高中英语词汇辨析系列P部讲义.docx

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1、P_ _ _524 pain和ache1.pain为普通用词，表示身心方面痛苦，可指不同部位、不同程度呈不同持续时间的疼痛。I have a pain in my shoulder.我肩痛。She complained of severe pains in her chest.她自诉胸部剧痛。The boy was crying with pain after he broke hisarm.这个男孩摔断了手臂，正在痛苦地哭喊。The death of his father gave him much pain.他父亲的去世使他极为悲痛。提示take (great) pains with st

2、h./to do sth./in doingsth.表示“努力，费尽苦心”。She took great pains to study the problem.她下苦功夫研究那个问题。She took pains with hair.她在做头发上花了一番工夫。ache一般指身体某部位持续的隐痛，常构成复合词，如：headache(头痛)， toothache(牙痛)，stomachache(胃痛)。He had a bad headache last night.昨天夜里他头痛得厉害。Chocolate gives me toothache.巧克力糖使我牙痛不已。提示除了headache用作可

3、数名词外，其他由ache构成的复合词多作不可数名词。525 paint和draw1 paint指用油画颜料或水彩颜料画图，还可表示“油漆某物”。She painted a picture in oils.她画了一张油画。He painted the door blue.他把门漆成蓝色。2 draw指用素描画画，如用铅笔等，也表示画线条，画图案。He drew a map of China.他画了一张中国地图。She drew a bird on the blackboard.她在黑板上画了一只鸟。Please draw a straight line here.请在这里画一条直线。提示pain

4、ting指水彩画或油画，而drawing指用铅笔作的绘画、图样或制图等。There is a beautiful painting on the wall.墙上有一幅很漂亮的油画。There is a drawing of the eagle on the wall.墙上有一幅鹰的素描。526 pair和couple pair意为“双，件”，是可数名词，用于指由两个部分的有机结合，缺一不可，如shoes(鞋子)，socks (袜子)，stockings (袜子)，glasses(眼镜)等。pair前面可加形容词。结构为：apair of+复数名词一件two pairs of+复数名词两件ane

5、w pair of+复数名词一双新的 pair作主语时，谓语动词一般要同pair一致，即：a pair of+单数动词two pairs of+复数动词this pait of+单数动词these pairs of+复数动词A pair of socks was bought yesterday.昨天买了一双新袜子。These pairs of shoes are worn out.这几双鞋穿破了。3 couple指任何两个同样的东西。There are a couple of cars downstairs.楼下有两辆小汽车。The guests came in couples.客人们成双成

6、对地来了。提示pair与couple均可指“夫妻”，但pair侧重实际匹配的结合，而couple则指表面的结果。It is not every couple that is a pair.天下夫妇多，珠联璧合少。527 panic, fear, dread和terror1 panic恐慌，慌乱，多是突发的，使人惊慌失措，并很快蔓延开来。When the fighting began, some of them got into their cars and took off in a panic.一开始打起来，他们一些人就跳上车仓皇逃走了。There was a panic when the

7、fire started.火灾发生时，引起了一场惊恐。fear害怕，惧怕。指担心自己会受到伤害，或某种危险、不好的事情会降临到自己头上。He was brought up with no fear of animals.他从小就不害怕动物。Talk about your hopes and fear to your friends.把你的希望与担忧同朋友们说说。3 dread恐怖，畏惧。指由于担心会发生不快的或令人惊畏的事而感到极大的惊恐或害怕。He spoke of his growing dread of getting old.他说到他越来越害怕渐入老境。Her dread was th

8、at the child would be infected with the disease.他担心那孩子会染上这种病。terror恐怖，指极大的惊骇或恐惧。the terrors of war 战争的恐怖Eyes wide with terror, she watched the knife flash towards her.她看见刀子向她挥了过来，吓得两眼睁得大大的。528 paper和papers1paper作“纸”解时，为不可数名词。如：two pieces/sheets of paper(两张纸)。2paper作“论文，文件，报纸，试卷”解时，是可数名词。如：an easy pa

9、per(一份容易的试卷)，some important papers(一些重要文件)，todayspapers(今天的报纸)。提示paper有时可用来表示“某一种纸”(a kind ofpaper)，如：acoarse paper(一种粗糙的纸)。529 pardon,forgive,excuse, overlook,neglect, forget和sorry结构不同。pardon和forgive可以有双宾语，结构为pardon/forgive+名词/代词+动名词；而excuse只能跟一个宾语，结构为excuse+名词/代词/动名词。Please pardon him doing that.请

10、原谅他做了那件事。(=Please pardon him for doing that.)He forgave you saying so.他原谅了你这样说话。(=He forgave you for saying so.)She excused you coming late.误She excused your coming late.她原谅了你迟到。=She excused you for coming late.使用的场合不同。(1)Excuse me 常用于要插话，要走开，表示异议、询问等场合，意为“对不起，请原谅，打扰一下”。Excuse me, butI must be going

11、 now.对不起，我该告辞了。Excuse me for my coming late.请原谅，我来晚了。(2)Im sorry或 Sorry常用于口语中与非正式场合，表示因过失、遗憾、打扰而向对方表示道歉。Im sorry for giving you so much trouble.对不起，给你添了很多麻烦。Im sorry to have kept you waiting so long.对不起，让你久等了。Sotry Im late.对不起，我来迟了。(3)I beg your pardon 或 pardon 常用于正式场合：做了错事向别人道歉，应用降调。谈话中提出异议前，意为“请你原

12、谅”。在没听清对方的话，请求对方重复时用，意为“请再说一遍”。I beg your pardon. What did you say? I wasntlistening.对不起，你说什么？我刚才没听到。Pardon,could you say it again?对不起，你能不能再说一遍？Pardon me, Mr. Li, I wonder if youd do me afavor?对不起，李先生，你能不能帮我一个忙？A:Tom has won the first prize.汤姆获得头名。B: Pardon?请再说一遍。含义不同。overlook与forget相比较，词义较窄。overloo

13、k可指由于疏忽未做应做之事或故意遗漏；forget为一般用词，可指由于某事不重要或过于复杂等原因而未能记住；neglect主要指有意地忽视、忽略或因粗心疏忽。neglect ones meals and sleep废寝忘食neglect ones duties玩忽职守I forgot to tell her about it.我忘记告诉她这件事。 overlook,forgive和pardon都可指“原谅，宽恕”。overlook语气较弱，指宽容他人的缺点或不计较无碍大局的小过失；forgive指宽恕他人对自己的冒犯、带有同情或怜悯等个人感情；pardon较正式，多指宽恕较严重的过失、罪过、冒

14、犯或违反道德、法律等的行为。She forgave him for being rude.她原谅了他的鲁莽。Mother overlooked her little sons fault.母亲宽恕年幼儿子的过错。She overlooked his rudeness and tried to pretend nothing had happened.她没有理会他的粗鲁举动，竭力装作若无其事的样子。530 pass sth.on to和pass on to sth.1pass sth. on to sb.相当于hand sth.on to sb.,意为“把某物传递给某人”。She passed

15、the book on to Jack.她把那本书传给了杰克。He took over the ball and then passed it on to Jim.他接过了球，然后把它传给了吉姆。 pass on to sth.意为“接下来做，往下谈”。They passed on to the next question.他们接着讨论下一个问题。Lets pass on to the exercises.我们来看一下练习。提示pass on可以表示“前进，去世”等含义。They passed on in spite of the heavy rain.尽管下着大雨，但他们仍继续前进。The

16、old man passed on last night.那位老人昨晚去世了。531 pause, stop和ceasepause指短暂的停止，且含有再进行之意。He paused to tie his shoes.他停下来系鞋带。stop为一般用语，特指停止做某事，如：活动、前进等；表示结束，有短期或突然停止的意味。stop后可接不定式或动名词，但意义往往有差异。She stopped to read the article.她停下来读这篇文章。(停止做别的事，来读这篇文章)She stopped reading the article when she saw mecoming.她看见我来

17、就停止读那篇文章了。(不再读那篇文章了)cease较正式，为文学用语，表示徐徐停止、或强调该行为或活动已永久地结束。该词接不定式和动名词意思相同。He has ceased to breathe.他已经停止呼吸了。It has ceased snowing.雪(渐渐地)停了。532pay, salary, wage,payment,fee,pension,tip和tuition1pay是常用词，意为“薪水，工作的报酬”，为总称，一切从工作中所得到的报酬都可以称为pay，尤指雇员通过劳动定期从雇主那里取得的报酬。Dont worry about your pay.不要担心你的工资。I get m

18、y pay once every month.我每月领一次工资。2 salary常指脑力劳动者领取的薪水，如教授、高级职员等，表示固定的月薪或年薪。salary有单复数变化。The professor has received his salary for thismonth.那位教授已领取了这个月的工资。Einstein asked for a very small salary when working there.爱因斯坦在那里工作时，只要求非常少的薪水。He gets a salary of 12,000 dollars a year.他的年薪是12000美元。Should docto

19、rs salaries be higher?医生的薪水应该高些吗？wage常指体力劳动者的工资，常按小时或天数计算，也指工资总称。His wages are 100 dollars a week.他的工资是每周100美元。She works at the wages of ten dollars every fivehours.她的工资是每5小时10美元。提示1wage通常用复数形式，但用于某些词组或作定语时例外。如：pay sb. a living wage付某人能维持生活的工资a week wage of 200 dollars一星期200美元的工pay常可用来代替salary或wage。

20、4payment指具体买什么，享受什么服务等所付出的一笔笔款项。cash payment 现金付的款down payment (=deposit)定金 fee指费用，支付给专业人员的费用，如给牙医的费用(dental fees)，给律师的费用(fees for alawyer)。pension指定期发放的养老金、退休金或艺术家等的补助金。ones retirement pension退休养老金tip指小费，付给餐饮业和其他服务人员的。tuition指学费。533 peak, summit, mount和climaxpeak指陡峭的山峰或顶部。We climbed to the peak of

21、the mountain at astretch.我们一口气爬到了山的顶峰。 summit指群山的或整座大山的最高处，峰顶，不一定陡峭，可用于比喻，如：summit meeting(峰会)。 mount只用于山峰的命名，如：Mount Tai 泰山。climax意为“最高点”，如力度、强度、兴趣等，达到高潮。The heat of summer has reached its climax.已经是夏季最热的天气了。534 peculiar, strange, odd和queer1 peculiar指独一无二或与众不同的事(applying to what is unique or differ

22、ent from others)。Raising frogs is a peculiar way to make a living.养蛙是一种独特的谋生方式。strange指生疏、不知道、不习惯的事(applyingtowhatis unfamiliar, unknown orunaccustomed)。A strange quiet pervaded the city.一种奇怪的寂静笼罩着这座城市。3 odd指违反常规、令人迷惑不解的事(applying to what is irregular or puzzling)。That house has been painted with an

23、odd combination of colours.那所房子被多种颜料刷得花里胡哨，古里古怪的。 queer表示“反常的，奇怪的，可疑的”(unnatural,unexpected, strange or doubtful)。He spoke in a queer way.他怪腔怪调地说。There is something gueer about her.她有些可疑之处。535 penny, pence和pennies1 penny意为“便士，硬币”，有两种复数形式：pence和pennies。2 pence指货币的“价值，金额”。3 pennies指“值1便士的硬币”，硬币数可能是一枚(

24、one coin)，也可能是多枚(several coins)，但总之是值一便士。I have five pence.我有五便士。(指金额总数)I have five pennies.我有五个值一便士的硬币。(是硬币总数，共五个硬币，每个硬币值一便士)这些新词典200便士一本。These new dictionaries are 200 pennies a copy.误These new dictionaries are 200 pence a copy. I paid five pence for the eggs with five pennies.我付5便士买了鸡蛋，用的是5个一便士的硬

25、币。536 percent和percentage1 percent意为“百分之”，前面必须有数词，后面通常要跟“of+名词”，构成“数词+percent+of+名词”结构，表示具体的百分数。本结构中的名词如果是单数，谓语动词就要用单数；如果是复数，谓语动词就要用复数。Eighty percent of the earth is covered by water.地球表面的80%被水覆盖着。Twenty percent of the students are from the south.20%的学生来自南方。percentage意为“百分率，百分数”，前面常有large, small, gre

26、at, high, what等，但不可用数词修饰，后面常跟“of+名词”。有不定冠词或what时，句中谓语动词的单复数要根据of后的名词而定。The percentage of the failures is very small.不及格的百分率很低。A small percentage of his income is spent in buying books.他收入的一小部分用于买书。A great percentage of the TV sets in the shop are made in China.这家商店出售的电视机绝大部分是中国制造的。What percentage of

27、 college students go abroad?大学生出国的百分率是多少？537 permanent, lasting,enduring, eternal,perpetual和forever1 permanent的含义广，指相当长时间内不变。 lasting指异乎寻常地持久，近似于permanent，但不意味着无休止。30enduring比上两个词多一层经得起时间和变化考验之意。eternal表示天长地久，没完没了，一成不变，语意强。perpetual的语意最强，持久而不受干扰，没变化，日常生活中用来表示厌烦，夸大其拖延太久，叫人受不了。for ever表示持久，永久，作状语，不作定语

28、、表语。538 personal和personnel1 personal a.个人的，私人的；亲自的，本人的。It is ill-mannered to ask personal questions.问别人隐私是不礼貌的。2 personnel n.全体人员，全体职员；人事(部门)，为集体名词。All personnel were asked to participate.全体员工都被要求参加。539 persuade和convincepersuade着重利用热烈的敦促、辩论或劝告，动之以情而赢得某人依附某一信仰或参与某种行为，意为“说服”。She wanted to buy the oran

29、ge dress, but we persuaded her that the blue one was more becoming.她打算买橙色衣服，但我们劝她买蓝色的更适合些。2 convince着重于诉诸理智或利用某种证据，排除某人的反对或不相信，意为“使相信，确信”。I have convinced her that she needs a vacation, but can not persuade her to take one.我已使她相信她确实需要休假，但不能说服她实际去度假。540 picture,image, drawing,painting,figure,chart和il

30、lustrationpicture指各种图像、照片。image指概念性的图像、偶像，或物理因素形成的图像，电视画面。 drawing指手绘，以线条表现为主的画像。 painting指着色、水墨的画像，绘画。5figure指图形，画像，塑像，模糊的身影、形象，常用来表示书中插图编号，如figure 1(略作fig.1)。chart指图表。illustration指插图。541 play和gameplay表示“游戏，玩耍”，指为了娱乐或消遣所进行的活动。Its pleasant to see those children at play.看到那些孩子在嬉戏是很愉快的事。game表示“比赛，竞技”，

31、指依照规则所做的活动，强调胜败之争。他们看了一场很精彩的足球赛。They watched a nice play of football.误They watched a nice game of football.542 pleased, pleasing和pleasant1pleased表示“高兴的，满意的，感到高兴的”，指由外部因素引发人们内心的喜悦，只能指人，主语是人。I am pleased to meet you.遇见你我很高兴。Iam pleased that youve won the match.你们赢了那场比赛，我非常高兴。 be pleased by侧重于“被动”。They

32、 were pleased by what she said.听了她的话，他们非常满意。He was easily pleased by flattery.他经不起奉承。 be pleased at/about/with意为“对感到满意(高兴)”，宾语为人时，常用with，宾语为事物时，可用at，about或with，意义相同。The manager is very pleased with you.经理对你非常满意。He wasnt very pleased at/about/with the result.他对结果不是很满意。Im very pleased with what he has

33、 done.我对他们做的事感到高兴。pleasant通常指天气、旅行、消息、时间等令人感到高兴、愉快、舒适，也指人或其举止等“招人喜欢的，友好的”。It is pleasant for us to take a walk here on themeadow.我们在这儿的草地上散散步很惬意。The cake is pleasant to the taste.这饼很可口。I hope you will have a pleasant journey.我希望你旅行愉快。What a pleasant lad!一个多么可爱的少年！5 pleasing表示“令人高兴的，使人愉快的”，主语通常是物。Her

34、 voice is quite pleasing.她的嗓音很悦耳。I am pleased at the pleasing news.那令人喜悦的消息使我兴奋不已。543 politician和statesman1politician为一般用词，其褒义可指有才干有见识的政治活动家，其贬义可指从事政治投机，谋取权势的政客。The mayor is a skilled politician that people cantrust.市长是一位人们信得过的有才干的政治家。He is a crooked politician.他是一个奸诈的政客。 statesman一般用作褒义，指在指导国家事务和处理

35、社会问题中具有智慧、才干和远见的政治家或国务活动家。Wise statesmen can turn back the powers ofdarkness.英明的政治家能力挽狂澜。544 popular with/amongpopular表示“受喜爱的，受欢迎的”时，常同介词with或among连用。popular还表示“流行的，大众的，民众的”等意，如：popular music 流行音乐，popular science大众科学，popular press通俗报纸，popular vote全民投票。These games are very popular with children.这些游戏很

36、受孩子们欢迎。Sam is not very popular with/among his newclassmates.山姆和他的新同学处得不是很愉快。What kind of music is popular among the youngpeople?年轻人中间现在流行什么音乐？545 population用法难点 population意为“人口”，是集体名词，一般不可加s，作主语时，谓语动词用单数。The population of Shanghai is over ten million.上海的人口超过一千万。2population有时可同a连用，构成“地点名词+has a popul

37、ation of+数词”结构，表示某地有多少人口。The village has a population of about 800.这个村子的人口大约是800。population可同big或large搭配，表示人口多，同small搭配，表示人口少，但不能同many, a lotof，few，little搭配。The country has a large population.这个国家人口众多。The city with its big population is in the west ofChina.这个人口众多的城市位于中国西部。That country has a small po

38、pulation.那个国家人口稀少。对人口提问要用what或how large，不能用how many或how much。How many is the population of the city?误What is the population of the city? 这个城市的人口是多少？How large is the population of the city?提示表示“人口中的多少是干什么的”，谓语动词常用复数形式。Two-thirds of the population in this country areworkers.这个国家人口的三分之二是工人。546 possible

39、,probable和likely1possible可作定语或表语，指事实上有可能，有客观上的可能性。Is it possible for you to take up the job?你有可能承担这项工作吗？She is the only possible woman for the position.她是担任这个职位的唯一合适人选。(合适的) probable指“很可能”，指有根据的、合理的或可信的事物，推理成分较重，可能性比possible大，可作定语或表语。Its probable that youve mistaken his meaning.你很可能误解他的意思了。The proba

40、ble cause of his failure was that he was too careless.他失败的原因大概是太粗心。3 likely指从外表，迹象进行判断可能性最大，可作定语或表语。She is likely to succeed.她极有可能成功。He is a likely young artist.他是一个很有希望的年轻艺术家。(有希望的)Jim is a likely man for the job.吉姆是做这项工作的合适人选。(合适的)提示possible不可以人或this作主语，常用句型为：It is possible (for sb.) to do sth.It

41、is possible+that从句2名词前有形容词或the only, the best, all,every修饰时，possible应放在名词后。He has tried every means possible.一切可能的方法他都试过。probable也不可以人作主语，常用句型为：It is probable thatIt seems probable+that从句他似乎很可能在这里过夜。It seems probable that he will stay here for thenight.正He is probable to stay here for the night.误lik

42、ely可用人或物作主语。他很可能承接那项工作。It is likely that he will take up the job.正He is likely to take up the job.正547 postpone, delay和put off1.0postpone推迟，正式用语，主动或有目的地推迟。We postponed the meeting for the attendance of more people concerned.为了让更多有关人士参加，我们延期开会。 delay因故把事情推迟或因某事情耽搁做另外某事。What delayed you?你因何来迟了？We deci

43、ded to delay our holiday until next month.我们决定把度假时间推迟到下个月。3put off是口语或非正式用语，表示postpone的含义。The meeting is put off, isnt it? 会议推迟了，对吗？548 practicable和practical1 practicable是“可行的，可用的”。The plan is practicable.这项计划可行。2 practical是“实际的，实用的”(concernedwith practice)。Earning a living is a practical matter.谋生是

44、个实际问题。A practical person does not spend his time and money foolishly.一个有头脑的人是不虚度光阴，也不胡乱花钱的。549 precious和previousprecious珍贵的，贵重的。To me our friendship is a very precious thing.对我来说，我们之间的友谊是非常可贵的。He has lost precious working time.他失去了宝贵的工作时间。2 previous以前的，先前的，先的。Have you had any previous experience, or

45、 is this kind of work new to you?你先前有过这种经历吗，抑或这对你来说是新工作？550 predict,forecast和foretell1predict较正式，语气较强，指根据自然定律断定未来之事或从事实推断，其准确程度不一。predict rain for tomorrow预告明天有雨predict success for the exploration预言探险会成2 forecast与predict同义，语气较弱，指根据已知可能的发展进程或将来情况作出大概的预测，尤用于天气预报。forecast the future 预测未来Heavy rain has

46、been forecast for Sunday.天气预报星期天有大雨。3 foretell为一般用词，可与predict换用，其主语可以是人或物。Timely snow foretells a bumper harvest.瑞雪兆丰年。551 prefer用法难点prefer是及物动词，意为“更喜欢，宁愿”。结构为：prefer doing sth.(表示一般倾向)prefer to do sth.(表示特定的或具体的某个动作)prefer sb. to do sth.prefer sth.to sth.宁愿而不prefer doing sth. to doing sth.宁愿而不prefe

47、r sth.rather than sth.宁愿而不prefer to do sth. rather than do sth.宁愿而不Do you prefer milk or coffee?你要牛奶还是咖啡？I prefer spending the summer holiday in the north.我宁愿在北方度暑假。She prefers to live in the countryside.她宁愿住在乡下。I prefer you to answer the question.我宁愿让你回答这个问题。Ishould prefer her not to come.我倒宁愿她不来。She prefers eggs to beef.鸡蛋与牛肉相比，她更喜欢鸡蛋。I prefer walking to riding a bike.我宁愿步行而不愿骑自行车。I prefer her to try it in another way.我愿意让她用另外一种方法试试。I prefer to walk there r