构词法学案英语初升高衔接课程.docx
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1、2词汇衔接之构词法构词法是组成单词的一种方法,它有清晰严谨的结构形式,而且有规律可循。利用构词法记忆单词,可以加速记忆、举一反三。构词法在历届高考试题中都有大量考查和应用。掌握和运用构词法知识,对在高考中取得好成绩有很大的帮助。英语主要构词法有:派生法(derivation)、合成法(compounding)、转化法(conversion)、1派生法1)前缀 表示否定意义的前缀:un-: unable, unemployment(失业), uncover(发现、揭开、揭露), unhappy, untrue, unlike(不像), dis-: dislike(不喜欢), disarm(解除武
2、装;放下武器), disconnect(vt拆开,使分离), disagree, disappear, in-, im-, il-, ir-: incomplete, incorrect, inconvenient, inexpensive, impossible, non-:non-smoker, non-stop(直达的,中途不停的)mis-: mistake, mislead(误导), misunderstandinganti-:anti-war(adj,反战的) 表示时间,序列关系的前缀:fore- 表示“在前面,先前,前面”:foreword(前言), forecast(预报), f
3、oretell(预言), foresee(预见), foreknow(先知), foreknowledge(先知)mid- 表示“中,中间”:midnight, midsummer, mid-day, mid-autumn(中秋节)pre- 表示“在前,事先,预先”:preview(预习), prepay(预付)re- 表示“再一次,重新”: retell(复述), rewrite, reconsider(重新考虑) recycle(再生,回收利用), rebuild(重建,改造)(2)后缀 名词后缀:a. 具有某种职业或动作的人:-an, -ian, -ician :American, As
4、ian, Australian, Russian, Italian , historian(历史学家), librarian(图书管理员)-ant,-ent :merchant, servant(仆人,佣人), assistant, agent, student,-ee :employee(雇员), examinee(应试者), payee(收款人), interviewee-eer :engineer, volunteer(志愿者)-er :banker, observer, villager singer, driver, writer, speaker, traveller, buyer
5、 -or :author, doctor, operator, actor, visitor, inventor, educator-ist :pianist, dentist, artist, chemist, socialist, b.常见名词后缀: -ance, -ence :importance, distance, difference, -ancy, -ency :frequency(频繁), urgency(紧急), efficiency(高效率),-ity :reality, equality(平等)-bility :ability, possibility, probabil
6、ity, responsibility-hood :childhood, girlhood(少女时期), boyhood(少年时代), manhood(男子气概)-ion, -ation, -ition, -sion :suggestion, action, solution, invention, direction(方向,指导), correction(改正,修正), expression(表达,表示), admission(承认), permission(允许,许可), discussion-ment :disappointment(失望), treatment, movement, j
7、udgment, punishment, -ness :goodness(adj,善良,精华), kindness, tiredness, friendliness(友谊), -ism 表示“制度,主义,学说,信仰,行为”:socialism(社会主义), criticism(批评), heroism(英勇), tourism, communism(共产主义) ,-ship:hardship(困苦,苦难), relationship, membership (资格,会员身份), friendship, ownership(所有权), -th, :truth, growth, warmth(温暖
8、), youth 形容词后缀:-able, -ible: movable, comfortable, eatable, enjoyable,-al: natural, additional(额外的,附加的), educational, national(国家的,国民的)-ant, -ent: distant, important, excellent-ing(表示特征:令人觉得): moving, touching, daring, interesting, exciting, disappointing , boring, amazing-ed(表示情绪:觉得): pleased, inte
9、rested, surprised, worried, excited, bored, -ive: active, impressive(感人的,令人钦佩的), decisive(决定性的,果断的), active,expensive,-some: troublesome(麻烦的,讨厌的), handsome-y: milky, cloudy sunny, windy, rainy, foggy(有雾的,模糊的), healthy, -ly: manly, fatherly, motherly, sisterly, brotherly, daily, weekly, monthly, -ful
10、: beautiful, wonderful, helpful, truthful, successful, harmful, useful, careful, forgetful, merciful(仁慈的,宽容的)-ous: dangerous, courageous(有胆量的,勇敢的), nervous(紧张不安的), mountainous(多山的),-less: countless(无数的,数不尽的),useless, endless(无止境的,连续的), priceless(无价的,贵重的), hopeless 副词后缀:-ly: possibly, swiftly(很快地), s
11、imply(简单地)-ward(s): downward, inwards(向内地), upward(向上地,上升地)注意:有的单词有双重后缀,如:use(用途)useless(无用的)uselessness(无用)self(自己)selfish(自私的)selfishness(自私)有的单词则是前后缀同时使用,如:importantimportanceunimportance regular(有规律的,有规则的)irregular(无规律的,不规则的)irregularity(无规律,不规则)根据以上规律总结如下:1).动词变名词常用的后缀后缀例 词-ationaccelerate(使)加速
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