高中英语简明语法系列---介词讲义.doc

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1、介词介词是用于名词或代词之前、表示词与词之间关系的词类。介词常与动词、形容词和名词搭配表示不同的意义。 表示时间关系的介词1. 表示时间段的介词(1) in, after“in+时间段”的名词词组表示从现在起往后推算一段时间，“after+时间段”表示从过去某时间往后推算一段时间。例如：Hell return in three days/in three days time.他三天后回来。He left on Sunday and returned after three days.他星期日动身，三天后回来。(2) in, within,duringin表示一段时间之内，within强调不能超

2、过某段时间。表示在一段特指的时间内，可用in或during，名词前通常有冠词、物主代词等限定词。例如：The work was done in/within a week.这工作一周内就完成了。The work was done during/in the holidays.这工作是假期里完成的。表示年份、月份、季节用介词in。例如：in 1990, in July, in summer。in(3)during the(last+时间段for pastover表示在最近一段时间内，句中谓语动词通常用现在完成时。She has been in London in the last few yea

3、rs.她最近几年一直在伦敦。(4) for,overfor表示延续一段时间。over表示贯穿一段时间。例如：Ill study in the college for two years.我将在大学学习两年。I hope they will stay over Christmas.我希望他们能过完圣诞。2. 表示某一时间的介词(1) at, onat表示某一时刻，on表示某一天或日期。例如：Shall we meet at 6:30?我们六点半见面好吗？The meeting will continue on Monday, April 1.会议四月一日，星期一继续进行。注意一天内各段时间表达选

4、用正确的介词：in the morning在早晨 in the evening在晚上on a winter morning一个 on Sunday evening星期冬天的早晨 天晚上at night晚上 at Christmas 在圣诞节on the night of May 1五月 on Christmas Eve 在圣一日晚上 诞夜(2) before,bybefore表示某一时间之前，而by表示到某一时间止，句中谓语动词多用完成时态。例如：You must get to the place before six.你必须六点之前到达那个地方。By the end of last year

5、 the lady had given five concerts.到去年年底这位女士开了五场音乐会。(3) after, sinceafter可以表示过去某一点时间之后，并不延续说话时间，因此和一般过去时连用，而since表示从过去某时间开始的一段时间延续到说话时间，与现在完成时连用。例如：I lived in Belgium after the war.战后我住在比利时。Since the end of last year the lady has given five concerts.自去年年底以来这位女士开了五场音乐会。(4) fromto,till/untilfromto表示从某一

6、点时间到另一点时间的一个阶段，而till/until表示某动作或状态延续到某点时间。例如：但“从早到晚”常表达为from morning till night。(5) forfor表示“在指定时间”。例如：Id like to book a double-room for Saturday night.我想预定一间双人房，周六晚上。The appointment with the manager was arranged for 10 oclock in the morning.约见经理被安排在上午十点。3. 不含介词的表示时间的词或词组含this，that，last,next的表示时间的名词

7、词组，以及某些表示时间的副词或名词词组前不用介词。例 如：this week, last month, next year, 表示事物之间位置的介词1.at,in当事物被视作一点，不强调其空间常用介词at，而表示空间内部用介词in。例如：Ill meet them at the bookstore.我和他们在书店见面。I stayed in the bookstore as it was raining hard.因为下大雨，我待在书店里。动词arrive后可接at，表示较小的地方，如车站、村庄，也可以接in，表示较大的地方，如城市、地区等，在某些搭配中用on。例如：He arrived at

8、 the station later than I.他到车站比我晚。Well arrive in New York in two days.再过两天我们将到纽约。2. in,to,onin表示事物在区域范围内的位置，to表示事物相对区域范围之外另一事物的位置，而on表示事物与另一区域的接界关系。例如：The town lies in the south of France.这个城镇在法国南部。The town lies to the south of the village.这个城镇在村庄南面。Mexico lies on the south of America.墨西哥在美国南面。3.bef

9、ore, in front of除少数惯用语外，表示某事物位置在另一事物前面用in front of，但表示“与面对面”或“在某人跟前”常用before。例如：He sat in front of the judge.他坐在法官的前面。He was brought before the judge.他被带到法官面前。There are some trees in front of the temple.庙前有几棵树。The man knelt before the temple,praying.那个人跪在庙跟前祈祷。注意in the front of表示“在某空间的前部”，而ahead of通

10、常表示“在某人前面”。例如：Id like to take a seat in the front of the theatre.我想坐在剧场前面的座位。We suddenly saw a light ahead of us.我们突然看见前面一盏灯。4.across,oppositeacross表示“在另一边”，而opposite表示“在某事物对面”，例如：There is a hospital across the street.马路对面有个医院。He lives opposite the post office.他住在邮局对面。5.after,behindafter指顺序先后，而behin

11、d指位置在某事物之后，相对于in front of而言。He entered the room after his father.他跟着他父亲进了屋。He stood behind his father.他站在他父亲身后。at the back/rear of可表示“在后面”或“在后部”，而in the back/rear of也可表示“在后部”：He built a garage at the back /rear of his house.他在房子后面建了个汽车库。There is a kitchen in/at the back/rear of the house.房子后部有个厨房。6.

12、at,by, beside, next to,againstat, by, beside均表示“在旁边”，next to表示“紧靠的旁边”，而against强调“靠着、顶着”。例如：She sat at the table, waiting for her husband.她坐在桌旁，等着丈夫。I put the milk jug on the table by the window.我把牛奶罐放在窗旁的桌上。He took a seat beside me.他在我旁边坐下。I decided to buy the house next to Sams.我决定买下山姆隔壁的那幢房。A litt

13、le piano stood against the wall.一架小钢琴靠墙放着。7.near, close tonear,close to都表示“在附近”。例如：They set up a store near/close to our school.他们在学校附近开了个店。注意nearby通常用作副词或形容词表示“在附近”或“附近的”：8.around/round,alongaround与round同义，表示“围绕”，along表示“沿着某条线旁边”。例如：He planted bushes round/around the meadow.他在草地四周种了灌木。We could see

14、small inns along the highway.沿公路我们可以看到一家家小旅馆。9.on,inon表示“在某事物表面上”。如将事物看做空间，表示在其内部用介词in。例如：(A modern painting hung on the wall.墙上挂着一幅现代画。There was a tiny hole in the wall.墙上有个小洞。She carried a baby on her back.她背着一个小孩。He had a pain in his back. 他背疼。10.from,off都表示“离开”，如果事物视作一个点用from，如果视作一条线或一个面，则用off。例

15、如：It is ten miles from the school.这儿离学校10英里。That is an island off the west coast of Europe.那是欧洲西海岸外的一座岛。11. above, over; below,underover, under表示垂直的上下关系，而above，below仅表示位置上“高于”或“低于”，不表示垂直关系。例如：A lamp hung over the desk.书桌上方悬着一盏灯。The mountain is 1,000 feet above the sea level. 这座山海拔1，000英尺。He slept un

16、der the big tree.他睡在大树下。There was a flower bed below my windows.我窗户下有个花坛。12.between, amongbetween表示“两个事物之间”，among表示“三者以上的事物之间”。例如：He put a bookmark between the pages.他把一个书签夹在书中。The teacher stood among the children.老师站在孩子中间。但表示三者以上的事物两两之间，仍须用between。例如：There is a canal between the three cities.这三个城市之

17、间有一条运河。表示运动方向的介词介词 意义 例句into, 从外到内 He went quickly into/inside the office.他很快进inside, 办公室。in He put the tools in/into the case.他把工具放进箱子。out of 从里到外，相当于She went out of/outside the room in a hurry.她匆outside，或从里向外，匆出了房间。相当于from He watched the scenery out of/from the window.他透过窗观看外面的风景。on 在表面 The paper

18、boat is floating on the water.纸船浮在水面上。onto 到上 He jumped onto the platform.他跳上平台。from 离开 He suddenly lost balance and fell from the bike.他突然失去平衡，从自行车上掉下来。off 离开 He knocked the bottle off the table carelessly.他不小心把瓶子碰下桌子。续表介词 意义 例句by, past经过 On my way to school, I go by/past the shop everyday.上学的路上，我每

19、天经过这家商店。above 在上方 The plane flew above the clouds.飞机在云上方飞。over 越过 The plane flew over the top of the mountain.飞机飞越山顶。across 穿过一平面 He kicked the ball hard and it moved across thegrass. 他用力踢球，球飞过草地。through 穿过一空间 The train moved quickly through the tunnel.火车飞驶，穿过隧道。to 到目的地 We were able to swim to the s

20、hore.我们游到了岸边。续表介词 意义 例句towards 朝方向运动 We swam towards the shore with great efforts.我们奋力朝岸边游去。at 以为目标 The policeman rushed at the robber.警察朝抢劫者冲去。for 以为目的地 The train is leaving for New Orleans.火车开往新奥尔良。from+副词从 I heard a noise from below.我听到下边来一阵或介词 噪声。I took out my watch from under the pillow.我从枕下取出手

21、表。常用介词用法比较1. about, onabout表示“关于”，强调内容，on表示“论及”。例如：This is a book about foxes.这是一本写狐狸的书。This is a book on foxes.这是一本论狐狸的专著。2.as,likeas表示“作为”，强调身份，like表示“像”。例如：As a teacher,he cares for these children.作为教师，他关心这些孩子。Like a teacher, he cares for these children.他像老师般地关心这些孩子。3.at, by,forat表示价格，by表示“以出售”，f

22、or表示交换关系，“花价钱”。例如：He sells the eggs at $2 a dozen.这些鸡蛋他以2美元一打出售。Eggs are sold by the dozen.鸡蛋按打出售。He sold the eggs for fifty pounds.这些鸡蛋他卖了50镑。4.at, with注意at和with表示速度时的惯用搭配：The car movedat a speed of forty kilometres an hour汽车以每小at full/top speed时40千米/全速行驶。He hit the ball back with great speed他飞快地把球

23、打回with all speed去。5.against,fromagainst表示“防备”，from表示“不受之害”。例如：We are all taking the medicine against the flu.我们都吃药防感冒。The straw will protect the crops from the cold.这些草将保护庄稼不受冻害。6.with,of, inwith表示“外貌特征或附带的东西”，of表示“内在性格或特征”，in表示“衣着”。例如：A man with dark glasses wants to see you.一个戴墨镜的人想见你。Alice is a g

24、irl of quiet temper.爱丽丝是个脾气平和的姑娘。These two stamps are of the same kind.这两张邮票一样。The girls in red dresses look pretty.穿红裙子的女孩看上去很漂亮。7.with,in表示“用作工具”，用介词with，但在某些固定搭配中也可以用in。“用某语言”须用in。例如：The boy is learning to write with a pencil孩子在学习用铅in pencil笔写字。Pane liked to paint in ink/oil/bright colours.潘恩喜欢用墨

25、水/油画颜料/鲜艳的颜色作画。He made his speech in simple English.他用简单的英语作演说。8.for,to(1) for表示“为了”，to表示动作对象，“对，向”。例如：He would do anything for his people.他愿意为他的人民做一切。Did you ever mention this to my parents?你对我父母提过这事吗？(2)for表示“就某情况而论”，to表示“对某对象而言”。例如：It is quite warm tonight for February.就二月份的天气，今晚够暖和的。What he said

26、 was not new to us.他说的话对我并不新鲜。(3)for表示“目的，用途”。与go，come动词连用时，常用on表示目的。例如：He collected some materials for his new book.他收集了一些新书用的材料。He came to the city on a visit.他来这城市访问。9. at, in, on这三个介词与某些名词搭配表示“状态、处于某种情况”。例如：The country was then at war.这个国家当时处于战争。They are in danger.他们处境危险。She was on night duty th

27、at day.那天她值夜班。注意这些介词的惯用搭配：at ease 舒坦，at peace 处于和平状态，at rest 休息，at work在工作，in tears流泪，in a hurry匆忙，in fear 害怕，in trouble 处于麻烦中，in high spirits情绪高，on strike在罢工，on guard在岗上,on business 出差，on leave 休假，on the watch 对戒备。10.except,but, besides, apart fromexcept表示“从总体中排除一部分”，与but同义，besides表示“除了一部分还有另一部分”。例

28、如：None of the films interested me except/but a cartoon.除了一部动画片，没有一部电影使我有兴趣。The cowboy movie also interested me besides/in addition to a cartoon.除了一部动画片，西部片也使我产生兴趣。注意用于句首时except应改为except for。例如：Except for a cartoon,none of the films interested me.除了一部动画片，没有一部电影使我有兴趣。except一般用于同类排除，except for表示非同类排除。例

29、如：All the rooms were bright except my room.除了我的房间，所有的房间都很亮。The room was dark except for a faint light in the corner.除了角落里那盏昏暗的灯，房间很暗。apart from可以有except和besides两种意义。例如：Apart from English literature, I also took the course of logic.除了英国文学，我还选了逻辑。Apart from that, all went well.除了那点，一切顺利。11.表示原因的介词不少介词

30、可以表示原因，而且形成了固定搭配。例如：He came at the invitation of the students.他因学生的邀请而来。France is famous for its wine.法国以葡萄酒著名。He was tired from lack of sleep.他因缺少睡眠感到很累。Her eyes shone with pleasure.她两眼兴奋地发光。He did it out of sympathy.他出于同情干了那事。I couldnt get in touch with them because of the storm.因为暴风雨我和他们联系不上。We s

31、ucceeded thanks to their help.由于他们的帮助我们成功了。The flight was delayed due to/owing to the heavy fog.航班由于大雾耽误了。形容词与介词的搭配某些形容词常与介词搭配，而且与不同介词搭配有不同的意义。例如：He is absent from the meeting.他开会缺席。He is absent in Rome.他暂去罗马。She is good at computer.她擅长计算机。She is good to her students.她对学生很好。Milk is good for children

32、.牛奶对孩子有好处。再如：anxious about焦急，expert at擅长于，free from摆脱，active in活跃，short of短缺，harmful to对有害，busy with忙于。名词与介词的搭配某些名词惯与某些介词搭配，举例如下：Id like to ask you for advice on language learning.我想就语言学习问题向你请教。Here is the key to the exercises.这是练习答案。Some medicine has bad effect on health.有些药对健康有害。I have some troubl

33、e with idioms.我学习成语有困难。He showed no sign of pleasure at seeing his father.见到父亲他并不显得高兴。I have no doubt about it.对此我不怀疑。They had high respect for their teacher.他们很尊敬老师。She has a natural gift for music.她生来就有音乐天才。动词与介词的搭配(1)某些动词与不同介词搭配有不同的意义。例如：Few agreed with me.很少人同意我的意见。Most of the people agreed to h

34、is plan.大多数人同意他的计划。They finally agreed on the matter.最后他们在那个问题上取得一致意见。We listened to the speaker attentively.我们专心听那人演讲。Listen for the moment when the music changes.听好音乐转换的时刻。The old man died of cancer.那个老人死于癌症。The soldier died from the wound.那个士兵因伤势重死去。Their disagreement resulted in their quarrel.他们

35、意见不一导致他们吵架。The argument resulted from their difference.争论是由于他们的分歧造成的。She acted as a manager in my absence.我不在时，她当经理。This acid acts on metal.这种酸能与金属反应。(2)某些动词与at搭配表示动作，不用介词时表示动作的结果。例如：She tore at the string of the box.她企图扯断盒子的绳子。She tore the string of the box.她把盒子的绳子扯断。The beggar snatched at the bun

36、in my hand. 乞丐企图抢我手上的面包。The beggar snatched the bun in my hand.乞丐抢走我手上的面包。He shot at the wolf.他向狼开枪。He shot the wolf.他开枪把狼击毙。(3)有些动词后接介词to表示动作对象，接介词at表示动作目标。例如：The spy pointed to the boatman in the boat.间谍指着船上的船夫。The spy pointed his gun at the boatman in the boat.间谍用枪对着船上的船夫。I threw a bone to the dog.我把骨头扔给狗。I threw a bone at the dog.我将一根骨头朝狗打去。(4)有些动词如know,hear, read, speak等与of连用，表示一种间接行为，而不用介词时表示直接行为。例如：I know of the engineer.我听说过这位工程师。I know the engineer.我认识这位工程师。They read of the musician in the newspapers.他们在报纸上读到过这位音乐家的情况。They read the story of the musician.他们读了有关这位音乐家的故事。12学科网（北京）股份有限公司