2023年高考英语复习全国通用第14讲阅读理解词义猜测题(测)(解析版).pdf

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1、第 14 讲 阅读理解词义猜测题（测）时间：45 分钟 满分：50 分 阅读理解(每题 2 分，共 50 分)A（2017全国高考真题）Julie boergers,PhD a sleep expert from the Bradley Hasbro Childrens Research Center,recently led a study connecting later school start times to improved sleep and mood in teens Sleep deprivation is common among teenagers,with potent

2、ially serious impacts on mental and physical health,safety and learning.Early high school start times contribute to this problem，said Boergers.In this study,we looked at whether a delay in school start time would change students sleep patterns,sleepiness,mood and caffeine(咖啡因)use.Beorgers team condu

3、cted the School Sleep Habits survey among boarding students attending an independent high school both before and after their school start time was experimentally delayed from 8 to 8:25 a.m.during the winter term.The delay in school start time led to a significant increase(29 minutes)in sleep duratio

4、n on school nights,with the percentage of students receiving eight or more hours of sleep on a school night jumping from 18 to 44 percent The research found that younger students and those sleeping less at the start of the study were most likely to benefit from the timetable change.Daytime sleepines

5、s,low mood and caffeine use were all significantly reduced after the delay in school start time.The later school start time had no effect on the number of hours students spent doing homework,playing sports or taking part in activities outside class.And once the earlier start time changed back during

6、 the spring term,teens reverted(恢复)back to their original levels.Beorgers said that these findings are important for public policy.The result of this study add to a growing body of research showing important health benefits of later school start times for adolescents,she said,and we have students wh

7、o are more alert(机敏的),happier,better prepared to learn,and arent dependent on caffeine and energy drinks just to stay awake in class.1What does the underlined phrase this problem in Paragraph 2 refer to？ALack of sleep.BMental health.CStudents safety.DTaking energy drinks.2What happened when school s

8、tart time was delayed？AStudents had less time playing sports.BYoung students became sleepier.CMore students slept longer.DStudents got a bad mood.3Why is the study of later school start time important_ AIt helps form good habits.BIt relates to what students learn.CIt increases students learning inte

9、rest.DIt may have an effect on a public policy.4Where can we possibly read this type of article？AA science journal.BA history book.CA fashion magazine.DA school yearbook.【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍一项研究，研究发现：如果推迟上课时间的话，学生就会有更长的睡眠时间，这对于学生的身心发展是至关重要的。1A【解析】词义猜测题。由第二段第一句“Sleep deprivation is common among teenage

10、rs,with potentially serious impacts on mental and physical health，safety and learning.”（睡眠剥夺在青少年中很常见，对身心健康、安全和学习都有潜在的严重影响。）可知，在青少年中缺乏睡眠是很常见的。再由下文“Early high school start times contribute to this problem”（高中上课时间早导致了这个问题。）可知，“上课时间早”就是造成这一问题的原因，因此 this problem 就是指上文中的“缺乏睡眠”。故选 A 项。2C【解析】细节理解题。由第三段第二句“T

11、he delay in school start time led to a significant increase(29 minutes)in sleep duration on school nights,with the percentage of students receiving eight or more hours of sleep on a school night jumping from 18 to 44 percent.”（学校上课时间的延迟致使学生夜晚睡眠时间的显著增加(29分钟)，每个晚上获得 8 小时或更长睡眠时间的学生比例从 18%跃升到 44%。）可知，如果

12、推迟开始上课时间，就有更多的学生有更长的睡眠时间。故选 C 项 3 D【解析】细节理解题。由最后一段第一句“Beorgers said that these findings are important for public policy.”（Beorgers 说这些发现对公共政策很重要。）可知，这些发现对于公共政策是重要的。这些发现就是对“学校上课时间推迟”的研究，之所以重要，就是它对公共政策可能会产要影响。故选 D 项 4A【解析】推理判断题。通篇阅读，文章介绍的研究主题是：如果推迟开始上课的时间的话，学生就会有更长的睡眠时间，这对于学生的身心发展是至关重要的。由主题可知，文章是有关睡眠生

13、理科学的。因此有可能在科学研究的杂志上看到。A.A science journal 科学杂志；B.A history book 历史书；C.A fashion magazine时尚杂志；D.A school yearbook学校年鉴。故选 A 项。B（2013四川高考真题）Fear may be felt in the heart as well as in the head,according to a study that has found a link between the cycles of a beating heart and the chance of someone fee

14、ling fear.Tests on healthy volunteers found that they were more likely to feel a sense of fear at the moment when their hearts are contracting(收缩)and pumping blood around their bodies,compared with the point when the heartbeat is relaxed.Scientists say the results suggest that the heart is able to i

15、nfluence how the brain responds to a fearful event,depending on which point it is at in its regular cycle of contraction and relaxation.Sarah Garfinkel at the Brighton and Sussex Medical School said:“Our Study shows for the first time that the way in which we deal with fear is different depending on

16、 when we see fearful pictures in relation to our heart.”The study tested 20 healthy volunteers on their reactions to fear as they were shown pictures of fearful faces.Dr Garfinkel said,“The study showed that fearful faces are better noticed when the heart is pumping than when it is relaxed.Thus our

17、hearts can also affect what we see and what we dont see 一 and guide whether we see fear.”To further understand this relationship,the scientists also used a brain scanner(扫描仪)to show how the brain influences the way the heart changes a persons feeling of fear.“We have found an important mechanism by

18、which the heart and brain speak to each other to change our feelings and reduce fear,”Dr Garfinkel said.“We hope that by increasing our understanding about how fear is dealt with and ways that it could be reduced,we may be able to develop more successful treatments for anxiety disorders,and also for

19、 those who may be suffering from serious stress disorder.”5What is the finding of the study?AOnes heart affects how he feels fear.BFear is a result of ones relaxed heartbeat.CFear has something to do with ones health.DOnes fast heartbeats are likely to cause fear.6The study was carried out by analyz

20、ing .Avolunteers heartbeats when they saw terrible pictures Bthe time volunteers saw fearful pictures and their health conditions Cvolunteers reactions to horrible pictures and data from their brain scans Ddifferent pictures shown to volunteers and their heartbrain communication 7Which of the follow

21、ing is closest in meaning to“mechanism”in Paragraph 6?AOrder.BSystem.CMachine.DTreatment.8This study may contribute to .Atreating anxiety and stress better.Bexplaining the cycle of fear and anxiety Cfinding the key to the heart-brain communication Dunderstanding different fears in our hearts and hea

22、ds【语篇解读】本文属于科普文，介绍了心脏与恐惧的关系。通过两次试验，研究者发现这两者之间的关系，同时借助这一发现，研究者希望能够减轻或者治疗恐惧和压力所带来的诸多问题。5A【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段“Tests on healthy volunteers found that they were more likely to feel a sense of fear at the moment when their hearts are contracting(收缩)and pumping blood around their bodies,compared with the point

23、 when the heartbeat is relaxed.”对健康志愿者的测试发现，与心跳放松时相比，他们在心脏收缩并向身体周围泵血的时刻更容易感到恐惧。由此可知，一个人的心脏影响他对恐惧的感觉。故选A 项。6C【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第四段第一句“The study tested 20 healthy volunteers on their reactions to fear as they were shown pictures of fearful faces.”这项研究测试了 20 名健康的志愿者，当他们看到恐惧的脸时，他们对恐惧的反应。以及第五段第一句“To further

24、understand this relationship,the scientists also used a brain scanner(扫描仪)to show how the brain influences the way the heart changes a persons feeling of fear.”为了进一步了解这种关系，科学家们还使用了脑部扫描仪来显示大脑是如何影响心脏改变人的恐惧感的。由此可知，这项研究是通过分析志愿者对可怕图片和大脑扫描数据的反应来进行的。故选 C 项。7 B【解析】词句猜测题。从后面的句子：by which the heart and brain s

25、peak to each other to change our feelings and reduce fear,可知通过这个机制，心脏和大脑可以相互说话来改变我们的感受，减少恐惧。所以划线词的意思是“机制”的意思。故选 B 项。8A【解析】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“We hope that by increasing our understanding about how fear is dealt with and ways that it could be reduced,we may be able to develop more successful treatments fo

26、r anxiety disorders,and also for those for those who may be suffering from serious stress disorder.”可知，我们希望，通过增加我们对如何处理恐惧以及如何减少恐惧的理解，我们也许能够开发出更成功的治疗焦虑症的方法，同时也为那些可能患有严重压力障碍的人开发出更成功的治疗方法。由此判断出这个研究可以有助于更好的治疗焦虑和压力。故选 A 项。C（2013山东高考真题）Sparrow is a fast-food chain with 200 restaurants.Some years ago,the g

27、roup to which Sparrow belonged was taken over by another company.Although Sparrow showed no sign of declining,the chain was generally in an unhealthy state.With more and more fast-food concepts reaching the market,the Sparrow menu had to struggle for attention.And to make matters worse,its new owner

28、 had no plans to give it the funds it required.Sparrow failed to grow for another two years.Until a new CEO,Carl Pearson,decided to build up its market share.He did a survey,which showed that consumers who already used Sparrow restaurants were extremely positive about the chain,while customers of ot

29、her fast-food chains were unwilling to turn away from them.Sparrow had to develop a new promotional campaign.Pearson faced a battle over the future of the Sparrow brand.The chains owner now favored rebranding Sparrow as Marcys restaurants.Pearson resisted,arguing for an advertising campaign designed

30、 to convince customers that visits to Sparrow restaurants were fun.Such an attempt to establish a positive relationship between a company and the general public was unusual for that time.Pearson strongly believed that numbers were the key to success,rather than customers speeding power.Finally,the o

31、wner accepted his idea.The campaign itself changed the traditional advertising style of the fast-food industry.The TV ads of Sparrow focused on entertainment and featured original songs performed by a variety of stars.Instead of showing the superiority of a specific product,the intention was to put

32、Sparrow in the hearts of potential customers.Pearson also made other decisions which he believed would contribute to the new Sparrow image.For example,he offered to lower the rent of any restaurants which achieved a certain increase in their turnover(营业额).These efforts paid off,and Sparrow soon beca

33、me one of the most successful fast-food chains in the regions where it operated.9Which was one of the problems Sparrow faced before Pearson became CEO?AThe number of its customers was declining BIts customers found the food unhealthy CIt was in need of financial support DMost of its restaurants were

34、 closed 10What does the underlined word“them”in Paragraph 2 refer to?ACustomers of Sparrow restaurants BSparrow restaurants CCustomers of other fast-food chains Dother fast-food chains 11For what purpose did Pearson start the advertising campaign?ATo build a good relationship with the public BTo str

35、ess the unusual tradition of Sparrow CTo lean about customers spending power.DTo meet the challenge from Marcys restaurants.12The TV ads of Sparrow _.Achanged peoples views on pop stars Bamused the public with original songs Cfocused on the superiority of its products Dinfluenced the eating habits o

36、f the audience 13What was Pearsons achievement as a CEO?AHe managed to pay off Sparrows debts.BHe made Sparrow much more competitive CHe helped Sparrow take over a company DHe improved the welfare of Sparrow employees【语篇解读】本文为一篇记叙文。主要讲述了 Sparrow 快餐店的 CEO Carl Pearson 在 Sparrow 经营不善的情况下，采用了一种新的广告宣传方式

37、，与顾客之间建立了一种积极的关系，吸引了潜在的顾客，使它最终成为了最著名的快餐连锁店之一。本文旨在告诉读者新颖的经营理念决定着企业的命运。9C【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段中的第三句“Although Sparrow showed no sign of declining.”可知Sparrow 的业绩并没下降，因此选项 A“它的顾客数目在下降”是错误的；“它的顾客发现食物不健康”以及“它的大部分餐馆被关闭”在文中并未提及；而根据第一段最后一句“its new owner had no plans to give it the funds it required.(它的新主人没有计划给它所需的资

38、金)”可知 Sparrow 需要财政支持，故选 C 项。10 D【解析】词义猜测题。画线单词 them 前面提到 He did a survey,which showed that consumers who already used Sparrow restaurants were extremely positive about the chain.while customers of other fast-food chains were unwilling to turn away from them.(他做了一项调查，表明已经使用过麻雀餐厅的消费者对这家连锁店抱有积极的态度，而其他快

39、餐连锁店的顾客则不愿意离开它们)可知，Sparrow 已有的顾客对连锁店抱着积极的态度，而其他快餐店的顾客不愿意离开别的快餐店，由此可知 them 指代的是“其他的快餐连锁店”，故选 D项。11A【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Such an attempt to establish a positive relationship between a company and the general public was unusual for that time.”可知 Pearson 发动广告宣传的目的是为了与公众建立一种良好的关系。句中的 positive 与选项 A 中的 good

40、对应，故选 A 项。12B【解析】细节理解题。根据第四段中的“The TV ads of Sparrow focused on entertainment and featured original songs performed by a variety of stars.”可知广告是靠新颖的原创歌曲来吸引人的，故选项 B 为答案。第四段中的第一句指的是改变了传统的广告模式，而不是改变了人们对流行明星的看法，因此选项 A 是错误的；根据第四段的最后一句“Instead of showing the superiority of a specific product.”可知选项 C“注重产品的

41、优势”是错误的；选项 D“影响了观众的饮食习惯”在文中未提及。故选 B 项。13推理判断题。根据最后两段中的内容，Pearson 又作出了其他决定，树立了 Sparrow 的新形象，他的努力获得了成功，Sparrow 成了最成功的快餐连锁店之一，可知 Pearson 的成就是使 Sparrow 更有竞争力了，故答案为B。选项A“他设法还清了Sparrow的债务”，选项C“他帮助Sparrow接管了一家公司”以及选项D“他提高了 Sparrow 员工的福利”在文中均未提及。故选 B 项。D（2015全国高考真题）My color television has given me nothing b

42、ut a headache.I was able to buy it a little over a year ago because I had my relatives give me money for my birthday instead of a lot of clothes that wouldnt fit.I let a salesclerk fool me into buying a discontinued model.I realized this a day later,when I saw newspaper advertisements for the set at

43、 seventy-five dollars less than I had paid.The set worked so beautifully when I first got it home that I would keep it on until stations signed off for the night.Fortunately,I didnt got any channels showing all-night movies or I would never have gotten to bed.Then I started developing a problem with

44、 the set that involved static(静电)noise.For some reason,when certain shows switched into a commercial,a loud noise would sound for a few seconds.Gradually,this noise began to appear during a show,and to get rid of it.I had to change to another channel and then change it back.Sometimes this technique

45、would not work,and I had to pick up the set and shake it to remove the sound.I actually began to build up my arm muscles(肌肉)shaking my set.When neither of these methods removed the static noise,I would sit helplessly and wait for the noise to go away.At last I ended up hitting the set with my fist,a

46、nd it stopped working altogether.My trip to the repair shop cost me$62,and the set is working well now,but I keep expecting more trouble.14Why did the author say he was fooled into buying the TV set?AHe got an older model than he had expected.BHe couldnt return it when it was broken.CHe could have b

47、ought it at a lower price.DHe failed to find any movie shows on it.15Which of the following can best replace the phrase“signed off”in Paragraph 1?Aended all their programs Bprovided fewer channels Cchanged to commercials Dshowed all-night movies 16How did the author finally get his TV set working ag

48、ain?ABy shaking and hitting it.BBy turning it on and off.CBy switching channels.DBy having it repaired.17How does the author sound when telling the story?ACurious BAnxious CCautious DHumorous【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者被愚弄以较高的价格买了台电视，之后每天晚上沉迷于看电视，结果电视坏了，作者只好又花了一笔钱修电视的事情。14C【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段 when I saw newsp

49、aper advertisements for the set at seventy-five dollars less than I had paid 可知，当作者看到报纸上这个广告比他买的便宜了 75 块钱的时候，他感觉受愚弄了。故选 C。15A【解析】词义猜测题。根据文章 The set worked so beautifully when I first got it home that I would keep it on until stations signed off for the night.Fortunately,I didnt get any channels show

50、ing all-night movies or I would never have gotten to bed.(这台电视在刚买的时候如此之美以至于我会直到电视台 signed off 才关掉。幸运的是，没有频道是整个晚上播电影的，否则我永远都不会睡觉)可推知，划线词组意为“结束了他们所有的项目”。故选 A。16 D【解析】细节理解题。根据文章最后一句 My trip to the repair shop cost me$62,and the set is working well now.可知，作者在修理店花了 62 块钱修好了电视。故选 D。17D【解析】推理判断题。根据文章内容可知，作