简明语法系列动词的语态讲义.doc

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1、动词的语态学习英语的语态，需要把握两点：一是和汉语相比，英语被动语态的使用频率要高很多；二是被动语态是指不同时态的被动语态，要牢记其构成形式。一、语态的概念语态是动词的一种形式，表示主语和谓语之间的语法或语义的关系。英语动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。被动语态广泛应用于科技文献中，因为科技文体往往强调对客观事物的描述而较少提及动作的执行者。在含有被动语态的句子中，动作的执行者用by短语表示，但当不知道或没有必要知道动作的执行者时，通常省略by短语。例如：The authoritative department has auth

2、enticated those graduation certificates.权威部门已经证明那些毕业证是真的。Those graduation certificates have been authenticated by the authoritative department.那些毕业证已由权威部门证明是真的。I wonder if the window glass was broken by the little boy. 我想那扇窗户玻璃是不是那个小男孩打碎的。 Excuse me, Mrs. Maas. I know when it happened. The window gl

3、ass was broken during lunchtime.对不起，马斯夫人，我知道这事什么时候发生的。那扇窗户玻璃是午饭时被打碎的。二、被动语态的形式谓语动词被动语态的基本形式为“be+动词的过去分词”，助动词be的形式与其作为连系动词的变化形式完全一样。含有情态动词的被动语态由“情态动词+be+动词的过去分词”构成。以give为例，将各时态的主动语态和被动语态形式对比如下： 主动 被动一般现在 give/gives am/is/are given一般过去 gave was/were given一般将来 will/shall give will/shall be given现在进行 am

4、/is/are giving am/is/are being giver过去进行 was/were giving was/were being given现在完成 have/has given have/has been given过去完成 had given had been given过去将来 would/should give would should be given将来完成 will/shall have given will/shall have been given过去将来完成 would/should have given would/should have been give

5、n将来进行 will/shall be giving 无过去将来进行 would/should be giving 无现在完成进行 have/has been giving 无无天尤过去完成进行 had been giving将来完成进行 will/shall have been giving过去将来完成进行would/should have been giving例如：People grow corn in the north of the country.人们在这个国家的北部地区种植玉米。Corn is grown in the north of the country.玉米在这个国家北部

6、地区种植。(一般现在时的被动语态)The neighbors didnt forget his kindness easily.邻居们不会轻易忘记他的友好。His kindness wasnt forgotten easily by his neighbors.他的友好不会轻易被邻居们忘记。(一般过去时的被动语态)Governments at different levels will offer plenty of jobs to the unemployed.各级政府将给失业者提供大量的工作职位。Plenty of jobs will be offered to the unemploye

7、d.大量工作职位将提供给失业者。(一般将来时的被动语态)The students are decorating their classroom with flowers.学生们正用鲜花装饰教室。Their classroom is being decorated with flowers.他们的教室正用鲜花装饰。(现在进行时的被动语态)This time last month they were repairing many race cars in the garage. 上个月这个时候他们正在修理厂修理许多赛车。Many race cars were being repaired in t

8、he garage this time last month. 上个月这个时候许多赛车正在修理厂修理。(过去进行时的被动语态)Their teachers have kept them busy doing all kinds of exercises every day in the past few weeks.在过去几星期里，老师们每天让他们忙于做各种各样的习题。They have been kept busy doing all kinds of exercises every day in the past few weeks.在过去几星期里，他们每天都被迫忙于做各种各样的习题。(现

9、在完成时的被动语态)The office staff members had already made all the preparations for the new programme when the director appeared for inspection.主任来视察时，办公室工作人员已经为新项目做好了所有准备。All the preparations for the new programme had already been made when the director appeared for inspection.主任来视察时，新项目的所有准备已经做好。(过去完成时的被

10、动语态)The mayor said that they would build an art centre in the downtown area next year.市长说明年他们将在市中心地带建立一个艺术中心。The mayor said that an art centre would be built in the downtown area next year. 市长说明年一个艺术中心将在市中心地带建成。(过去将来时的被动语态)They will have completed the construction of the new metro line by the end of

11、 next year.到明年年底，他们将建成新的地铁线路。The construction of the new metro line will have been completed by the end of next year.到明年年底，新的地铁线路将完工。(将来完成时的被动语态)The workers told me that they would have mended my car when I returned from my shopping.工人们告诉我当我购物回来时，他们将修好我的汽车。The workers told me that my car would have

12、been mended when I returned from my shopping. 工人们告诉我当我购物回来时，我的汽车就修好了。(过去将来完成时的被动语态)There are certain manners that must be followed during eating.就餐时有一些礼节是必须遵守的。(含有情态动词must的被动语态)This method can be used for self-study or in class.这种方法可以用于个人自学或课堂学习。(含有情态动词can的被动语态)三、语态转换时应注意的问题(一)主动语态的宾语转换为被动语态的主语主动语态变

13、为被动语态时，主动语态的宾语转换为被动语态的主语。不及物动词不可跟宾语，因此没有被动语态。(二)动词短语中的介词或副词不可漏掉由“动词+介词或副词”构成的动词短语，要把它们作为整体看，介词或副词不可漏掉。例如：You will be taken care of throughout the journey by an experienced guide.在整个旅行中，我们将会安排一位富有经验的向导为大家服务。His request for a new iPhone was turned down.他买一部新苹果手机的请求被拒绝了。He was very well thought of all

14、over the town.他在全镇评价很高。Much more attention must be paid to the interests of the disadvantaged group. 必须更多关注弱势群体的利益。(三)“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”句型语态的转换带复合宾语即“宾语+宾补”的动词改为被动语态时，要把主动结构中的宾语改为主语，而宾补保留在谓语动词后面成为主语补足语。若宾补是不带to的动词不定式，当句子变为被动语态后，作为主补的动词不定式须带to。例如：The teacher told the students to follow her instructions

15、.老师告诉学生们要遵循她的指示。The students were told to follow the teachers instructions.学生们被告知要遵循老师的指示。Mr. Hall warned his son never to drive after drinking.霍尔先生警告儿子不要酒后开车。Mr. Halls son was warned never to drive after drinking.霍尔先生的儿子被警告不要酒后开车。The neighbors often hear Guy play the guitar at midnight.邻居们经常听到盖伊在午夜

16、弹吉他。Guy is often heard to play the guitar at midnight.盖伊经常被听到在午夜弹吉他。From the day that he joined the law firm,they made him feel like an outsider.从他加入律师事务所的那天起，他们就让他感到自己像个局外人。From the day that he joined the law firm, he was made to feel like an outsider.从他加入律师事务所的那天起，他就被迫感到自己像个局外人。(四)“主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语

17、”句型语态的转换含有双宾语的主动句变为被动句时，将其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动，一般将间接宾语变为主语。如果将直接宾语变为主语，则在间接宾语前加意为“给、与”的介词to或意为“替、为”的介词for。例如：Helens mother made Helen a new skirt.海伦的母亲为海伦做了条新裙子。Helen was made a new skirt.有人给海伦做了条新裙子。A new skirt was made for Helen.有人给海伦做了条新裙子。Miss Haman showed the class her newly- published book.海曼小姐向全班

18、展示她最新出版的书。The class were shown Miss Hamans newly- published book.海曼小姐最新出版的书向全班展示。 Miss Hamans newly-published book was shown to the class. 海曼小姐最新出版的书向全班展示。(五)一些不定代词的变化当nobody、no one等否定意义的不定代词作主动句的主语时，改为被动句需将其变为anybody或anyone，作by的宾语，并将谓语动词变为否定形式。当anything、anybody、anyone等不定代词作否定主动句的宾语时，变为被动句需将其分别变成not

19、hing、nobody、no one作主语，并将谓语动词变为肯定形式。例如：Nobody can understand the meanings behind those words.没有人能理解这些词汇背后的意思。The meanings behind those words cannot be understood by anybody. 这些词汇背后的意思没有人能理解。No one in the class can give the right answer to the question.班上没有一个人能给出问题的正确答案。The right answer to the questio

20、n cannot be given by anyone in the class.问题的正确答案班上没有人能给出。The local government hasnt done anything new to ease traffic congestion.地方政府没有作出任何新举措以缓解交通拥堵。Nothing new has been done to ease traffic congestion by the local government.任何缓解交通拥堵的新举措都没有被地方政府作出。He doesnt blame anybody for his sons death.他没把他儿子的

21、死归罪于任何人。Nobody is blamed for his sons death.他儿子的死没有人受到怪罪。(六)有些由及物动词转化来的不及物动词可以用主动式代替被动式常见的动词包括clean、cook、cut、lock、open、read、sell、shut、translate、wash、wear、write等。这种句子中的主语多由表示事物的词语充当，这些动词常与表示行为方式的状语连用，表示主语内在的品质或性能。例如：I like to wear cotton shirts because they wear well and comfortably.我爱穿棉衬衣，因为它们耐穿又舒服。

22、Many Chinese expressions do not translate well into English.许多汉语用语不容易译成英语。This material doesnt cut easily.这种材料不容易切割。This floor cleans easily.这地面容易擦洗干净。(七)一些主动句不能改为被动句1. 感官动词look、smell、sound、taste、feel等用作连系动词的句子感官动词look、smell、sound、taste、feel等用作连系动词的句子，用主动形式表示被动意义。例如：The monkey looks funny in that ha

23、t.这只猴子戴那顶帽子看上去很滑稽。Good medicines taste bitter.良药苦口。Good advice sounds harsh to the ear. 忠言逆耳。This material feels very soft.这种料子摸上去很软。2.及物动词leave、reach、enter等的宾语是表示地点或处所的名词的句子当及物动词leave、reach、enter等的宾语是表示地点或处所的名词时，主动句不能改为被动句。例如：Minors mustnt enter the websites containing adult materials.未成年人禁止进入有成人资讯

24、的网站。They reached Los Angeles at ten oclock at night.他们夜间十点钟抵达洛杉矶。The suspect left the courtroom flanked by armed guards.犯罪嫌疑人在武装警卫护送下离开法庭。3.表示状态的及物动词和动词短语作谓语的句子有些表示状态的及物动词和动词短语作谓语，如hold (容纳)、mean(意味着)、equal(等于)、lack(缺乏)、last (持续/维持)、fit (适合)、consist of(包括)、belong to(属于)等，主动句不能改为被动句。例如：The pink fits

25、my sister very well.粉红色特别适合我妹妹。The brown backpack belongs to Miss Dill.这个褐色的背包是迪尔小姐的。The small house cannot hold such a big family now. 这所小房子盛不下这个大家庭了。4. 宾语是反身代词、相互代词、同源宾语、动词不定式、动名词的句子宾语是反身代词、相互代词、同源宾语、动词不定式、动名词时，不能变为被动句子的主语。例如：They enjoyed themselves very much at Duncans birthday party last night.昨

26、天晚上，他们在邓肯的生日聚会上玩得很尽兴。They often helped each other in those hard years.在那些艰苦的岁月里，他们经常互相帮助。She taught herself French when she was at college.她上大学时自学法语。To learn maths is a pleasure to her.学习数学对她来说是一种乐趣。A great number of people like living in the countryside in Britain.在英国，许多人喜欢住在乡下。5.包含不可分割的成语动词的句子一些不可

27、分割的成语动词，如lose heart(灰心)、make up ones mind(下决心)、keep ones word(遵守诺言)、take place(发生)等，不能变为被动式。例如：My mother neither turns arrogant in victory nor loses heart in defeat.我母亲胜不骄，败不馁。He has already made up his mind to leave Europe for America.他已下决心离开欧洲去美国。He kept his word and waited at the gate of the buil

28、ding for a whole night. 他实现了自己的诺言，在大楼门口守了一整夜。The hijack took place just after the plane took off.劫持是飞机刚起飞后发生的。(八)有些结构在英语中用被动语态，在汉语中不出现主语这些结构包括It is said that(据说)、It is reported that(据报道)、It is supposed that(据推测)、It is hoped that(希望)、It is well known that (众所周知)、It is generally considered that (普遍认为)

29、、It is suggested that(建议)、It must be pointed that(必须指出)、It must be admitted that(必须承认)等。例如：It is said that the student with high scores cheated during the college entrance examination.据说那个高分的学生在高考中作弊了。It must be admitted that great changes have been made in Tibet in the past thirty years.必须承认过去30年西藏

30、发生了翻天覆地的变化。It is reported that the newly-elected president is going to visit several foreign countries in order to enhance the friendship with its neighbors.据报道那位当选总统为了增进与邻国的友谊将出访数个国家。It is hoped that the new coach may be able to revive the football team.希望新教练能使这个足球队重整旗鼓。(九)“get+动词过去分词”常常代替“be+过去分词”

31、表示被动含义在口语中，“get+动词过去分词”常常代替“be+过去分词”表示被动含义。前者强调动作，可表示突然发生而未曾料到的情况；后者表示状态。例如：Owens glasses got broken while he was playing basketball with his friends.欧文和朋友们玩篮球时把眼镜弄坏了。Sadly the old lady got run over by a car when she crossed the very busy street. 不幸的是，那位上了年纪的女士横穿那条繁忙的大街时被汽车从身上碾过。It is reported that

32、ten people were injured and another ten got killed in the explosion.据报道在这次爆炸中10人受伤，另外10人丧生。【注释】“get+动词过去分词”可用来谈论对自身所做的动作或动作的结果，此时为系表结构，而非被动结构，如get started(开始)、get drunk(喝醉)、get dressed (穿 衣)、get changed (换 衣 服)、getconfused (迷惑不解)、get drowned (溺水)、get married (结婚)、get divorced(离婚)、get lost(迷路)、get wa

33、shed(洗脸)等。例如：Zoe got drunk and disgraced herself at her brothers wedding.佐伊在她弟弟的婚礼上喝醉了，出了洋相。Even though he got well dressed, nobody asked him to take a seat and offered food to him at the dinner party.尽管他穿着讲究，宴会上没有人请他就座或给他分配食物。If you first travel to Tianjin, it is easy for you to get lost.如果你第一次去天津旅行，很容易迷路。The couple with unhappy marriage didnt get divorced until their daughter went to college. 那对婚姻不幸的夫妇当他们的女儿上大学后离婚了。17学科网（北京）股份有限公司