesnFreemorphemesvs.Boundmorphemes（自由语素和黏着语素）:nFreemorphemes:thosethatmayconstitutewords

26、bythemselves,egboy,girl,table,nation.nBoundmorphemes:thosethatcannotoccuralone,eg-s,-ed,dis-,un-.Types of Bound MorphemenInflectionalmorpheme(屈折语素)=inflectionalaffix(屈折词缀)：changethegrammaticalmeaning(number,aspect,case,tense)nDerivationalmorpheme（派生语素）=inflectionalaffix(派生词缀）:changethelexicalmeaning

27、ndis+like+sderivationalfreeinflectionalmorphemenlight+en+edfreederivationalinflectionalmorphemeLOREM IPSUM DOLORnDerivationalmorpheme(改变词义):n改变词义：dis-,un-,multi-,micro-n改变词性：en-,-full,-mentnInflectionalmorpheme（改变语法含义）:n改变名称的性，数，格：-ess,-s,n改变动词的时,态，体:-ing,-ed,n改变形容词的级：-er,-est词的分类词的分类-按构词法分按构词法分word

28、Simple word简单词Compound word合成词Derivational word派生词LOREM IPSUM DOLORn如何区分派生词（derivationalword）和合成词(compoundword):拆开后看各个组成的语素能否都单独成词，如果可以，就是合成词，如果不能就是派生词。nBusinessman:business+mannPlayboy:play+boynMouthful:mouth+fulnLighten:light+en词的分类词的分类-按词义分按词义分wordGrammaticalword语法词（functionword功能词）定义：表达语法意义，连接举例

29、：prep介词，conj连词，art冠词，pronoun代词Lexicalword词汇词（contentword实义词）定义：表达实际意义（物质，动作和性质）的词举例：n名词，v动词，adj形容词，adv副词词的分类词的分类-按开放性分按开放性分wordOpen class word开放词类定义：不断有新词进入举例：noun,adj,verb,advClosed-class word封闭词类定义：基本没有新词进入举例:preposition,conjunction,article,pronoun词的分类词的分类-按在句子重要性分按在句子重要性分词类Major part of speechNou

30、n名词Verb动词Adjective形容词adverb副词preposition介词Minor part of speechArticle冠词Conjunction连词Auxiliary助动词 分类方法分类方法 按构词法分简单词:dislike,light派生词:dislike,lighten合成词:cat-like,light-weight按词义分语法词:冠,介，代，连词词汇词:名，动，形，副按开放性分开放词:名，动，形，副封闭词:冠,介，代，连词按在句中重要性分主要词类:名，动，形，副,介次要词类：冠，代，连词n考点n1.定义n2.句法范畴n3.句子类型 Syntax 句法句法LOREM

31、IPSUM DOLORn1.Syntax定义：:studiesinternalstructureofsentenceandrulesofsentence-formationLOREM IPSUM DOLORnCategory(范畴):agroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularlanguagesuchassentence,anounphraseoraverb(起相同作用的一类语言单位)nSyntacticalcategory(句法范畴):agroupoflinguisticitemswhich

32、fulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinsentence-formation.（在句子构成中起相同作用的一类语言单位）Syntactical category(句法范畴句法范畴)n nWord-lexicalcategoryn nPhrase-phrasalcategoryn nClause-clausalcategoryn nSentenceLexical Category 词法范畴词法范畴=Parts of Speech 词类词类Lexical categoryMajor part of speechNoun名词Verb动词Adjective形容词adverb副

33、词preposition介词Minor part of speechArticle冠词Conjunction连词Auxiliary助动词 分类方法分类方法 按构词法分简单词:dislike,light派生词:dislike,lighten合成词:cat-like,light-weight按词义分语法词:冠,介，代，连词词汇词:名，动，形，副按开放性分开放词:名，动，形，副封闭词:冠,介，代，连词按在句中重要性分主要词类/范畴:名，动，形，副,介次要词类/范畴：冠，代，连词n nphrasen nspecifierheadcomplementn nacarfivemetersawayn n72S

34、entence Types(句子类型句子类型)simple Sentence complexnon-simple compoundLOREM IPSUM DOLORn4.句子分类：nSimplesentence简单句nCoordinatesentence并列句nComplexsentence复杂句LOREM IPSUM DOLORnsimplesentence简单句n定义：alsocalledindependentclause,containsasubjectandaverb,anditexpressesacompletethought.LOREM IPSUM DOLORn练习：JimandM

35、ikeplayfootballeveryafternoon.n(simplesentence)Marygoestothelibraryandstudieseveryday.(coordinatesentence)LOREM IPSUM DOLORncoordinatesentence并列句:containstwoindependentclausesjoinedbyacoordinator(并列连词)suchasand,or,butetc.Coordinatorsareoftenprecededbyacomma.n例句:nItriedtospeakSpanish,andmyfriendtried

36、tospeakEnglish.Lilywenttoplayfootball,butMariawentshopping.LOREM IPSUM DOLORnYouhavetodoitonewayortheother.nSimplesentencenTheworkerswerecheerful,oratleasttheyappearedtobecheerful.nCoordinatesentenceLOREM IPSUM DOLORncomplexsentencen定义：Acomplexsentencehasanindependentclausejoinedwithoneormoredepende

37、ntclausesbyoneormoresubordinators(从属连词)suchasif,when,because,althoug.LOREM IPSUM DOLORnAsheisgrowingold,heseldomgoesout.nHeisgrowingold,whereashebecomeshealthier.n如何区分并列和复杂句-看连词表示的关系n并列，选择和转折关系-并列句n时间，条件，原因和让步关系-复杂句Semanticsn考点：n1.定义：studyofmeaningn2.两种基本意义：reference指称和sense涵义n3.五种词语语义关系n nLudwig Wi

38、ttgenstein:The meaning of a word is its use in the language.n nMeaning is studied by making detailed analyses of the way words and sentences are used in specific contexts.n nReferenceReference（指称）（指称）（指称）（指称）:how language how language refersrefers to the real physical world(to the real physical worl

39、d(语言指代外部物语言指代外部物语言指代外部物语言指代外部物质世界质世界质世界质世界)n nSenseSense（涵义）（涵义）（涵义）（涵义）:inherent meaning of the linguistic form.It is abstract and the meaning dictionary compilers are interested in.(语言形式的内在意义语言形式的内在意义)conceptsymbolizes refers tosymbol referent(word)stands for (object)dogSense:adomesticatedcaninema

40、mmalReference:Synonymy 同义同义nSynonymy同义:samenessorsimilarityofmeaning.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonyms.同义分类举例同义分类举例ndialecticalsynonym地域同义词：n举例:fallandautumn,flatandapartmentnstylisticsynonym风格同义词：n举例:copandpolice,kidandoffspringncollocationalsynonym搭配同义词：n举例:accuseof,chargewith,rebukeforn

41、Semanticallydifferentsynonym语义稍有不同的同义词:n举例:surpriseandastound,blameandrebukeAntonymy 反义反义nAntonymy反义:oppositenessofmeaning.Wordsthatareoppositeinmeaningarecalledantonyms.nAntonymy反义关系分类：ngradableantonymy等级反义ncomplementaryantonymy互补反义nconverseantonymy反向反义Gradable antonymy等级反义等级反义nyoung-middle-aged-ol

42、dnbig-middle-sized-smallngood-average-bad Complementary antonymy互互补反义补反义n nalive:deadn nmale:femalen npresent:absentn ninnocent:guiltyn nodd:evenn npass:failn nboy:girln nhit:miss Converse antonymy反向反义反向反义 n nbuy:selln nlend:borrown ngive:receiven nparent:childn nhusband:wifen nteacher:studentn nabo

43、ve:belown nbefore:aftern nhost:guestn nemployer:employee Hyponymy 上下义关系上下义关系nHyponymy上下义:referstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.nSuperordinate/hypernym上义词:themoregeneraltermnHyponym下义词:themorespecifictermLOREM IPSUM DOLORn举例:nhypernym上义词:animalnHyponym下义词:b

44、ird,fish,tiger,catn如何记忆:nhyper-向上hype炒作nhypo-向下hypothesis假设Animalbird fish insect animal human animal tiger lion elephant .Polysemy 一词多义一词多义nPolysemy:thesameonewordhasmorethanonemeaning.Suchawordiscalledpolysemicword.n举例:nFish:n1.鱼n2.鱼肉n3.水生动物n4.捕鱼n5.寻找LOREM IPSUM DOLORnHomonymy同音/同形异义词:wordshavingd

45、ifferentmeaningshavethesameform,differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.nIdenticalinsound:homophones同音词nIdenticalinspelling:homograph同形词nIdenticalinboth:completehomonyms同音同形词LOREM IPSUM DOLORnhomophones同音词：n举例:knightandnight,pieceandpeacenhomograph同形词n举例:tear(v)andtear(n),lead(v)andlead

46、(n)ncompletehomonyms同音同形词:fast(adj)andfast(n)LOREM IPSUM DOLORn如何区分同音同形和一词多义现象:beauty,fish,ball,scalenbeauty:美丽；美女nfish:鱼；鱼肉；水生动物；捕鱼；寻找nball:球；舞会nscale:规模；鱼鳞看其多个意义之间是否有关联，如果有就是一词多义，没有就是同音同形词Pragmatics 语用学语用学 n考点:n定义和与语义学的区别：studyofmeaningincontextorinusen言语行为理论（两位理论家和三种行为）n会话原则2.SpeechActTheorynJohn

47、Austin(1911-1960)nHowtoDoThingswithWords(1962)nMainIdea:thingscanbedonewithwordsn nConstatives(叙事句叙事句)vs.performatives（施为句）（施为句）n nConstatives（叙事句）（叙事句）:utterances which roughly serves to state a fact,report that something is the case,or describe what something is,eg:n nI go to the park every Sunday

48、.I go to the park every Sunday.n nI teach English.I teach English.LOREM IPSUM DOLORnPerformatives（施为句）:utteranceswhichareusedtoperformacts,donotdescribeorreportanythingatall;theutteringofthesentenceisthedoingofanaction;theycannotbesaidtobetrueorfalse.nPerformativeverbs:name,bet,etc.Three Speech Acts

49、(三种言语行为三种言语行为)nAlocutionaryact(言内行为):theactofutteringwords,phrase,sentences.Itisanactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.nAnillocutionaryact（言外行为）:anactofexpressionspeakersintention;itisanactperformedinsayingsomething.nAperlocutionaryact（言后行为）:theactpreformedbyorasaresultofs

50、aying,theeffectsonthehearer.三种话语行为三种话语行为-举例举例n老师对学生说:Youhaveleftthedooropen.nLocutionaryact(言内行为):theactofutteringthewordsof“you”,“have”,“left”,“the”,“door”,“open”nIllocutinaryact(言外行为):theactofexpressingtheteachersintentionofaskingthestudenttoclosethedoor.nPerlocutionaryact(言后行为):theeffectoftheutte