高中英语语法系列---介词讲义.doc

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1、介词作为一种虚词，介词本身不能在句中独立担任成分，它必须同名词、代词连用，或者同相当于名词或代词的词、词组连用，构成介词短语，表明这个名词或代词同句中其他成分的关系。介词表意丰富，用法灵活，是中国人学英语的难点之一。比如，“墙上的窗户”、“问题的答案”、“米酿的酒”这3个汉语结构中，都有“的”字，但译为英语时，则不能望文生义，用相当于“的”的“of”来译。要仔细分析修饰词与名词之间的内在逻辑关系，用不同的介词把这种逻辑关系表达出来。上面3个名词短语中的“的”字要分别利用in，to和from 表示，即：the window in the wall, the key to the question

2、, the wine from rice。英语介词通常可分为4种。(1)简单介词：如 in, of, on, at, out, off，with, from, behind, against, along, across, above, after, among, before, below, under, beside, besides, between, by, during, down, except, for, like, near, over, past, round, since, through,till,until, up,but等。(2)复合介词：这类介词是由两个介词合成的，

3、如 into, inside, upon, within, without,outside,throughout等。(3)成语介词：由介词加其他词构成，如owing to, because of, in front of, according to, by means of, apart from, at the bottom of,at the back of,at the foot of, in spite of, in place of (代替), at the end of,in charge of(负责)，out of, together with, up to (直到)， in n

4、eed of, inside of, instead of, thanks to, on the point of(即将，接近),by the sideof等。比较：on top of在上方at the top of 在顶部(4)分词介词：由某些分词转化而来，如including, concerning,regarding,barring(除外)等。1 介词的宾语介词同其宾语构成介词短语，可以作介词宾语的有：名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、动名词和从句；另外，介词后也可以接另一个介词短语作宾语。He saw some birds in the tree.他看见树上有一些鸟。(介词+名词)Fat

5、her took care of her when Mother was out.母亲外出时，父亲照看她。(介词+代词)Take five from twenty and you get fifteen. 20减5得15。(介词+数词)He is fond of collecting stamps. 他喜爱集邮。(介词+动名词短语)She is praised by the teacher for what she has done.她的行为受到了老师的表扬。(介词+从句)What you have done is far from enough.你所做的还远远不够。(介词+形容词)He ha

6、s just come back from abroad.他刚从国外回来。(介词+副词)The moon appeared from behind the clouds.月亮从云层后面出来了。(介词+介词短语)She seldom goes anywhere except to the office.除了办公室外，她很少到其他地方去。(介词+介词短语)He has lived there since before the war.他自战前就住在那里了。(介词+介词短语)A policeman waved to him from across the street.一名警察从街对面朝他挥手。(介

7、词+介词短语)提示but和except还可用不定式作宾语。Nothing remains but to resign.除了辞职没有别的办法。Everything is allowed except to disturb others.什么都允许，就是不允许打扰别人。2 介词短语的用法介词短语在句中可以作状语、定语、表语、主语、宾语或补语。1)作状语The evening party started at seven oclock.晚会在7点钟开始。(时间)She went out of the office in a hurry.她匆忙走出办公室。(地点，方式)He jumped with j

8、oy.他高兴得跳了起来。(原因)They came by plane, not by train. 他们是乘飞机来的，不是乘火车来的。(方式)2)作后置定语The picture on the wall is very beautiful.墙上的那幅画很漂亮。This is a train for Paris.这是一列开往巴黎的火车。3)作表语Their school is behind the park.他们的学校在公园的后面。He is usually at home in the evening.他晚上通常在家。(不可说at the home)She was on the way hom

9、e.她在回家的路上。(不可说on the way to home，home在本句中作副词)4)作宾语(或主语)补足语When he came to, he found himself in a cozy room.他苏醒过来时，发现自己在一个温暖舒适的房间里。(宾语补足语)Chairs were arranged in order.椅子排放得整整齐齐。(主语补足语)5)作主语From Nanjing to Shanghai is one hour by train.从南京到上海坐火车需要1个小时。Between thirty and forty miners died in the disas

10、ter.有30到40名矿工在那场灾难中死亡。6)作宾语A young man rushed out from behind the door.一个青年从门后面冲了出来。The train robber will serve a sentence of between 3 and 6 years.那个列车抢劫犯将服刑3到6年。3 常用介词用法要点1) about(1)关于；对于；有关(指人或物)They are talking about a new film.他们在谈论一部新电影。Do you know anything about her?你知道一些关于她的情况吗？(你了解她吗？)What

11、is all this about?这是怎么回事？(2)在周围；在附近；在各处，在某个范围内(表示地点，相当于around)；在身边(指人)He looked about the hall,but saw nobody. 他环顾大厅，可是一个人也没看见。A high wall has been built about the museum.在博物馆四周筑起了一堵高墙。They showed the guests about the park.他们带客人们在公园里各处看看。Have you got any money about you?你身上带钱了吗？(也 可说 Have you got an

12、y money on/with you?)提示“be of +名词”是一种习惯表示法，相当于“be+形容词”，常用的有：be of use be useful有用的be of value be valuable 有价值be of importance be important 重要be of significance be significant有意义的be of age be old年迈的be of height be high高的be of no use be useless无用的be of size be big大的A man of age bought him a book of va

13、lue.一位老者给他买了一本有价值的书。(3)大约，差不多(表示时间、距离等)He got to school about seven oclock. 他大约7点钟到达学校。About when will he be back?他大约什么时候回来？It is about six miles from here.离这里大约6英里路。The container is about the size of a glass.这个容器大约有一只玻璃杯大小。提示 be about to do sth.意为“即将，将要”。A new term is about to start. 新学期就要开始了。go ab

14、out意为“着手干，做”。If you go about it in the right way,youll soon get it finished.如果你用正确的方法去做，很快就会完成。see about表示“考虑，办理，安排”。Ill see about the train ticket. 买火车票的事由我来安排。how about 表示“(你以为)怎么样？”(用于提建议，询问意见等)。How about asking him?去问问他，好不好？What about?表示“怎么样?”(用于提建议，询问意见等)。What about(going for)a walk?去散散步怎么样？2)

15、above(1)在上方，高出(表示位置)The whole sky above us is filled with stars.我们上面的天空中布满了星星。The plane is flying above the clouds.飞机在云层上面飞行。There is a portrait above the blackboard.黑板的上方有一幅画像。(2)在以上，高于；超过(表示职位、数量、年龄等)He is the man above her.他是她的上司。The stone weighs above one ton.这块石头重1吨多。She is above fifty years ol

16、d.她50多岁了。(3)超越，越出之外；不屑于(表示品质、行为、能力等)The book is above me (my understanding). 这本书我读不懂。3) across(1)横过，穿过，跨过(表示位置、动作方向)He helped an old man across the street. 他帮助一位老人过马路。A big tree is lying across the path.一棵大树横在小路上。There is a long bridge across the lake.湖上有一座长桥。(2)在的对面；在的另一边(表示地点)The post office is ju

17、st across the street.邮局就在大街对面。The ball rolled across the floor.球滚到了地板的另一边。(3)经过(表示一段时间)The war lasted across the whole century.那场战争延续了100多年。These ideas developed across several centuries.这些思想观念是经历几百年才形成的。4) after(1)在以后(表示时间、位置)She took a walk after supper.她晚饭后散散步。He thinks of her day after day and y

18、ear after year.他日复一日、年复一年地思念着她。They came into the room one after another.他们一个接一个地进入了房间。Please shut the door after you.请随手关门。(2)追求，寻找(与be， go, run等连用)What is he after?他追求的是什么？/他在找什么？The police are after the thief.警察正在追捕盗贼。(3)仿照，按照The city is named after a hero.这座城市是以一位英雄的名字命名的。(美式英语中用be named for) Th

19、e teacher asked us to make sentences after the model.老师要我们照示例造句。5) against(1)逆，顶着；靠着，倚靠；碰着，撞击(表示方向或位置)Birds fly slowly against the wind.鸟逆风飞得慢。He stood with his back against the wall. 他背靠墙站着。The cold rain beat against the window. 冷雨敲窗。(2)反对(与for意义相反)；违背I dont know whether he is for or against it.我不知

20、道他是赞成还是反对。They fought bravely against the enemy. 他们英勇地同敌人战斗。He did it against his own will.他是违心做那件事的。It is against the principles.这是违背原则的。(3)防备，准备Some animals store food against the winter.有些动物为过冬贮备食物。They have got prepared against flood.他们已经做好了防洪准备。提示Flowers look better against green leaves.好花还需绿叶衬

21、。(本句中的against意为“衬托，相映”)6) along沿着，顺着(表示动作的方向、位置)They walked along the railroad.他们沿着铁路线走。“Pass along the bus, please.”said the conductor.售票员说：“请往(车)里走。”She ran along the lake towards the boat.她沿着湖边跑向那只小船。7) among在当中，在中间(表示3个或3个以上)；是中间的一(几)个The town lies among hills.那座小城位于群山之中。There are no women among

22、 her close friends.她的亲密朋友中没有女性。The robbers hid themselves among the trees.强盗们隐藏在树丛中。He is among the worlds greatest scientists.他是世界上最伟大的科学家之一。(=one of)比较：Divide the money among you.你们把钱分了。(3人或3人以上)Divide the money between you.你们把钱分了。(只能是2人)8) around(1)在周围；围绕；在各处；在范围内The students sat around the teach

23、er.学生们围坐在老师身边。She had a string of pearls around her neck.她脖子上挂着一串珍珠。He travelled around the world for several years.他在世界各地旅行了几年。(2)在那一边，在经过的地方The bookstore is around the corner.拐角过去就是书店。提示around 常可同 round 换用，美国人多用around，英国人多用round。9)as作为，当作He treated her as a little sister. 他把她当作小妹妹看待。The man was ha

24、nged as a spy in 1937.那人在1937年被当作间谍绞死了。10) at(1)在，在上(表示地点、场合)There came a knock at the window.传来了敲窗的声音。They entered at the back door.他们是从后门进去的。The shop is at the corner of the street.商店在大街的拐角处。(2)在时刻、钟点、时期、岁(表示时间)He went to school at the age of seven.他7岁上的学。The girl cried at the sight of her mother.

25、 那个女孩一看见母亲就哭了起来。A woman came in just at that moment.就在那时一位妇女进来了。提示“在圣诞节”要说at Christmas，不可说on the Christmas;“在圣诞节那天”要说 on Christmas day，不可说 on the Christmas day;“在圣诞节早上”要说 on Christmas morning。其他如：at noon, at dawn, at dusk, at night, at sunrise, at daybreak。(3)在之中，处于(表示状态、情况)He is still home at lunch

26、.他仍在家里吃午饭。(=having lunch)The two countries are at war.两国正在交战。Is she at a meeting?她在开会吗？She is at her desk.她在读书/写作/办公。(4)按速度，照价格，以(表示速度、价格等)The train runs at about 120 miles an hour.火车以每小时大约120英里的速度行驶。He will get it at any cost.他将不惜一切代价得到它。(5)因为，由于，对(表示原因，说明“因某种情绪而”)They were in deep sorrow at the ne

27、ws.听到那个消息他们非常悲伤。The teachers wondered at the boys wisdom.老师们对那个小男孩的聪慧惊叹不已。She felt glad at your success.她为你的成功而感到高兴。(6)对，向，朝(表示目标、方向)He threw a stone at the dog.他扔一块石头砸狗。He aimed at the target.他瞄准目标。They tried to guess at the meaning.他们试图把意思猜出来。(7)在方面She is good at playing the piano.她擅长弹钢琴。He is a g

28、enius at maths.他是数学天才。(8) 应请求、号召、邀请；以方式(9) He attended the party at the invitation of the hostess.他应女主人的邀请参加了晚会。She agreed to come at our request.她应我们的请求同意来。The car was repaired at his expense.汽车是他出钱修的。11) before(1)在以前，在先(表示时间)Duty must always comes before pleasure.先尽义务后享受。You will see her before lo

29、ng.你不久就会见到她了。Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。(2) 在的前面，当着的面(表示位置)(3) A bright future is before us. 我们的前途是光明的。They never bow before difficulties.他们从不向困难低头。(4) 在之前，先于(表示次序、排列)Dont try to run before you can walk.先学走，后学跑。Think before you leap.三思而后行。Ladies before gentlemen.女士优先。提示before 的反义词是after，如：After y

30、ou.你先走。12) behind(1)在的后面，在的背后(表示位置)The flower garden is behind the house.花园在房屋后面。A truck appeared from behind the woods. 一辆卡车从树林后面出现了。Never gossip behind others back.不要在背后说人闲话。(2)迟于，晚于(表示时间)The train was behind time. 火车晚点了。(3) 落后于，不如(表示思想、观点、能力等)These ideas are behind times.这些思想落后于时代。She is far behi

31、nd others in maths.她的数学比别的学生差多了。13) below(1)在下面，低于(表示位置)From the hilltop we can see the whole city below us. 从山顶上我们能看到山下的整座城市。Some children are playing below a tree.一些儿童在树下玩耍。(2)低于，在以下(表示温度、数量、程度、年龄、能力等)Yesterday the temperature was below freezing point.昨天气温低于零度。He is below fifty.他不到50岁。She is below

32、 him in intelligence.她的才智不如他。He is below me in the company.他在公司里职位比我低。14) beside(1)在旁边，在附近(表示位置)Tom sat beside her at the meeting.汤姆开会时坐在她旁边。Theres a lamp beside the bed.床的旁边有一盏电灯。(2)同相比His writing is rather poor beside Marys.他的书法同玛丽的书法相比差多了。The products of this factory are quite good beside those f

33、rom abroad. 同那些进口产品相比，这家工厂的产品是相当不错的。(3)在之外；不对题(表示超越、离题、不在点子上)He is beside himself with joy.他欣喜若狂。What he said is beside the point.他没有说到点子上。15) besides(1)除以外(还有)(=including，谓语用肯定式)There are many other people to be considered besides you.除了你之外，还要考虑许多别的人。(你也在考虑之列)(2)除以外(不再有)(谓语用否定式)I have no other frie

34、nds here besides you.我在这里除了你以外没有别的朋友。(3)比较besides和exceptI know all of them besides the tall man. 除了那个高个子外，我还认识所有别的人。(也认识那个高个子)I know all of them except the tall man.除了那个高个子外，其他的人我都认识。(但不认识那个高个子)I know no one of them besides the tall man.除了那个高个子，其他的人我全不认识。(只认识那个高个子)16) between在(两者)中间，在(两者)之间The schoo

35、l lies between the church and the museum.学校位于教堂和博物馆之间。(表示位置)It happened between 1945 and 1947.那件事发生在1945年到1947年之间。She must be between thirty and thirty-five.她的年龄准在30至35岁之间。(表示数量)The lake is between five and six miles from here.那个湖离这里有五六英里路。提示用于词组中：between you and me/ourselves你我/我们私下说说。17) beyond(1)在

36、/向那边，远于(表示位置)The village is beyond the mountain.村庄在山的那边。These students came from beyond the seas.这些学生来自海外。(2)迟于(表示时间)Dont stay out beyond midnight.不要在外面待到午夜以后。He delayed the matter beyond the fixed time.他把那件事拖过了规定的时间。(3)超出，为所不及(表示范围、限度)Her work is beyond praise.她的工作令人赞不绝口。It was a case beyond the do

37、ctors skill.这种病那位医生治不了。He lived beyond his income. 他入不敷出。Good health is beyond price.健康的身体是无价之宝。18) but除了(常与nothing,nobody，who等连用)All of us joined the society but him.除了他之外，我们都参加了那个协会。She ate nothing but fruits.除了水果外，她别的什么都没吃。There is nothing but a piece of paper in the box.盒子里只有一张纸。He had no choice

38、 but to sleep outside.他没有别的选择，只能睡在外面。提示1 but用在词组中：last but one倒数第二，last but two 倒数第三，the next door but one to his 他隔壁的第二个门。2 anything but表示“单单除之外，恰恰不；决不，远非”。He will do anything but that.他什么都做，唯独那件事不愿做。That man is anything but a writer.那人根本称不上是作家。19) by(1)在旁，靠近An old man sat by the fire.一位老人坐在火炉旁。The

39、re is a tower by the lake. 湖边有一座塔。(2)用，靠；通过，借助于(表示方法、手段，名词用单数，不用冠词)They travelled by sea.他们乘船旅行。This kind of work is done by hand/by machine.这种工作是手工/机器做的。The news reached us by radio. 我们通过收音机得知了那个消息。He earned his living by selling cigarettes.他靠卖香烟谋生。They got the secret papers by bribing the guard.他们

40、通过贿赂卫兵而获取了秘密文件。提示其他如：by car, by train, by plane, by air, by bus, by taxi, by bicycle, by boat, by wire, by telephone, by phone, by post, by letter等。(3)按照，以，依据(表示数量、尺寸、程度，单位词前用定冠词the)It is eight oclock by my watch.我的表现在是8点钟。Meat is sold by the pound.肉按磅卖。They are paid by the day/by the hour.他们的报酬按日/小

41、时计算。The hall is 200 feet long by 150 feet wide.这个大厅长200英尺，宽150英尺。Never judge a person by his looks.千万别以貌取人。(4)在之前，不迟于(表示时间)We can finish the work by the end of the month.我们到月底可以完成这项工作。(相当于We will have finished the work by the end of the month.)Can you return the book by Monday?星期一之前你能还书吗？(5)经过，沿着(表示

42、动作的方向、位置)They went by the school library.他们路过校图书馆。She entered by the back door.她从后门进入。(6)因，由于(表示原因)He took my book by mistake.他错拿了我的书。(7)被，由(用于被动语态，后接动作的执行者)The book was written by an American writer.这本书是一位美国作家写的。Family is a novel by Ba Jin. 家是巴金写的一部小说。(8)(一个)接着(一个)，(一个)又(一个)(表示连续或反复)The wounded sol

43、dier moved along inch by inch.受伤的士兵慢慢向前移动。A foreign language must be learned step by step.外语只能按部就班地学。(9)以之差He is taller by a head. 他高出一头。I missed the train by five minutes.我差5分钟没赶上火车。(10)就(职业、本性)来说He is a doctor by profession.他从医为业。(11)对待，对(表示关系)He does well by his friends. 他待朋友好。20) down(1)向(河，海等)下

44、游；沿着往下，通过往下(表示动作方向，反义词为up)The ship sails down the river.船顺流而下。They began to go down the mountain.他们开始下山。(2)沿着，向的尽头(相当于along，表示平行的方向，指街道等)She saw an old man coming down the path.她看见一位老人沿小路走来。He walked down the street.他沿街走去。(3)(由北)往南，(由郊区)往市区，(由住宅区)往商业区或市中心区They will go down south during the winter va

45、cation.寒假他们将要到南方去。(比较：go up north 去北方)He went down town last Sunday.上星期天他去商业区了。They went down town together that afternoon.那天下午他们一起进了城。21) during在期间(表示时间)Some animals hunt for food during the night.有些动物在夜间觅食。He often came to see her during her illness.她生病的时候他常来看她。22) except除以外(除去的是同类事物，除去的不包括在内，后可接名

46、词、代词、介词短语或从句等)They go to school every day except Saturday and Sunday.除了星期六和星期天外，他们每天都上学。She looked for the key everywhere except under the bed.那把钥匙她到处都找了，只有床底下没找。I like her except when she is angry. 我挺喜欢她，除了她生气的时候。提示except和except for都可以表示“除之外”，除去的是同类事物，但在句首时只能用except for，不可用except。Except for Mary, everyone attended the party.除玛丽外，所有的人都参加了晚会。(不可用except)She answered all the questions except for the last one. 除最后一个外，她回答了所有的问题。(可用except)except for 还可以表示“除了，只是”，除去的不是同类事物，而是在说明基本情况之后，引出一个相反的细节，在某一方面对句子的主要意思加以修正，这时不可用except。The letter was well written except for a few spelling mi