《英语应用文写作》写作基础知识课件.ppt

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1、英语应用文写作多媒体课件（Sentences）（Paragraphs）（Essay）(BasicWritingSkills)英语应用文写作多媒体课件1.1.1.1.1.1.英语基本句型英语基本句型 （Basic Elements of a Sentence）英语句子的主要构成成份有：英语句子的主要构成成份有：S=Subject 主语主语V=Verb 动词动词 O=Object 宾语宾语 C=Complement 补语补语 A=Adverbial 状语状语英语应用文写作多媒体课件英语的七种基本句型：英语的七种基本句型：SV:主谓主谓SVO:主谓宾主谓宾SVC:主谓补主谓补SVA:主谓状主谓状SV

2、OO:主谓（间接）宾（直接）宾主谓（间接）宾（直接）宾SVOC:主谓宾补主谓宾补SVOA:主谓宾状主谓宾状 此外还有比较常用的此外还有比较常用的Therebe 句型，句型，表示表示“存在，有存在，有”英语应用文写作多媒体课件1.Yourdinnerseemsready.()2.ImustsendmyparentsaChristmascard.()3.Thatclassinterestedme.()4.Myschoolisonthenextstreet.()5.Manystudentsfindthatbookveryhelpful.()6.Youmayputyourumbrellaunderth

3、etable.()7.Shewassmiling.()8.Wehavemadehertheheadofourgroup.()同步练习同步练习Now read the following sentences and tell which clause type they belong to.SVCSVOOSVOSVASVOCSVOASVSVOC英语应用文写作多媒体课件1.1.3.1.1.3.有效句子有效句子(EffectiveSentences)英语应用文写作多媒体课件1.1.完整的句子完整的句子 (Completeness)2.2.清晰的句子清晰的句子 (Clarity)3.3.简洁的句子简洁

4、的句子 (Conciseness)4.4.平行结构的句子平行结构的句子（Parallelism)5.5.灵活多变的句子灵活多变的句子 (Variety)英语应用文写作多媒体课件1.1.写完整的句子写完整的句子(Completeness)一个完整的句子既包括结构上的完整，也包一个完整的句子既包括结构上的完整，也包括意义上的完整。括意义上的完整。(1)(1)结构上的完整结构上的完整英语应用文写作多媒体课件Wrong:Friendlypeople,anotherthingIlikeaboutcollege.Correct:Friendly people,thats another thing I l

5、ikeaboutcollege.Wrong:Somepeoplehaveanaturalabilitytolearnlanguages quickly.Because they know howtolisten.Correct:Somepeoplehaveanaturalabilitytolearnlanguagesquicklybecausetheyknowhowtolisten.英语应用文写作多媒体课件None of the following sentences are complete.Make necessary corrections to make them complete.1

6、.Idislikedogsbecauseverysmelly(气味难闻气味难闻).2.ThedogsalwaysnoisyandtrytojumponmewhenIgotovisit.-Idislikedogsbecausetheyareverysmelly.-ThedogsarealwaysnoisyandtrytojumponmewhenIgotovisitthem.3.Waysofnamingnewbabiesdifferentaroundtheworld.-Ways of naming new babies are different around the world.同步练习同步练习

7、英语应用文写作多媒体课件4.In Guangzhou is hotter than in Beijing.5.Dogslovetoplaywithsticks.Forexample,gotogetastickifyouthrowit.-In Guangzhou,it is hotter than in Beijing.-Dogslovetoplaywithsticks.Forexample,theygotogetastickifyouthrowit.-Itstoocoldinthisroom.6.Istoocoldinthisroom.7.Becausewedonthaveenoughtime

8、totakecareofapet.8.Abookthatyoulike.-Thatisabookthatyoulike.-Becausewedonthaveenoughtimetotakecareofapet,wedontkeepone.英语应用文写作多媒体课件2.2.写清晰的句子写清晰的句子(Clarity)写作要注意句子的清晰度。以下几种情况妨写作要注意句子的清晰度。以下几种情况妨碍文章的清晰，影响读者的理解。碍文章的清晰，影响读者的理解。(1)(1)缺乏必要的细节。缺乏必要的细节。简洁尽管重要，但必要细节的缺乏也会使读简洁尽管重要，但必要细节的缺乏也会使读者产生误解甚至不知所云。例如：者

9、产生误解甚至不知所云。例如：a.Helovessportsmuchmorethanhissister.b.Whenapersongetsmarried,youtakeonnewresponsibilities.c.Thecityhasaboutonemillion.英语应用文写作多媒体课件a句既可理解为句既可理解为“他比妹妹更喜欢运动他比妹妹更喜欢运动”，也，也可以理解为可以理解为“他喜爱运动胜过喜爱他妹妹他喜爱运动胜过喜爱他妹妹”。为了使意义清晰明了，应该在该句的。为了使意义清晰明了，应该在该句的后半部补上相应的谓语：后半部补上相应的谓语：修改修改：He loves sports much

10、more than his sister does.或：He loves sports much more than he loves his sister.英语应用文写作多媒体课件b.Whenapersongetsmarried,youtakeonnewresponsibilities.b句中的句中的aperson和和you指代不明。指代不明。应改为：应改为：Whenapersongetsmarried,hetakesonnewresponsibilities.(泛指泛指)或：或：Whenyougetmarried,youtakeonnewresponsibilities.(特指特指)c.T

11、hecityhasaboutonemillion.c句中，句中，“onemillion”究竟指什么，缺乏必要究竟指什么，缺乏必要的细节说明，应改为：的细节说明，应改为：修改：修改：Thecityhasapopulationofonemillion.英语应用文写作多媒体课件(2)(2)缺乏连贯性。缺乏连贯性。一个完整的意思被不必要地切割成几个句子，这样一个完整的意思被不必要地切割成几个句子，这样一连串的短句由于未能体现出相互间的关系，读起来费一连串的短句由于未能体现出相互间的关系，读起来费解，妨碍思维解，妨碍思维。为了使句子连贯，应注意不要将联系密切的词分开；为了使句子连贯，应注意不要将联系密切

12、的词分开；应围绕一个中心意思，多用修饰语（如分词短语、介词短应围绕一个中心意思，多用修饰语（如分词短语、介词短语、从句等）。例如：语、从句等）。例如：a.Somepeoplecannotdistinguishbetweencolors.theyaresaidtobecolor-blinded.此句将其中一句改成定语从句此句将其中一句改成定语从句应该为应该为：Somepeoplewhocannotdistinguishbetweencolorsaresaidtobecolor-blinded.英语应用文写作多媒体课件b.Hefoundthekitchenwindowopen.Heputaladd

13、eragainstthewindow.Heclimbedin.此句子可改为：此句子可改为：Findingthekitchenwindowopen,heputaladderagainstitandclimbedin.英语应用文写作多媒体课件 语态和主语的随意转换。语态和主语的随意转换。a.Hewasrunningveryhardintheraceandhisanklewasbroken.应改为：应改为：Hewasrunningveryhardintheraceandbrokehisankle.英语应用文写作多媒体课件b.Theteacherlefttheclassroomafterthelect

14、urewasfinished.应改为：应改为：Theteacherlefttheclassroomafterhefinishedthelecture.或：或：Havingfinishedthelecture,theteacherlefttheclassroom.英语应用文写作多媒体课件c.Shereviewedthelessonsandalltheexercisesassignedbytheteacherweredone.应改为应改为：Shereviewedthelessonsanddidalltheexercisesassignedbytheteacher.英语应用文写作多媒体课件 人称和数

15、的随意转换。人称和数的随意转换。a.Ifonehastalents,wewillbelikelytosucceed.应改为：应改为：Ifonehastalents,onewillbelikelytosucceed.或或:Ifwehavetalents,wewillbelikelytosucceed.英语应用文写作多媒体课件b.If a person is selfish,they will have few friends.应改为：应改为：b.If a person is selfish,he will have few friends.英语应用文写作多媒体课件代词指代不明。代词指代不明。a.

16、Thepollutioninthisareaisserious;theyshoulddosomethingaboutit.应改为：应改为：Thepollutioninthisareaisserious;thegovernmentshoulddosomethingaboutit.英语应用文写作多媒体课件同步练习同步练习:Correct the following sentences if necessary 1.There are always a lot of good news over the radio.2.Each of the plans has its advantage.3.Ei

17、ther you or I are to clean the room.4.All those who want to go on the trip should get his equipment ready immediately.is amtheir英语应用文写作多媒体课件5.Paidlittleattentiontohistablemanners.6.Theteachergivingsuchahardexam.-Hepaidlittleattentiontohistablemanners.(addasubject)-Theteacherisgivingsuchahardexam.(ad

18、dahelpingverb)英语应用文写作多媒体课件7.When only five years old,my father took me to a circus(杂技团)._ When only five years old,I was taken to a circus by my father._ When I was only five years old,my father took me to a circus.8.A car drove down the street decked with ribbon.（用缎带装饰起来的）（用缎带装饰起来的）_ A car decked w

19、ith ribbon drove down the street.(Misplacedmodifier误置修饰语）误置修饰语）英语应用文写作多媒体课件3.3.写简洁的句子写简洁的句子(Conciseness)简洁就是用尽可能少的词表达尽可能充分简洁就是用尽可能少的词表达尽可能充分的意思。在不改变句子意义的情况下，在能用的意思。在不改变句子意义的情况下，在能用词的地方，不用短语；在能用短语的地方不用词的地方，不用短语；在能用短语的地方不用句子。句子。英语应用文写作多媒体课件比较下列两个句子：比较下列两个句子：a.Heexpressesanumberofcleverexpressionsmucht

20、otheaudiencesdelight.Hedelightedtheaudiencewithhiscleverexpressionsb.ThismorningIwenttotheclassroom,whenIgotthere,Isawmanypeopleintheclassroom.ThismorningIwenttotheclassroomandsawmanypeoplethere.英语应用文写作多媒体课件要想使句子简洁应注意以下几点：要想使句子简洁应注意以下几点：(1)避免重复意义相同的词。避免重复意义相同的词。a.Itwasblueincolor.b.Itwassmallinsize.

21、c.Inmyopinion,Ithinkyourplanisfeasible.d.Maryisaquietandcarefulwoman.以上划线部分都属于意义重复，应去掉。以上划线部分都属于意义重复，应去掉。英语应用文写作多媒体课件又如：又如：Hegavemanyreasonsforhisfailure,butthereasonshegavewerenotconvincing.应改为：应改为：Hegavemanyreasonsforhisfailure,butnoneofthemwasconvincing.Example英语应用文写作多媒体课件(2)避免使用累赘的词避免使用累赘的词。累赘的词

22、指的是拖泥带水，啰啰唆唆的词或累赘的词指的是拖泥带水，啰啰唆唆的词或词组。例如：词组。例如：a.She was told ofthefact that eating junk food might harm her health.b.Mrs.Smith likes to drink all kinds of wines thatare produced in France.c.Thereare some students who cheat in exams.以上划线部分都是累赘的词，应去掉。以上划线部分都是累赘的词，应去掉。英语应用文写作多媒体课件同步练习同步练习1.Thechairmanw

23、illgiveuphisjobnextyearbecauseofoldage.-Thechairmanwillretirenextyear.2.Thewomanwhoisdressedinblackoverthereisthepersonwhoisnowinchargeofoursalesdepartment.-Thewomaninblackoverthereisthemanagerofoursalesdepartment.英语应用文写作多媒体课件同步练习同步练习1.Shespendsherfreetimereading,listeningtomusic,andsheworksinthegar

24、den.Shespendsherfreetimereading,listeningtomusicandworkinginthegarden.英语应用文写作多媒体课件2.Theteachertoldusthatweshouldreadourtextandtowriteashortreviewofit.Theteachertoldusthatweshouldreadourtextandwriteashortreviewofit.Or:Theteachertoldustoreadourtextandwriteashortreviewofit.英语应用文写作多媒体课件3.Mr.Butlerisaman

25、ofwideexperienceandwhoisverypopularwithhisco-workers.Mr.Butlerisamanofwideexperienceandgreatpopularityamonghisco-workers.英语应用文写作多媒体课件4.Wouldyouprefertogoforawalkoutsideorstayingindoors?Wouldyouprefertogoforawalkoutsideorstayindoors?英语应用文写作多媒体课件5.Pleasecleanthekitchen,theheatmustturndown,andlockthedo

26、ors.Pleasecleanthekitchen,turndowntheheat,and lockthedoors.英语应用文写作多媒体课件6.ThemanagertoldHenrythathehadonlytwochoices:toworkharderorleavingthecompany.ThemanagertoldHenrythathehadonlytwochoices:toworkharderortoleavethecompany.英语应用文写作多媒体课件7.Mybestfriendishonest,clever,andworkshard.Mybestfriendishonest,c

27、lever,andhard-working.英语应用文写作多媒体课件8.Afterthelongtrip,Iwastiredout,thirsty,andwantedtoeat.Afterthelongtrip,Iwastiredout,thirsty,andhungry.英语应用文写作多媒体课件5.写灵活多变的句子写灵活多变的句子(Variety)要使文章生动吸引人，写作时要使文章生动吸引人，写作时要经常变换句型和句子结构。要经常变换句型和句子结构。(1)句子开头多样化句子开头多样化英语应用文写作多媒体课件 分词或分词短语开头。分词或分词短语开头。a.Wereachedourdestinat

28、ionexhausted.应该为：应该为：Exhausted,wereachedourdestination.b.Ifinishedmyhomeworkandbegantoreviewthelessons.应该为：应该为：Havingfinishedmyhomework,Ibegantoreviewthelessons.英语应用文写作多媒体课件形容词开头。形容词开头。Hewasintelligentandhard-working,andhegraduatedwithhonors.应该为：应该为：Intelligentandhard-working,hegraduatedwithhonors.英

29、语应用文写作多媒体课件介词短语开头。介词短语开头。a.Thegirlwasindespairandturnedtoherfriendsforhelp.应该为：应该为：Indespair,thegirlturnedtoherfriendsforhelp.英语应用文写作多媒体课件不定式短语开头。不定式短语开头。a.Heworkedharddayandnighttopasstheexams.应该为：应该为：Topasstheexams,heworkedharddayandnight.b.Hespokeslowlyandemphaticallytomakeeverythingclear.应该为：应该为

30、：Tomakeeverythingclear,hespokeslowlyandemphatically.英语应用文写作多媒体课件(Paragraphs)英语应用文写作多媒体课件TopicSentence(general)SupportingSentenceNo.1(specific)(explanation,example,ormoredetails)SupportingSentenceNo.2(specific)SupportingSentenceNo.3(specific)ConcludingSentence(general)英语应用文写作多媒体课件主题句主题句(TopicSentence

31、)主题句在英语段落中起着举足轻重的主题句在英语段落中起着举足轻重的作用。英语段落的主题句大多位于句首，作用。英语段落的主题句大多位于句首，但也有居于中间或末尾的。主题句位于句但也有居于中间或末尾的。主题句位于句首，开段明义，让读者很快就能了解作者首，开段明义，让读者很快就能了解作者要说明的问题。例如：要说明的问题。例如：英语应用文写作多媒体课件LetsSpeakforOurselvesMostofusdependtoomuchonpreprintedgreetingcardstoexpressourfeelingsonspecialoccasion.Insteadofmakinganeffor

32、ttosaywhatwefeel,wecommunicatealmostexclusivelythroughwordswrittenbyprofessionalcardwriters.Wesendpreprintedcardsforbirthday,anniversaries,congratulations,majorholidays,andnumerousotherevents.Weusethesecardstoexpresslove,longing,regrets,andcongratulations.Mostofthesecardscommunicatetheirmessages-our

33、messages-throughcorny(平淡的平淡的)rhymesorsillyjokes.Whatanimprovementitwouldbeifwepurchasedcardsthatwereblankinsideandtookthetimetowriteourownwords,orifwetelephonedorsentahandwrittennote.Ourwordsmightnotbeasslick（灵巧的）（灵巧的）orfunnyasstore-boughtsentiments,buttheywouldcertainlybemoregenuine.TopicSentenceSu

34、pportingSentencesConclusionExample英语应用文写作多媒体课件II.II.根据下列段落，选择恰当的主题句根据下列段落，选择恰当的主题句：Myfirstvisitwasinthesummerof1974,toseetheworldsFair.Thesecondtimewasin1976,toseefriends.ThelasttimeIvisitedNewYorkjustlastmonth,whenIwenttheretolookforajob.MaybesoonIwillbearesidentofNewYorkinsteadofavisitor.a.Ihavema

35、dethreevisitstoNewYorkb.IhavevisitedNewYorkfourtimesc.IwillliveinNewYorksoonKey:a.英语应用文写作多媒体课件III.将下列句子改写成简洁明晰的主题句：将下列句子改写成简洁明晰的主题句：1.In general,I usually go to cinema on weekend.2.In my opinion,my favorite movie is Gone with the Wind3.I often think if I made a speech before others who listen to,it

36、is hard for me to do so.I usually go to cinema on weekend.Gone with the Wind is my favorite movie It is hard for me to made a speech before others.Making a speech before others is hard for me.英语应用文写作多媒体课件1.2.2 段落的特征段落的特征 （QualitiesofEffectiveParagraph）1.段落的统一性段落的统一性(Unity)。2.段落的连贯性段落的连贯性(Coherence)。

37、3.段落的完整性段落的完整性(Completeness)。英语应用文写作多媒体课件1.段落的统一性段落的统一性(Unity)一个好的段落通常只有一个中心思想。段一个好的段落通常只有一个中心思想。段落的统一性体现在用这个中心思想来统帅全段落的统一性体现在用这个中心思想来统帅全段内容，段落中的其他句子则都应围绕这一主题，内容，段落中的其他句子则都应围绕这一主题，一切与主题无直接关系的句子都必须删除一切与主题无直接关系的句子都必须删除例如：例如：英语应用文写作多媒体课件Sample1:Televisionisnotonlyaconvenientsourceofentertainment,butals

38、oacomparativelycheapone.WithaTVsetinthefamily,peopledonthavetopayforexpensiveseatsatthetheatre,themovies,ortheopera.Alltheyhavetoistopushabuttonorturnonaknob,andtheycanseeplays,films,operasandshowsofeverykind.此段的主题句即段首句是本段的中心此段的主题句即段首句是本段的中心（Thisparagraphisabouttheconvenienceandcheapnessoftelevision

39、）全段全段围绕这一中心展开，符合段落的统一性原则。再如：围绕这一中心展开，符合段落的统一性原则。再如：Sample1英语应用文写作多媒体课件 Aneducatedmanisatolerantman.Herespectstheopinionsofhisfriends.Forexample,Dr.Reynoldslikesoldthings.Helikesoldpaintings.Heenjoysoldbooks.Heownsoldfurniture.Somepeopledontlikeanyoldthing.Theydontlikeoldpaintings.Theydontenjoyoldboo

40、ks.Theyalwaysbuymodernfurniture.Dr.Reynoldsnevercriticizesthem.Herespectspeoplesdifferences.Heunderstandshumannature.Heisawiseandkindman.这种这种“主题句加例证主题句加例证”的写作格式是取得统一性的写作格式是取得统一性的常用方法。的常用方法。Sample2英语应用文写作多媒体课件2.段落的连贯性段落的连贯性(Coherence)。一个好的段落除了内容要统一、完整外，一个好的段落除了内容要统一、完整外，还要结构连贯。连贯性指的是段落的结还要结构连贯。连贯性指的是

41、段落的结构是否有条理。一个段落内的各句应该构是否有条理。一个段落内的各句应该有逻辑地、自然地衔接在一起，成为一有逻辑地、自然地衔接在一起，成为一个完整的整体。只有这样，读者才能跟个完整的整体。只有这样，读者才能跟上作者的思路，明白他讲的意思。达到上作者的思路，明白他讲的意思。达到连贯性的一个重要策略是使用合适的连连贯性的一个重要策略是使用合适的连接词。接词。例如：例如：英语应用文写作多媒体课件 Sample1:Themoonhasalwaysbeenanobjectofinteresttohumanbeings.Untilthe1960s,gettingtherewasonlyadream.S

42、omethoughtthatpeoplecouldneverreachthemoon.NeilArmstrongsteppedontothelunar(月亮的月亮的)surfacein1969.Moonlandingshavebecomeroutine(日常事务日常事务)tothegeneralpublic.本段没有加连接词，比较下段加连接词的效果本段没有加连接词，比较下段加连接词的效果。Example英语应用文写作多媒体课件 Themoonhasalwaysbeenanobjectofinteresttohumanbeings；howeveruntilthe1960s,gettingther

43、ewasonlyadream.Althoughsomethoughtthatpeoplecouldneverreachthemoon,NeilArmstrongsteppedontothelunar(月亮的月亮的)surfacein1969.Afterthatmoonlandingshavebecomeroutine(日常事务日常事务)tothegeneralpublic.经过两段的比较可以看出，经过两段的比较可以看出，加了连接词的段落，段加了连接词的段落，段落内句与句之间衔接和谐、条理清晰、层次分明、通顺落内句与句之间衔接和谐、条理清晰、层次分明、通顺流畅。可见学会正确使用连接词对段落的协调

44、连贯是非流畅。可见学会正确使用连接词对段落的协调连贯是非常重要的常重要的英语应用文写作多媒体课件II.Arrangethefollowingsentencesintoparagraphsaccordingtotheirlogicalorder.(.(将下列各组句子依逻辑顺将下列各组句子依逻辑顺序排列成意义连贯的段落。序排列成意义连贯的段落。)Achangeofcropandtheuseofagoodfertilizerwillkeepthelandingoodcondition.Ifwedonotgiveitanyfertilizer,theplantswillbeweak.Thesamecr

45、opoughtnottobegrowninthesameplaceeveryyear;itisbettertohaveadifferentcrop.Allsoilneedsfood.Animalwasteisthebestfoodforthesoil;butchemicalfertilizersarealsoveryuseful.-英语应用文写作多媒体课件Cross out 2 irrelevant sentenceslJoe and I decided to take the long trip wed always across the country.We were like young

46、 kids buying our camper and stocking it with all the necessities of life.Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie.We started out in early spring from Minneapolis and headed west across the northern part of the country.Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner.To our surprise,we found that we liked the w

47、arm southern regions very much,and so we decided to stay here in New Mexico.英语应用文写作多媒体课件3.段落的完整性段落的完整性(Completeness)这里段落的完整性指整个段落在意义上这里段落的完整性指整个段落在意义上的完整性。段落的中心思想必须得到充分的的完整性。段落的中心思想必须得到充分的讨论，一个观点必须得到足够的事实支持，讨论，一个观点必须得到足够的事实支持，方可进入下一段落。换言之，写了主题句以方可进入下一段落。换言之，写了主题句以后还必须回答与之相关的问题。否则，这个后还必须回答与之相关的问题。否则，

48、这个段落就是不完整的。例如：段落就是不完整的。例如：英语应用文写作多媒体课件lPhysical work can be a useful form of therapy for a mind in turmoil.Work concentrates your thoughts on a concrete task.Besides,it is more useful to workyou produce something rather than more anxiety or depression.英语应用文写作多媒体课件lIt is not always true that a good p

49、icture is worth a thousand words.Often writing is much clearer than a picture.It is sometimes difficult to figure out what a picture means,but a careful writer can almost always explain it.It is not always true that a good picture is worth a thousand words.Sometimes,pictures are pretty useless thing

50、s.If you cant swim and fall in the river and start gulping water,will you be better off to hold up a picture of yourself drowning,or start screaming“help!”英语应用文写作多媒体课件（the paragraph will be much better if the three reasons are further developed.)英语应用文写作多媒体课件 Nowadaysmoreandmorestudentstakepart-timej