Writingaliteraturereview怎样写文献综述英文.pptx

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1、会计学1Writing a literature review怎样写文献怎样写文献(wnxin)综述英文综述英文第一页，共20页。Purposes of a literature reviewn nTo show that you have read widely from(all?)the research in the fieldTo show that you have read widely from(all?)the research in the fieldn nTo acknowledge the work of othersTo acknowledge the work of

2、othersn nTo justify your choice of research topicTo justify your choice of research topicn nTo identify a gap in the research so that you do not duplicate the work of othersTo identify a gap in the research so that you do not duplicate the work of othersn nTo summarise,organise,compare,contrast and

3、evaluate(i.e.REVIEW)To summarise,organise,compare,contrast and evaluate(i.e.REVIEW)the ideas of others so that you have an accurate grasp of what research has the ideas of others so that you have an accurate grasp of what research has been donebeen donen nTo support your argument To support your arg

4、ument 第1页/共20页第二页，共20页。Examples of literature reviews1.1.Introduction of Clatworthy and Jones(2003)2.2.Literature review section in Clatworthy and Jones(2003)第2页/共20页第三页，共20页。1.Clatworthy and Jones Introductionn nNote the first sentence:“Accounting narratives represent an increasingly Note the first

5、 sentence:“Accounting narratives represent an increasingly important financial reporting medium.”important financial reporting medium.”n nNote the focus on literature/research/studiesNote the focus on literature/research/studiesn nNote the way the literature is used to support their assertionsNote t

6、he way the literature is used to support their assertionsn nNote the statement of aim and purposeNote the statement of aim and purposen nNote the way they define focus on“impression management”Note the way they define focus on“impression management”n nNote the defining of scope Note the defining of

7、scope n nNote the outline of the paperNote the outline of the paper第3页/共20页第四页，共20页。Focus on the literature(1)n nMany more sentences contain words that relate to research,studies,scholarly writing:Many more sentences contain words that relate to research,studies,scholarly writing:n nFor example on p

8、.171:For example on p.171:“Empirical“Empirical researchresearch has demonstrated”has demonstrated”“The importance is“The importance is well documentedwell documented”“StudiesStudies in Australia and New Zealand in Australia and New Zealand all show thatall show that”“StudiesStudies of the use of inf

9、ormation of the use of information also show thatalso show that”“Moreover,“Moreover,in an empirical studyin an empirical study,Abrahamson and Amir(1996)determine”,Abrahamson and Amir(1996)determine”n nAuthors used as examples:“(e.g.,Lee and Tweedie,1981)”Authors used as examples:“(e.g.,Lee and Tweed

10、ie,1981)”第4页/共20页第五页，共20页。Focus on the literature(2)n nNote the following strong Note the following strong literatureliterature focus(weak author focus):focus(weak author focus):“Empirical researchEmpirical research in the US has demonstrated that both the inclusion and the content in the US has dem

11、onstrated that both the inclusion and the content of presidents letters significantly affect the judgments of individuals in equity of presidents letters significantly affect the judgments of individuals in equity investment decisions(investment decisions(Kaplan et al.1990Kaplan et al.1990).”).”(NB.

12、Here,the sentence begins with the research.The authors are not in the(NB.Here,the sentence begins with the research.The authors are not in the sentence.)sentence.)第5页/共20页第六页，共20页。compared with focus on author(s)n nNote the following strong author focus:“Kaplan et al.(1990)have demonstrated that bot

13、h the inclusion and the content of presidents letters significantly affect the judgments of individuals in equity investment decisions.”(NB.Here,the authors begin the sentence.)第6页/共20页第七页，共20页。and no specific focus on author or literature “Both the inclusion and the content of presidents letters si

14、gnificantly affect the judgments of individuals in equity investment decisions(Kaplan et al.1990).”(NB.Here,the focus is on the content.The writer makes a statement about the topic,supported by a citation.)第7页/共20页第八页，共20页。2.C&Js literature review(p.173)Note C and Js focus:Note C and Js focus:n n“Th

15、e theory and practice of impression management is“The theory and practice of impression management is well documented in well documented in accounting researchaccounting research.”.”n n“The studyThe study of accounting narratives is an important of accounting narratives is an important sub-set of th

16、e accounting sub-set of the accounting literatureliterature.”.”n n“Salancik and Meindls(1984)resultsSalancik and Meindls(1984)results broadly reinforce those of broadly reinforce those of the other three the other three studiesstudies.”.”第8页/共20页第九页，共20页。Questions to ask about what you read:n nWhat

17、has been done and by whom?What has been done and by whom?n nHow do the studies relate to each other e.g.Do studies group together?How do the studies relate to each other e.g.Do studies group together?n nWhat does each study do that the others do not do?What does each study do that the others do not

18、do?n nWhat is useful about these studies?What is useful about these studies?n nCan you identify any limitations or shortcomings of the studies?(e.g.Can you identify any limitations or shortcomings of the studies?(e.g.scope,sample)scope,sample)n nAny problems with procedure,method,data,analysis,theor

19、y,reporting,etc.Any problems with procedure,method,data,analysis,theory,reporting,etc.第9页/共20页第十页，共20页。How C&J do this:n nWhat has been done by whom?What has been done by whom?e.g.“Jones and Shoemaker(1994),for example,identify 36 thematic and 32 e.g.“Jones and Shoemaker(1994),for example,identify 3

20、6 thematic and 32 readability studies up to 1993.”(p.173)readability studies up to 1993.”(p.173)n nHow do studies group together?How do studies group together?e.g.(p.173)e.g.(p.173)“The study of accounting narratives is“The study of accounting narratives is an important sub-setan important sub-set o

21、f the accounting literature.”of the accounting literature.”“In accounting,“In accounting,four US studiesfour US studies investigate and find evidence of”investigate and find evidence of”“Salancik and Meindls(1984)resultsSalancik and Meindls(1984)results broadly reinforce those of broadly reinforce t

22、hose of the other three studiesthe other three studies.”.”第10页/共20页第十一页，共20页。What do some studies do that others do not?e.g.“Finally,Clapham and Schwenk(1991)investigate the presidents letters of companies in the US electricity and gas utility sector from 1978-82.Although they follow Salancik and Me

23、indls methodology,they find some differences from them in the pattern of results between stable and unstable firms.Overall,however,they find that”(p.173)第11页/共20页第十二页，共20页。Limitations or shortcomings of the studies?(e.g.scope,sample)e.g.“Although these studies find some evidence of attribution in th

24、e US in the 1980s,the methodological approach is limited in two respects.First,the unit of analysis is the attribution statement,so no account is taken of the number of words.Second,no distinction is formally made between explicit and implicit attributions.”(p.173)第12页/共20页第十三页，共20页。Structural issue

25、sn nHow will you structure the ideas?(e.g.chronological,thematic,conceptual,methodological)n nHow do the various studies you have read relate to each other?n nHow have Clatworthy and Jones structured their literature review section?第13页/共20页第十四页，共20页。Your introductionn nIdentify your topicIdentify y

26、our topicn nTell the reader why this topic is worth reviewing(i.e.Why is the literature on this Tell the reader why this topic is worth reviewing(i.e.Why is the literature on this topic important or useful?Is there debate on this issue,for example?)topic important or useful?Is there debate on this i

27、ssue,for example?)n nOutline your objective in writing the literature reviewOutline your objective in writing the literature reviewn nOutline the scope of your review(e.g.This review covers literature from the Outline the scope of your review(e.g.This review covers literature from the following sour

28、ces:.or There are four sections in this review:first,;second,following sources:.or There are four sections in this review:first,;second,;third,;and fourth,);third,;and fourth,)第14页/共20页第十五页，共20页。A map for the readern nTell the reader how you will structure the review:e.g.have you used a historical a

29、pproach?Or a theoretical approach?n nGive“signposts”throughout the review to help the reader follow your progressn nFor a longer review it is useful to use sub-headingsn nMark your conclusion clearly e.g.To conclude,or To summarise,第15页/共20页第十六页，共20页。The main part of the reviewn nDecide on a structu

30、ren nIdentify themes and issuesn nSynthesise the body of literature by summarising the main developments,arguments,debates,changes,influences,key figuresn nCompare and contrast the studies with each othern nInterpret the studies for the reader第16页/共20页第十七页，共20页。Your introductionn nIdentify your topi

31、cIdentify your topicn nTell the reader why this topic is worth reviewing(i.e.Why is the literature on Tell the reader why this topic is worth reviewing(i.e.Why is the literature on this topic important or useful?Is there debate on this issue,for example?)this topic important or useful?Is there debat

32、e on this issue,for example?)n nOutline your objective in writing the literature reviewOutline your objective in writing the literature reviewn nOutline the scope of your review(e.g.This review covers literature from the Outline the scope of your review(e.g.This review covers literature from the fol

33、lowing sources:.or There are four sections in this review:first,;following sources:.or There are four sections in this review:first,;second,;third,;and fourth,)second,;third,;and fourth,)第17页/共20页第十八页，共20页。Interpreting studies for the reader:e.g.“These attributions are most prevalent when companies

34、do worse than expected,although Bettman and Weitz(1983)do not partition their sample by company performance.”(p.173)n nUse verbs that interpret the literature:n ne.g.“X shows that”,“Y argues that”,“Z asserts that”,“T proposes that”,etc.第18页/共20页第十九页，共20页。Your conclusionn nUse a“signpost”e.g.“In sum,

35、therefore the prior literature demonstrates”(Clatworthy&Jones Use a“signpost”e.g.“In sum,therefore the prior literature demonstrates”(Clatworthy&Jones 2003:174)2003:174)n nFocus on the literature:Summarise briefly the debates,developments,arguments,theories,Focus on the literature:Summarise briefly

36、the debates,developments,arguments,theories,themesthemesn n Summarise your assessment of the literature e.g.tell the reader whether you think there are Summarise your assessment of the literature e.g.tell the reader whether you think there are enough studies,whether they do a good job for people stu

37、dying the field,what kind of enough studies,whether they do a good job for people studying the field,what kind of research might still be neededresearch might still be neededn nEnd on a topic focus(e.g.Clatworthy and Jones p.174 final sentence)End on a topic focus(e.g.Clatworthy and Jones p.174 final sentence)第19页/共20页第二十页，共20页。