简明语法系列 虚拟语气 讲义.doc

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1、虚拟语气语气是表示说话者对动词所表示的动作或状态的态度的一种动词形式。英语中有三种语气：直陈语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)。虚拟语气是表示说话人一种主观愿望、假想或建议。真实条件和非真实条件英语中的条件句分为真实条件和非真实条件。真实条件表示现实情况中可能实现的情况，而非真实条件表示与现实情况相反的假想情况。比较下列各组句子的不同含义：If the working conditions are not too bad, I will accept the job. (真实条件)如果工作条件不太差，我会接受这项工作。If the working conditions

2、 were not too bad, I would accept the job. (非真实条件)如果工作条件不太差，我就接受这项工作了。(事实是The working conditions are too bad,so I wont accept the job.)He said if he failed, he would have another try. (真实条件)他说他如果失败，他还会再试一次。If he had failed, he would have had another try. (非真实条件)如果他失败的话，他会再试一次的。(事实是He didnt fail and

3、he didnt have another try.)非真实条件句非真实条件句可以分为三种情况：1. 与现在事实相反If从句主句 主句(动词过去式（be动词用were） would/should/could/might+原形动词)例如：If the room were larger,we would hold the party there.如果房间大一点的话，我们就在那儿举行聚会了。If I had money on me, I would lend you some.假如我身边有钱，我就借点给你。2.与过去事实相反If从句 主句had+过去分词 would/should/could/mig

4、ht have+过去分词例如：If the place had not been far away, we would have walked there.如果那个地方不远的话，我们就步行去那儿了。If you had been more careful, the mistake might have been avoided.如果你仔细一点，这个错误是可以避免的。3.与将来事实相反If从句 主句should/were to/was to+原形动词 would/should/could/might+原形动词动词过去式例如：If it should be fine tomorrow, we wo

5、uld go on with our harvest.如果明天天气好，我们就继续收割庄稼。If we were to have enough time,we could discuss the matter. 如果我们有足够的时间，我们可以讨论那个问题。有时if从句和主句所表示的假想情况时间不一致，如从句表示与现在事实相反，而主句表示与过去事实相反，那么句子两部分的动词形式也可以作相应的调整。例如：If you were in good health, I would have let you take that job then.如果你身体好，我当时就让你接受那项工作了。If he had

6、set out earlier, he would be home now.如果他早点出发，他现在已到家了。含蓄条件句有时非真实条件句中并不出现if从句，假想的条件隐含在情景中或者用其他语法手段表示，这种情况称为含蓄条件。含蓄条件一般可以用如下的语法手段表示：A cleverer man wouldnt have done that kind of thing.聪明一点的人不会干那种事。(形容词比较级形式)We finished in three days the job which would have taken six days to finish.我们在3天里完成了本来应该花6天完成的

7、工作。(定语从句)But for the crew, the plane would have crashed.要不是机组人员，飞机就坠毁了。(介词词组=If it had not been for the crew,)He cant have written to me. Otherwise I would have got his letter by now.他不可能写信给我，否则我现在就收到他的信了。(上下文情景)非真实条件句的倒装形非真实条件句if从句中若含有助动词should,had或者were，那么可以与主语倒装，但动词过去式不可以与主语倒装。例如：Were he here (=

8、If he were here), he would come to our help.如果他在这里，他就会来帮助我们。注意倒装结构中不能用was。Had he had lunch (= If he had had lunch), he would not have eaten so many cookies.如果他吃过午饭，他不会吃那么多小甜饼。Should it snow tomorrow (= If it should snow tomorrow), we would put off our trip.万一明天下雪，我们就推迟旅行。某些动词后接宾语从句中的虚拟语气1. suggest,i

9、nsist,demand等动词suggest, insist, demand, propose, require, ask.advise,order,request等动词后面的宾语从句中谓语动词须用虚拟语气，即(should)+原形动词。例如：The general ordered that his troops (should) move on to the front.将军命令他的部队开往前线。They require that visitors (should) not smoke in the workshop.他们要求参观者在车间不吸烟。虚拟语气同样适用于上述宾语从句转换生成的主语从

10、句、表语从句和同位语从句。例如：It is suggested that everyone (should) give a five-minute talk at the party.有人建议每个人在聚会上作5分钟的发言。His suggestion is that we (should) climb all the way to the top of the hill. He made the suggestion that we (should) climb all the way to the top of the hill.他建议我们一路爬到山顶。但注意当suggest作“暗示，表明，

11、使人联想起”解，以及insist作“坚持认为”解时，后接宾语从句仍用直陈语气。例如：He suggested that we (should) offer more courses to the students. 他建议我们为学生开设更多的课程。His puzzled expression suggested that he didnt understand what the American meant.他疑惑不解的表情表明他不懂那个美国人的意思。I insisted that the boy (should) wash his hands before having supper.我坚持

12、要那个孩子在晚饭前洗手。I insisted that I had taken the early train that morning.我坚持说那天早晨我乘的是早班火车。2. wishwish后接that宾语从句表示一种假想的情况，实现的可能性不大。宾语从句中谓语动词须用虚拟语气，有三种情况。(1) 如果假想的情况与主句主语的愿望同时发生，则从句谓语动词用过去时，be动词用were/was。例如：I wish I were/was ten years younger.我年轻10岁就好了。We wished we could fly like birds.但愿我们能像鸟一样飞。How I wi

13、shed I didnt have so much homework.我多么希望我没有那么多的作业。(2) 如果假想的情况在主句主语愿望之前发生，从句谓语动词用过去完成时。例如：I wish I hadnt taken the course.真希望我没有学那门课程。They wished that they had seized the good opportunity then. 他们真希望当时抓住这个好机会。如果假想的情况在主句主语愿望之后发生，从句谓语动词用would+原形动词。例如：I wish that we would have a good harvest this year.

14、(=But thereis little hope of having a good harvest this year.)我希望我们今年会有好收成。They wished that more aid would be sent to that area.他们希望给那个地区更多的援助。注意hope，expect后接的宾语从句中谓语动词用直陈语气。例如：I hope/expect that my dream will come true.我希望我的梦想会实现。(可能实现)I wish that my dream would come true.但愿我的梦想会实现。(不大可能实现)结构if onl

15、y同样表示一种假想情况，意为“要是就好了”，相当于wish。例如：If only he had a sense of humour.他有点幽默感就好了。、If only I hadnt lost my pass.要是我没遗失证件就好了。其他结构中的虚拟语气1. It is necessary/important that从句谓语动词为(should)+原形动词。例如：It is necessary that a high school student (should) master a foreign language.中学生必须掌握一门外语。It is important that we (

16、should) have a good knowledge of history and geography.有丰富的历史和地理知识对我们说来是很重要的。2. It is a pity/strange/surprising/no wonder that当从句谓语动词用虚拟语气(should+原形动词或should+have+过去分词)时表示欣慰、遗憾、惊奇、怀疑或不满等语气。例如：It is a pity that he should have turned down my offer.可惜他居然拒绝了我的提议。It is surprising that he should be so foo

17、lish as to believe her lie.他居然那么傻会相信她的谎言，真令人惊奇。3. as if/though引导的方式状语从句从句表示说话人假想的情况，谓语动词形式与wish+ that宾语从句原则相同 例如：The lady treats the boy well as if he were/was her own son.这女士对那男孩很好，仿佛他是她的亲儿子。They talked as if they had been good friends for years.他们谈起话仿佛是多年的好朋友。但as if后的从句中也可根据实际情况用直陈语气。例如：The sky lo

18、oks as if it is going to rain.天空看起来要下雨了。4. so that,in order that, in case等引导的目的状语从句The man saved as much as he could in order that he might buy a house of his own.为了买一幢自己的房子那个男士尽可能节约。Ill stay in the hotel in case there should be/is a telephone call.我呆在旅馆以防万一有电话。注意也可以用直陈语气。5. Id rather+从句从句谓语动词用动词过去式

19、。例如：Id rather they went with me.我倒希望他们和我一起去。Id rather you didnt do that.我倒希望你不那么干。6. It is (high) time that从句谓语动词多用动词过去式。例如：It is (high) time that we left.我们该动身了。It is (high) time that she went to bed.她该睡觉了。7. 祝愿语气用“原形动词或may+原形动词”表示。例如：Long live the Peoples Republic of China!中华人民共和国万岁！May the spirit of Lei Feng live on forever!愿雷锋精神永存！6学科网（北京）股份有限公司