《英语句子成分及基本结构.pptx

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1、会计学1英语英语(yn y)句子成分及基本结构句子成分及基本结构PPT课件课件90402第一页，共26页。（一）句子成分（一）句子成分(j zichngfn)的的定义定义 构成句子构成句子(j zi)(j zi)的各个部分叫做句子的各个部分叫做句子(j zi)(j zi)成分。句子成分。句子(j zi)(j zi)成分有主成分有主要成分和次要成分；要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语（主要成分有主语（subjectsubject）和谓语（）和谓语（predicatepredicate）；）；次要成分有表语次要成分有表语(predicative)(predicative)、宾语、宾语(object)

2、(object)、定语、定语(attribute)(attribute)、状语、状语(adverbial)(adverbial)、补足语、补足语(complement)(complement)和同位语和同位语(appositive)(appositive)。第1页/共26页第二页，共26页。（二）句子的具体（二）句子的具体(jt)成分成分n n主语（主语（subject)：主语是一个句子所叙述的：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或

3、情态动词后面主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面(hu mian)。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。表示。第2页/共26页第三页，共26页。1During the 1990s,American country music has become more and more popular.（名词）2 We often speak English in class.（代词(dic)）3 One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数

4、词）4To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）第3页/共26页第四页，共26页。5 Smoking does harm 5 Smoking does harm toto the health.the health.（动名词）（动名词）6 The rich should help the poor.6 The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）（名词化的形容词）7When we are going 7When we are going toto have an English test has not bee

5、n decided.have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句（主语从句(cn(cn j)j)）8 It is necessary 8 It is necessary toto master a foreign language.master a foreign language.（it it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）第4页/共26页第五页，共26页。谓语谓语(wiy)(predicate)谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有(jy(jy u)u)的特征和状态。动的特征和状

6、态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1 1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He He practices running every morning.practices running every morning.2 2、复合谓语：由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。、复合谓语：由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：如：You may keep the book for two weeks.He has caught a You may keep the book f

7、or two weeks.He has caught a bad cold.bad cold.第5页/共26页第六页，共26页。表语表语(bioy)(predicative)表语用以说明主语(zhy)的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。第6页/共26页第七页，共26页。Our teacher of English is an American.Our teacher of English is an American.（名词（名

8、词(mng c)(mng c)）Is it yours?Is it yours?（代词）（代词）The weather has turned cold.The weather has turned cold.（形容词）（形容词）The speech is exciting.The speech is exciting.（分词）（分词）Three times seven is twenty one?Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）（数词）第7页/共26页第八页，共26页。His job is His job is toto teach English.te

9、ach English.（不定式）（不定式）His hobbyHis hobby（爱好）（爱好）is playing football.is playing football.（动名词）（动名词）The machine must be out of order.The machine must be out of order.（介词短语（介词短语(du(du nyny)）Time is up.The class is over.Time is up.The class is over.（副词）（副词）The truth is that he has never been abroad.The

10、truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）（表语从句）第8页/共26页第九页，共26页。宾语宾语(bny)(object)宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后 面。例如：面。例如：They went They went toto see an exhibition yesterday.see an exhibition yesterday.（名词）（名词）The heavy rain prevented me form coming The heavy rain prevente

11、d me form coming toto school on time.school on time.（代（代词）词）How many dictionaries do you have?I have five.How many dictionaries do you have?I have five.（数词（数词(shc)(shc)）They helped the old with their housework yesterday.They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容（名词化形容词）词）He pretended

12、not He pretended not toto see me.see me.（不定式短语）（不定式短语）I enjoy listening I enjoy listening toto popular music.popular music.（动名词短语）（动名词短语）I thinkI think（thatthat）he is fit for his office.he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）（宾语从句）第9页/共26页第十页，共26页。宾语宾语(bny)补足语补足语(complement of object)英语中有些(yuxi)及物动词，除有一个直接宾

13、语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。第10页/共26页第十一页，共26页。n nHis father named him Dongming.His father named him Dongming.（名词）（名词）They painted their boat white.They painted their boat white.（形容词）（形容词）Let the fresh air in.Let the fresh air in.（副词（副词(

14、fc)(fc)）You mustnt force him You mustnt force him toto lend his money lend his money toto you.you.（不定式短（不定式短语）语）We saw her entering the room.We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）（现在分词）We found everything in the lab in good order.We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）（介词短语）We will soon mak

15、e our city what your city is now.We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）（从句）第11页/共26页第十二页，共26页。定语定语(dngy)(attributive)修饰修饰(xish)(xish)名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示：名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示：Guilin is a beautiful city.Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）（形容词）China is a developing countr

16、y;America is a developed country.China is a developing country;America is a developed country.（分词）（分词）There are thirty women teachers in our school.There are thirty women teachers in our school.（名词）（名词）His rapid progress in English made us surprised.His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代

17、词）（代词）Our monitor is always the first Our monitor is always the first toto enter the classroom.enter the classroom.（不定式短语）（不定式短语）The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）（动名词）He is reading an article about how He is reading an artic

18、le about how toto learn English.learn English.（介词短语）（介词短语）He is reading a book that he has never read.He is reading a book that he has never read.（定语从句）（定语从句）第12页/共26页第十三页，共26页。状语状语(zhungy)(adverbial)n n修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作(dngzu)(dngzu)或状态特征或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示：的句子成分，叫做状语。

19、可由以下形式表示：n nLight travels most quickly.Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组）（副词及副词性词组）He has lived in the city for ten years.He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）（介词短语）He is proud He is proud toto have passed the national college entrance examination.have passed the national college entrance

20、 examination.（不定（不定式短语）式短语）He is in the room making a model plane.He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语）（分词短语）Wait a minute.Wait a minute.（名词）（名词）Once you begin,you must continue.Once you begin,you must continue.（状语从句）（状语从句）第13页/共26页第十四页，共26页。状语种类状语种类(zhngli)如下如下 How about meeting again at si

21、x?How about meeting again at six?（时间状语）（时间状语）Last night she didnt go Last night she didnt go toto the dance party because of the the dance party because of the rain.rain.（原因状语）（原因状语）I shall go there if it doesnt rain.I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（条件状语）（条件状语）Mr Smith lives on the third floor.Mr

22、 Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语）（地点状语）She put the eggs into the basket with great care.She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语）（方式状语）She came in with a dictionary in her hand.She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随（伴随(bn su)(bn su)状语）状语）In order In order toto catch up with

23、 the others,I must work harder.catch up with the others,I must work harder.（目的状语）（目的状语）He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语）（结果状语）She works very hard though she is old.She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语）（让步状语）I am taller than

24、he is.I am taller than he is.（比较状语）（比较状语）第14页/共26页第十五页，共26页。同位语同位语 同位语是在名词(mng c)或代词之后并列名词(mng c)或代词或名词(mng c)短语对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如：We students should study hard.We all are students.Carol,an American teacher,will come to our school.第15页/共26页第十六页，共26页。独立独立(dl)成分成分 有时有时(y(y ush)ush)句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成

25、分，称为句句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分，称为句子独立成分子独立成分感叹词：感叹词：oh,hello,aha,ah,oh,hello,aha,ah,等。等。肯定词肯定词yes yes 否定词否定词no no 称呼语：称呼语：mum,dadmum,dad。插入语：一些句中插入的插入语：一些句中插入的 I think,I believe,I think,I believe,等。等。如如:The story,I think,has never come:The story,I think,has never come toto the end the end情态词情态词,表示说话人的语气（多

26、作为修饰全句的状语）表示说话人的语气（多作为修饰全句的状语）:perhaps:perhaps也也许许,maybe,maybe大概大概,actually,actually实际上实际上,certainly,certainly当然，等。当然，等。第16页/共26页第十七页，共26页。简单句、并列句和复合句简单句、并列句和复合句n n（一）句子种类两种分类法（一）句子种类两种分类法n n 1 1、按句子的用途可分四种：、按句子的用途可分四种：n n 1 1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：）陈述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old;She didnt hear of you He is si

27、x years old;She didnt hear of you before.before.2 2）疑问句（一般）疑问句（一般(ybn)(ybn)、特殊、选择、反意）：、特殊、选择、反意）：Do they like Do they like skating?How old is he?Is he six or seven years old?Mary can swim,cant skating?How old is he?Is he six or seven years old?Mary can swim,cant she?she?3 3）祈使句：）祈使句：Be careful,boys;

28、Dont talk in classBe careful,boys;Dont talk in class4 4）感叹句：）感叹句：How clever the boy is!How clever the boy is!第17页/共26页第十八页，共26页。2、按句子、按句子(j zi)的结构的结构可分三种：可分三种：n n 1）简单句：只有(zhyu)一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。e.g.He often reads English in the morning.第18页/共26页第十九页，共26页。简单句的五种基本简单句的五种基本(jbn)句型句型n n 1主语(zhy)+

29、不及物动词：(S V)n n We work.She camen n My head aches.n n The bell rang.第19页/共26页第二十页，共26页。2主语主语(zhy)+系动词系动词+表语表语(SVC)n n系动词系动词n n一一bebe动词类：动词类：amam、isis、areare、waswas、were were 二二 表示变化表示变化(binhu)(binhu)类：类：becomebecome、getget、turnturn、growgrow、go go 三三 感官动词类感官动词类:look sound smell taste feel:look sound s

30、mell taste feel appear,seemappear,seem四四 表示延续性的动词表示延续性的动词：remainremain、staystay、keepkeepHe is a studentHe is a studentn nHis face turned redHis face turned redn nThe apple tastes sweetThe apple tastes sweetn nThe soldier keeps still.The soldier keeps still.第20页/共26页第二十一页，共26页。3主语主语(zhy)+及物动词及物动词+宾语宾

31、语(SVO）n ne.g.Henry bought a dictionary.n n Mike ate three cakesn n she drew a beautiful picture.第21页/共26页第二十二页，共26页。4、主语、主语+及物动词及物动词+双宾语（间接双宾语（间接(jin ji)宾语宾语+直接直接宾语）宾语）(SVIOO)(SVOiO)n ne.g.My father bought me a car.-My father bought a car for men n He gave me three yuan.n n-He gave three yuan to me第

32、22页/共26页第二十三页，共26页。5、主语、主语+及物动词及物动词(j w dn c)+复合宾语（宾语复合宾语（宾语+宾补）宾补）(SVOC)n n Tom made the baby laugh.We made him our monitor.n nI cant make myself understood.n nWe want to have the desk repaired.第23页/共26页第二十四页，共26页。2)2)并列并列(bngli)(bngli)句：由并列句：由并列(bngli)(bngli)连词（连词（and,but,orand,but,or等）或分等）或分号（；）把

33、两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。e.g.You help him and he helps you.e.g.You help him and he helps you.He wants He wants toto go there but I dont go there but I dont hurry up,or you will be late.hurry up,or you will be late.This house belongs This house belongs toto Mr.Smith Mr.Smith；it costs

34、millions of it costs millions of dollars.dollars.第24页/共26页第二十五页，共26页。n n3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句(cn j)的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句(cn j)、定语从句(cn j)和状语从句(cn j)等。e.g.The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Walln nThis is the book that I want.n nI think that he is right.第25页/共26页第二十六页，共26页。