简明语法系列动名词讲义-高三英语一轮复习.doc

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1、动名词动名词的句法功能动名词(The Gerund)由动词加-ing构成，兼有动词的特征和名词的功能。动名词句法功能如下：1.动名词作主语动名词可以在句中作主语。例如：Keeping a house is a tiring job.管理家务是一件很劳累的事。Watching English TV news is a good way to learn English.看英语电视新闻是学英语的好方法。也可以用先行词it，将动名词置于句末。某些形容词如good,foolish,wonderful,useless,difficult,nice等可以用于上述结构。例如：Its useless tryi

2、ng again.再试也没用。It is boring playing the violin all day.整天拉小提琴很乏味。但在important,necessary,essential,impossible等形容词后通常用不定式。某些名词fun,luck, pleasure, relief, mistake, pain,use，good也用于上述结构。例如：It is fun boating on the lake.在湖上划船很有乐趣。It is no good/use crying over spilt milk.覆水难收。动名词也可以在“There is no+动名词”结构中作主语

3、，意为“不可能”。例如：There is no knowing how the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids.不可能知道古代埃及人是如何建造金字塔的。“No+动名词”固定省略结构表示“禁止”。例如：No littering.不准乱扔杂物。(揭示语)2. 动名词作主语补足语动名词作主语补足语说明主语是什么。例如：His hobby is fishing by the lake.他的兴趣爱好是在湖边垂钓。Her job is mending books and magazines.她的工作是修补书籍和杂志。3. 动名词作宾语(1)在某些动词后作宾语常用动

4、词有understand, practise, enjoy, consider, delay, finish, imagine,miss, postpone, mind, avoid,escape，suggest等。例如：The American enjoyed having meals in the Chinese restaurant.这个美国人喜欢在中国餐馆用餐。I wonder why he always avoids meeting me.我不明白他为什么总是要避开我。James suggested climbing to the top of the tower to have a

5、 view of the whole city.詹姆士建议爬到塔顶看城市的全景。注意动词think，consider，find后常用it作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语动名词置于句子后部。例如：I dont think it any good having too many sweets.我认为吃太多的糖没有好处。He found it useless talking it over with her.他认为与她讨论此事无用。Do you consider it worthwhile reading such a book?你认为读这样的书值得吗？(2)在某些词组或结构后作宾语常用的词组和结构有pu

6、t off延期，give up放弃，cant help 情不自禁，cant stand 不能忍受，be worth值得。例如：The man couldnt stand being treated cruelly.这位男士受不了虐待。They put off holding the opening ceremony because of the bad weather.由于天气不好，他们推迟举行开幕式。The film is worth seeing a second time.这影片值得看第二遍。(3)在介词后作宾语Is there any hope of catching the earl

7、y flight?赶早班飞机还有希望吗？By watching the stars, the pilot could tell the directions.通过观察星星，驾驶员能辨别方向。He left without saying good-bye to me.他没有与我告别就离开了。The driver was fined because of parking his car in the wrong place.司机因乱停车被罚款。注意动名词同样用于动词或形容词与介词组成的词组后，如be devoted to献身于，be used to 习惯于，object to反对，insist o

8、n坚持，look forward to盼望，be sure of对有把握，be keen on酷爱，be fond of喜欢，be tired of对厌倦，be interested in对有兴趣，be afraid of害怕等。例如：The young teacher was devoted to teaching the blind.这个青年教师献身于盲人教育。We are tired of reading detective stories.我们对读侦探小说厌倦了。注意下列词组中常可省略介词：Nobody can prevent us (from) carrying on the job

9、.没有人能阻止我们进行这项工作。He had no trouble (in) finding his way in the city.他在这个城市找路没有困难。I spent the whole afternoon (in) copying my term paper.我花了一下午的时间抄写学期论文。4.动名词作定语动名词可以作名词修饰语说明名词的用途。例如：The old man climbed to the top of the tower with a walking stick (=a stick for walking)老人拄着拐杖爬到塔顶。You can smoke in the

10、smoking room.你可以在吸烟室抽烟。类似的例子还有：operating table 手术台，waiting room候车室，building material 建筑材料，shopping centre购物中心，meeting hall会议厅，dining room餐厅动名词与不定式的用法区别1.作主语的动名词和不定式动名词和不定式都可以作句子主语。例如：Its useless arguing /to argue with him.和他争论无用。Its fun riding/to ride a horse.骑马很开心。意义上的区别在于动名词表示抽象的动作，含有泛指意义，而不定式表示具体

11、的动作，与特定的对象相联系，含有特指意义。比较下面两组句子：Its hard translating Chinese poems into English.把汉语诗译成英语很难。This Chinese poem is short, but its hard to put it into English.这首汉语诗很短，但译成英语不容易。Doing simple things is boring.做简单的事很乏味。To do this simple thing will be boring.做这件简单的事将很乏味。2. begin,start, continue,neglect,propose

12、后接动名词和不定式均可，意义不变。例如：We started learning/to learn English five years ago.我们五年前开始学习英语。In spite of the difficulties, they continued doing/to do the research. 尽管有困难，他们继续研究。She neglected reminding/to remind her manager of the appointment.她忘了提醒她经理有约见。They proposed investing/to invest in the works of art.

13、他们建议投资艺术品。 但下列情况中begin和start后须接不定式。(1)主语是物不是人Spring came on, and the snow began to melt.春天来了，雪开始融化。He was getting on in years, and his hair started to fall.他上了年纪，头发开始脱落。(2)后接表示心理活动或状态的动词I began to realize how stupid I was.我开始认识到我有多笨。They began to see the importance of taking the action.他们开始明白采取这项行动的

14、重要性。(3) begin和start用于进行时态Its beginning to snow.天开始下雪了。He was just starting to give his lesson when I entered.我进去时他刚开始上课。(4)后接不定式被动式The dam started to be built last year.水坝去年开始建造。The new type of computer began to be developed in the 1980s.新型计算机20世纪80年代开始研制。3. hate, like,love,prefer后接动名词表示经常性的动作，后接不定式

15、表示具体的特定的动作。例如：I like playing chess on days off.假日我喜欢下棋。Id like to play chess with the chess master now.现在我很想和这位象棋大师对弈。Sue loves diving in her spare time.苏喜爱在业余时间潜泳。Sue didnt love to dive that day.那天苏不想潜泳。She hates lending her bike to others.她不喜欢把自行车借给别人。She didnt go to the movie as she hated to see

16、that horror film.她没去看电影，因为她不爱看那部恐怖片。I prefer taking a bus to walking.我宁愿坐车不愿步行。I prefer to take a bus as I cant walk any farther.我宁可坐车因为我走不动了。4. remember, forget,regret后接动名词表示动作在谓语动词之前已发生，后接不定式表示在谓语动词之后将要发生和未完成的动作。两者意义不同，不能互换。例如：I remember visiting his parents when I went to the town.我记得去城里时看望过他父母。I

17、ll remember to visit his parents when I go to the town.进城时，我得记住去看望他父母。Hes forgotten switching off the light.他已忘了曾经关过灯。He forgot to switch off the light when he left.他离开时忘了关灯。I regret saying those words, which clearly hurt her.我后悔说那番话，显然伤了她的心。I regret to say that I cant come tonight.我很遗憾地说一句，今晚我来不了。5

18、. mean, try, go on, help, stop上述动词用于不同意义时分别后接动名词或不定式，不能互换。例如：He tried teaching the children in a new way.他试验用新方法教儿童。He tried to teach the children as much as he could.他努力教孩子们更多的东西。Missing the train means having to stay in the local hotel for another two days.误这班火车意味着要在当地旅馆再呆两天。He meant to stay in th

19、e local hotel for another two days.他想在当地旅馆再住两天。He paused and then went on explaining the text.他停顿一下，然后继续解释课文。After finishing a pop song,he went on to sing a folk song.唱完流行歌，他接着唱了首民歌。She couldnt help admiring the painting.他情不自禁赞赏起这幅画。My suggestion couldnt help improve their service. 我的建议无助于改进他们的服务。Th

20、e couple stopped quarrel-ling when they heard the doorbell.听到门铃夫妇俩停止争吵。The couple stopped to answer the door.夫妇停下来去开门。6. need, want,require后接动名词主动态和不定式被动式，表示被动的意义。例如：The machine needs checking/to be checked. 机器需要检查。These flowers want watering/to be watered. 这些花需要浇水。Farming methods require improving/

21、to be improved 耕作方法需要改良。7. be afraid of+动名词，be afraid + to不定式“be afraid of+动名词”表示“害怕并希望避免可以预料的后果”，而“be afraid+to不定式”表示“怕有某种后患而不敢做某事”。例如：He dared not go home because he was afraid of being scolded by his father.他不敢回家，因为害怕遭父亲责骂。The boy was afraid to go near the sleeping dog.孩子不敢走近熟睡的狗。8.名词后不定式和动名词的选择(

22、1)某些名词如chance,way,opportunity可后接to不定式或of+动名词，意义无差别。例如：Id like to take this opportunity to extend/of extending our warm welcome to you.我想借此机会向你们表示热烈欢迎。I hope to have a chance to visit/of visiting the famous concert hall.我希望有机会参观这个著名的音乐厅。Animals have a curious way to send/of sending messages to each o

23、ther.动物有奇妙的方式传递信息。(2)某些带不定式作宾语的动词，以及带不定式作状语的形容词转化为名词时一般也以不定式结构作名词修饰语。例如：The need to learn computer science is becoming greater and greater.学计算机科学的需要变得越来越大。He made a promise not to be late for school any more.他许诺不再上学迟到。We are sure of his ability to finish the job.我们对他完成这项工作的能力有把握。动名词的逻辑主语(1) 动名词的逻辑主语

24、一般用名词所有格和物主代词充当，构成复合结构。(2) 例如：Its no use your pretending that you didnt know about it.你装作不知道那件事没有用。My fathers being ill worried us greatly.我父亲病了使我们很担忧。(2)在口语和非正式语体中位于句中的动名词常常用宾格人称代词和名词通格作逻辑主语。例如：Im quite certain about Elizabeth keeping her promise.我确信伊丽莎白会守约。I suggest them having their eyes examined

25、.我建议他们检查眼睛。The news of the new hotel catching fire shocked everyone.新旅馆着火的消息使大家震惊。I clearly remember Dr. Martin and his assistant saving the dying soldier.我清楚地记得马丁医生和他的助手救了那位垂死的士兵。What made me angry was the students failing to do their duties.使我生气的是学生们没有尽职。(3)作状语的“介词+动名词”结构的逻辑主语应与句子的主语保持一致。注意下列各句的错误

26、：(误) After getting up,the day began with a good breakfast.(正)After getting up, we began the day with a good breakfast.起床后，我们以一顿美味的早餐开始了一天的生活。(误) On returning home, a letter was found on the table.(正) On returning home,he found a letter on the table.一回到家，他发现桌上一封信。(误) Before starting a test, preparati

27、ons should be made.(正) Before starting a test, one should make preparations.试验前，应做好各项准备。动名词的否定形式动名词的否定形式由“not+动名词”构成。例如：Not being present at the party made the hostess unhappy.他没出席聚会使主人很扫兴。We were all surprised at their not accepting our invitation.他不接受我们的邀请我们深感惊讶。动名词的被动形式当动名词的逻辑主语是动名词表示的动作的承受者，动名词须

28、用被动形式“being+过去分词”。例如：He hates being interrupted when he is speaking.他说话时不喜欢被人打断。No one enjoys being disturbed in the middle of the night.没人喜欢半夜被人打扰。动名词的完成形式强调动名词表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词之前，动名词可以用完成形式“having+过去分词”，但也可以用一般式-ing形式。例如：I regret not working/not having worked when I should have studied. 我后悔应该学习时没有用功学习。Do you still remember meeting/having met the president three yearsago?你还记得三年前会见总统的情景吗？He apologized again and again for having troubled /troubling me他一再道歉给我造成的麻烦。9学科网（北京）股份有限公司