简明语法系列 被动语态 讲义.doc

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1、被动语态动词语态(Voice)是表示动词主语与动词所表示的动作之间关系的一种动词形式。动词语态有两种：主动语态(The Active Voice)和被动语态(The Passive Voice)。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。动词被动语态由“be+过去分词”构成。 能用于被动语态的动词特征1.只有及物动词才能用于被动语态。例如：The poem was written by him.这首诗是他写的。A new element has been discovered by the scientist.一个新元素已被这位科学家发现。2.注意某些及物动词语态的正确使

2、用(1)表示情感的动词excite使激动，interest使产生兴趣，satisfy使满意，delight使高兴，please使高兴，astonish 使惊奇，puzzle 使困惑，confuse 使糊涂，embarrass使尴尬，annoy使不悦，amaze使惊异，等。例如：The news excited us.消息使我们激动。We were excited at the news.听到消息我们很激动。The interview satisfied the manager.访谈使经理满意。The manager was satisfied with the interview.经理对访谈很

3、满意。(2)表示受伤的动词hurt,injure,wound。例如：The driver hurt himself in the accident.The driver was hurt in the accident.驾驶员在事故中受伤。The bullet wounded his back.He was wounded in the back.他背部被子弹打伤。(3)其他动词如base以为基础，line沿排列，fill使充满，separate使分离，crowd塞满，cover覆盖，等。例如：He based his film on a true story.His film was bas

4、ed on a true story.他的影片以一个真实故事为基础。Green trees line the highway.The highway is lined with green trees.绿树沿公路排列。She covered the floor with a red carpet.The floor was covered with a red carpet.地板上铺着红地毯。The strait separates the island from the mainland.The island is separated from the mainland by the str

5、ait.海峡把岛和大陆隔开。不能用于被动语态的动词特征1.不及物动词不能用作被动语态某些不及物动词，如happen,disappear,belong(to)rise,consist等不可以误用于被动语态。例如：(误) The truck isnt belonged to the factory.(正) The truck doesnt belong to the factory.这辆卡车不属于这家工厂。(误)A horse was appeared in the distance.(正)A horse appeared in the distance.远处出现了一匹马。(误)The incid

6、ent was happened in 1930.(正)The incident happened in 1930.事件发生在1930年。(误) Indonesia is consisted of more than ten thousand islands.(正) Indonesia consists of more than ten thousand islands.连系动词不能用于被动语态。例如：Junk food tastes good, but it is bad for our health. 垃圾食品味道虽好，但对人体有害。Her face turned pale.她脸色变得苍白

7、。His conclusion proved to be wrong.他的结论证明是错的。表示度量的动词如measure(有长，宽)，weigh(重若干)不用于被动语态。例如：The swimming pool measures twenty-five metres across.游泳池宽25米。The satellite weighs two tons.这枚卫星重两吨。2.不能用作被动语态的及物动词(1)以自身代词为宾语。例如：The boy taught himself French.这个男孩自学法语。The stranger called himself Green.陌生人自称格林。注意

8、某些“动词+自身代词”组成的惯用词组与该动词被动结构意义相同。例如：(He devotes himself to the research of anti-cancer drugs.He is devoted to the research of anti-cancer drugs. 他致力于抗癌药物研究。They accustomed themselves to the new cultural background.They were accustomed to the new cultural background. 他们习惯于新文化背景。He committed himself to

9、raising funds for the charities.He was committed to raising funds for the charities. 他承诺为慈善机构筹款。We concern ourselves with children from poor families.We are concerned with children from poor families.我们关心来自贫困家庭的孩子。They seated themselves round the table.They were seated round the table.他们围桌就座。(2)以相互代

10、词为宾语。例如：We often help each other.我们经常互相帮助。Countries, big or small, should support one another.国家不分大小应该互相支持。(3)带同源宾语的动词。例如：He lived a hard life on the farm.他在农场过着艰苦的生活。The soldier died a heroic death in the battle.士兵在战斗中英勇牺牲了。(4)某些表示状态的及物动词，如fit合适，hold容纳，lack缺少，cost值，deserve值得，等。例如：The pair of trouse

11、rs fits me perfectly.这条裤子很适合我。The lecture hall can hold 200 people.演讲厅能容纳200人。The young man lacks confidence.这个青年缺少自信。The necklace costs about 2,000 dollars.项链价值约2,000美元。e deserves the honour.他值得得到这个荣誉。动词被动语态的用法1.表示主语是动作的承受者，动作执行者一般为by引出的词组。例如：All the cars have been checked by the mechanic.所有的汽车都已被机

12、械师检查过。The speech was written by a young man.这份演说词是一个年轻人写的。The patients are looked after by a young nurse.这些病人由一位年轻护士照顾。The design of the new hotel will be made by a famous architect.新旅馆将由一位著名建筑师设计。2.侧重说明主语接受动作，无须或无法知道动作的执行者是谁。例如：The letter was written in English.这封信是用英语写的。The silkworms were first ra

13、ised in China thousands of years ago.蚕是几千年前最早在中国饲养的。The sentence can be translated in another way.这个句子可以用另一种方法翻译。The tables and benches are made of stone.桌凳是用石头造的。转换成被动语态时应注意的有关结构1.S+V+O(1)这种结构在转换时把宾语作主语，把主语改为by引导的词组。例如：Rose broke the window.罗丝打碎了窗子。The window was broken by Rose.窗子是罗丝打碎的。(2)如果宾语为tha

14、t引导的宾语从句，那么可以转化为it作形式主语的名词性从句，如It is reported/ suggested/hoped that例如：We know that Britain is an island country.It is known that Britain is an island country.众所周知英国是个岛国。People believe that he will win the election.It is believed that he will win the election.人们认为他会赢得这场选举。They say that the area is ri

15、ch in oil.It is said that the area is rich in oil.据说这个地区盛产石油。上述句子也可以将宾语从句中的主语作句子主语，转换如下：Britain is known to be an island country.He is believed to win the election.The area is said to be rich in oil.2.S+V+IO+DO这种结构中的谓语动词一般带有两个宾语：直接宾语和间接宾语。转换方法有：(1) 把间接宾语转化为主语，保留直接宾语。(2) 例如：My uncle gave me a calcula

16、tor.I was given a calculator by my uncle.我叔叔给我一个计算器。He showed me his postcards of Paris.I was shown his postcards of Paris.他给我看他的巴黎明信片。(2)把直接宾语转化为主语，保留间接宾语。此时，一般须在间接宾语前加适当的介词。例如：They paid me some money.Some money was paid to me. 他们付给我一些钱。She bought them some cakes.Some cakes were bought for them.她给他

17、们买了些蛋糕。但不是所有的动词都可以转换成两种结构。下列动词通常将直接宾语转化为主语：The letter was written to him.这封信是写给他的。The suit was made for Jim.这套西装是为吉姆做的。The idiom was explained to us again.这个成语又给我们解释了一遍。(3)如果直接宾语是宾语从句或动词不定式，则必须把间接宾语转化为主语。例如：He told us that they would have the final exam soon.We were told that they would have the fin

18、al exam soon. 他告诉我们他们很快就(要期终考。He taught us how to swim.We were taught how to swim.他教我们游泳。3.S+V+O+OC这种结构转换时通常把宾语转化为主语，保留宾语补语，一般有以下几种情况：(1)补语为分词：We found him lying in bed.He was found lying in bed.我们发现他躺在床上。I saw Tim stealing out of the room.Tim was seen stealing out of the room.我看见蒂姆溜出房间。(2)补语为to不定式：

19、The teacher encouraged us to work hard at English.We were encouraged to work hard at English. 老师鼓励我们努力学习英语。The policeman allowed the driver to park his car in the street.The driver was allowed to park his car in the street.警察允许司机在街上停车。(3)补语为不带to的不定式：She saw the boy fall from the running horse.The bo

20、y was seen to fall from the running horse.她看见孩子从奔马上摔下来。(I heard them go upstairs.They were heard to go upstairs.我听见他们上楼去的。The officer made the guard stand at attention.The guard was made to stand at attention.军官使警卫立正。I let him do that alone.He was let (to) do that alone.我让他单独做那件事。用于这一结构的谓语动词一般是表示知觉的

21、动词如see，hear等以及使役动词make，let等。(4)补语为形容词或名词：(I found him a bright boy.He was found (to be) a bright boy.我发现他是个聪明的孩子。We consider the Arctic a northern part of the Atlantic.The Arctic is considered (to be) a northern part of the Atlantic.我们认为北冰洋是大西洋的北面部分。短语动词和介词动词的被动语态1.动词+副词动词+副词组成的短语动词用作及物动词时可以用于被动语态，但

22、转换时应将短语动词视为一个整体，不要遗漏副词，也不能把动词和副词分开。例如：Ann was brought up by her aunt.安由她的姨妈抚养大。The family doctor was called in.家庭医生被请来了。Old memories were called up when I saw the photo.看到这张照片唤起了我对旧时的回忆。但短语动词作不及物动词用时不能用于被动语态。例如：New Year came in with a heavy snowstorm.新年随暴风雪来临。A fire broke out suddenly in the bakery

23、last night.昨晚面包房发生火灾。2.动词+介词转换成被动结构的原则与短语动词一样。例如：The bank was broken into last night.一个窃贼昨晚闯窃银行。The young deer are well looked after in the zoo.小鹿在动物园得到很好的照顾。注意并非所有的“动词+介词”词组都可以用于被动结构。有些词组用于某些意义时不能用于被动语态，如agree with,arrive at等。3. 动词+副词+介词这类词组转换成被动结构时方法与前两类一样。例如：A poor person should not be looked dow

24、n on.不应该看不起穷人。Lost time must be made up for.失去的时间必须补回来。The old system was done away with after the war.战后废除了旧制度。4. 动词+名词+介词转换时可以将动词词组作一整体看待，也可以将词组中的名词作主语进行转换。例如：The nurses take care of these orphans.These orphans are taken care of by the nurses.Care is taken of these orphans.护士照顾这些孤儿。You should pay

25、attention to the rules.The rules should be paid attention to.Attention should be paid to the rules.你应该注意这些规则。动词主动语态表示被动的意义英语中有一些动词常用主动语态表示主语的特征。常用的动词有clean,write, close,cat, read, draw, wash, keep, wear,iron, photograph,open,sell等。例如：The girl doesnt photograph well.这姑娘不上照。The girl isnt photographed

26、well.这姑娘的照片拍得不好。The workbook sells well.这本练习册很畅销。The workbook has been sold.这本练习册已售完。又如：The pencil writes smoothly.这支铅笔写起来很顺滑。The door wont open.这门开不开。Damp clothes iron easily.湿衣服容易熨烫。The material doesnt wash well.这料子不好洗。Meat wont keep long in hot weather.肉在热天里保存时间不长。The childs trousers have worn through at the knees.孩子的裤子在膝盖处磨破了。The T-shirt sells for five yuan.这件T恤衫售价5元。8学科网（北京）股份有限公司