ITSWC2015CameraReadyMulticast.pdf智能交通世界大会ITS智慧城市社区人工智能AI物联网IT报告课件教案.pdf

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1、-最新资料推荐最新资料推荐-ITSWC2015CameraReadyMulticast.pdfITSWC2015CameraReadyMulticast.pdf 智能交智能交通世界大会通世界大会 ITSITS 智慧城市社区人工智能智慧城市社区人工智能 AIAI 物联网物联网 ITIT报告课件教案报告课件教案 22 nd ITS World Congress,Bordeaux,France,59 October2019 Paper number ITS-2754 Extended Mobility Management andGeocast Routing for Internet-to-VAN

2、ET Multicasting InesBen Jemaa 1,2,Oyunchimeg Shagdar 4,2,Paul Muhlethaler 2 andArnaud de La Fortelle 2,3 1.UVSQ-Prism Lab.,France,45Avenue des Etats Unis 2.Inria,RITS team,Domaine de Voluceau,78150 Rocquencourt,France 3.MINES ParisTech,Centre forrobotics,60 Bd St Michel 75006 Paris,France 4.Institut

3、VeDeCoM,77,Rue des Chantiers,78000,Versailles,FranceEmail:ines.ben_jemaa,oyunchimeg.shagdar,paul.muhlethaler,arnaud.de_la_fortelleinria.frAbstractEmerging ITSapplications,such as point of interest distribution,requireinformation delivery from the Internet to a group of vehicles.Such an Internet-to-V

4、ANET multicast service raises severalchallenges including efficient multicast mobility managementand multicast message delivery in a geographic area(geocast).In this paper we propose to extend the PMIP(Proxy Mobile IP)mobility management scheme such that it allows vehicles in a1 1/2121geographic are

5、a to subscribe to the multicast group with lowcontrol overhead by exploiting vehicular ad hoc networking.Wethen propose Melody,a geocast routing protocol,which extendsthe multicast service coverage in the VANET based on overlayrouting.Our simulation results show that Melody provides animprovedcommun

6、icationperformanceinurbanareasincomparison to geographic flooding.Keywords:MULTICAST,INTERNET,VANET,MOBILITYMANAGEMENT,GEOCAST1.IntroductionIntelligentTransportSystems(ITS)areexpected to largely improve road safety,efficiency,anddriving comfort and therefore it has received a great attentionin both

7、the academics and industry.An important goal of ITSis to provide mobile users(e.g.,drivers)with the existingInternet-based services(e.g.,WEB surfing)as well as newtypes of services dedicated to the vehicular environments.Asignificant number of these ITS applications require multicastcommunications.P

8、articularly,in addition to the traditionalapplications such as video conferencing or gaming,vehicularcommunications enable new emerging multicast applications suchas Point Of Interest(POI)22 nd ITS World Congress,Bordeaux,France,59 October 2019 distribution.POI distribution refersto informing driver

9、s and passengers about specific location-最新资料推荐最新资料推荐-points(e.g.,parking lots,restaurants,and so on),which canbe interesting or useful for the nearby road users.Thisapplication requires multicast message delivery from a centrein the Internet to a set of users who are located in a specificgeographic

10、 area.Enabling such an application is fraught withchallenges,due to the hybrid communications path(from theInternet to the wireless media and finally to a geographicdestination area)and also the highly mobile nature of thedestination nodes.To support multicast services in theInternet,a set of functi

11、ons are required including multicastaddressing 3,membership management 4,and multicastrouting5,6.However,thedynamicsofvehicularenvironment and the requirements of geographic disseminationmake it difficult to directly extrapolate these protocols toVANETs.In particular,geographic multicasting to VANET

12、 mobileusers(i.e.,driversandoccupants)requiresadditionalchallenges including:(i)geographic multicast addressing,(ii)multicast mobility management,and(ii)geographic messagedissemination in the wireless network.Regarding geographicmulticast addressing,we proposed a solution in 13 that isadapted to the

13、 context of vehicular networks.The second and3 3/2121the third challenges are the scope of this current work.Theobjective of mobility management is to locate mobile users andprovide them data in a seamless manner.Two mobility managementprotocols have been standardized by IETF:(i)the Mobile IPv6(MIPv

14、6 for IPv6)7,which is a host-based mobility management,and(ii)the proxy mobile IP version 6(PMIPv6)8,which isa network-based mobility management solution.The key idea ofMIPv6 relies on a fixed entity in the home network of MobileNodes(MN),the so-called Home Agent(HA),which locates theMN and builds a

15、 bidirectional tunnel to transfer data packetsdestined to the MN.The weaknesses of MIPv6 include long latency,high signaling overhead and location privacy problems 9.Toovercome these issues,PMIP is designed.In PMIP,the visitingnetwork localizes the MN,communicates with the home entity,and builds a t

16、unnel for data transfer.Although the existingmulticast mobility management solutions can provide multicastdata to mobile nodes(MNs),an issue of these solutions is thatthey are somehow based on the assumption that users usually stayin their home network(fixed network)and hence they aredesigned to pro

17、vide mobility management to only one or few users.Therefore,a direct application of these solutions to vehicularservices would create large control overhead due to a per-user-最新资料推荐最新资料推荐-membership management and inefficient bandwidth utilizationdue to the unicast transmissions over the tunnels.Suc

18、h controloverhead and inefficient bandwidth usage should be avoided andwe believe that it is possible especially for the cases wherethe mobile members are in the same geographical area.Indeedthis is the case for the above-mentioned POI service.In thispaper,we propose to extend PMIPv6 in such a way t

19、hat mobilitymanagement to multiple vehicles can be provided with low costand low complexity.Specifically,we propose to use PMIPv6 formobility management to a single user,which further providesmobility management to a multiple users by exploiting vehicularad hoc networking.Extending PMIPv6 for VANETs

20、 has anotherbenefit in contrast to the conventional PMIPv6.Indeed,themobile users,which do not have Internet connection(becausethey are not in the coverage of access networks,and/or theyare not equipped 22 nd ITS World Congress,Bordeaux,France,59 October 2019 with 3G/4G devices),can now receive mult

21、icastservice over the Internet-to-VANET communication.A number ofefforts towards enabling geocasting in ad-hoc networks havebeen previously made.Examples are LBM 10 and GeoGrid 11protocols,which rely on flooding techniques to disseminate a5 5/2121message to a given area.However,if vehicles are in th

22、e closeproximity of each other,the protocols may lead to a massivepacket redundancy on the network,which increases the overheadand bandwidth consumption.Opportunistic routing has beenproposed to improve packet delivery and reduce the overhead inthe network.Opportunistic routing such as 12 exploits t

23、hebroadcastnatureofwirelesstransmissions.Itallowscandidate nodes that overhear the packet and are close to thedestination to participate in forwarding the packet and thusreduce the number of retransmissions.However,in multicastservices,where the message has to be delivered to the members,opportunist

24、ic routing using broadcasting techniques may notguaranteethepacketdeliveryduetothelackofanacknowledgement system.In this paper,we introduce Melody,a geocast routing protocol that uses a variant of opportunisticrouting technique to transmit multicast packets over an overlaypath to a geographic area.T

25、he rest of this paper isorganizedasfollows:Section2detailsourproposalforInternet-to-VANET multicasting.More specifically,we explainthe scenario and present the VANET multicast group managementscheme.In Section 3,we present the dissemination process todeliver information from the Internet to the grou

26、p of multicast-最新资料推荐最新资料推荐-members located in an urban destination area.In Section 4 weassess our proposal by computer simulations for different urbanscenarios.Finally,Section5concludesthepaper.2.Internet-to-VANET Multicasting In this section,we firstpresentthescenariosofInternet-to-VANETmulticastc

27、ommunicationrequiredbythePOIapplication.Wethenintroduce the enhanced mobility management scheme for PMIPv6architecture.2.1.Preliminaries and scenario descriptionThe scope of this work is multicast message delivery from aserver residing in the Internet to an urban area.The messagemay include informat

28、ion about road status(congested or not),an advertisement of a new restaurant or parking facilities ina specific area.The messages are first sent to Road Side Units(RSU),which are deployed on a city scale to serve small urbanzones.The source(server)sends the message to a multicastaddressthatidentifie

29、sthemulticastservice.Italsospecifies the destination area in the packet.It should be notedhere that the destination area is transparent to the entities,which forward the multicast message in the Internet.The roleof those entities is to forward the message to the multicastaddress following the Intern

30、et path,e.g.,a tree path built7 7/2121by the PIM protocol 6.22 nd ITS World Congress,Bordeaux,France,59 October 2019 Figure 1-Internet to VANET Geocastscenario The scenario is depicted in Figure 1.When an RSUreceives the information sent from the server,it has to forwardit to the interested vehicles

31、,which reside in a geographic areaspecified in the data packet.The multicast vehicles use themechanism as detailed in 13 to auto-configure a valid addressusing the service identifier and the geographic attributes ofthe area.If the destination area is not directly reachable fromthe RSU,the data has t

32、o be relayed in the vehicular networkfrom the RSU until the geographic area,where it is disseminatedto the multicast members.2.2.Extended multicast mobilitymanagementforthePMIPv6architectureThemembershipmanagement and data transmission in PMIPv6 multicast mobilitymanagement schemes are illustrated i

33、n Figure 2.The MobileAccess Gateways(MAGs)broadcast a Multicast Listener Query MLQ(MLQ)to Mobile Nodes(MN)under their coverage,collectMulticast Listener Report(MLR)from them,and send aggregatedMLRs to their respective Local Mobility Anchor(LMA).Asillustrated in Figure 2,the control overhead and band

34、widthutilization in PMIPv6 degrades with the increase of the numberof multicast mobile nodes.Moreover,PMIP cannot obviously-最新资料推荐最新资料推荐-deliver data to the MNs that do not have Internet connection.Targeting the above-mentioned issues,we propose to extend themulticast mobility management by exploiti

35、ng the VANET concept.In the proposed scheme,the RSU plays the role of the MAG.RSUwill be aware about the existence of multicast group in thedestination area as follows.RSURSUInternetDestinationArea22 nd ITS World Congress,Bordeaux,France,59 October2019 Figure 2 PMIPv6 operations The RSU acts as MAG

36、andbroadcastsMLQsintheVANETs.Unlikeusualone-hoptransmission of MLQ,in our scheme it is unicasted until itreachesthedestinationarea.WhentheMLQreachesthedestination area,it is flooded in the area until it reachesat least one multicast member subscribed to the group.Themulticast member that first recei

37、ves the MLQ sends a MLR.Notethat as specified by the protocol,if multiple members receivethe MLQ,only one member respond with MLR.To do so,each vehiclesets up a random timer and the one with the shortest timerresponds with a MLR.Upon reception ofthe MLR,the othermembers restrain their MLR transmissi

38、on.If a node thatreceived an MLQ is not a multicast member of the group,it simplyforwards the message.The informal description of the algorithm9 9/2121can be found below.3.Melody:A Reliable Geocast routing inUrban VANET In the previous section,we proposed an extendedmulticast mobility management sch

39、eme that enables a MN to joina multicast group in the Internet,and thereby making itpossibletocreateVANETmulticastgroupsinordertodisseminate multicast data to nodes using vehicular networkingsolutions.Delivery of a multicast packet from the Internetto the RSU can be achieved following an Internet mu

40、lticastrouting protocol(e.g.,Protocol Independent Multicast,PIM).The interest of this section is to describe the multicastpackets delivery approach in VANET,from the RSU to thegeographic destination area,where multicast members arelocated.Asmentionedintheprevioussection,geocasttechniques based on fl

41、ooding may create overhead on the linkandresultinpacketcollision.Moreover,opportunisticrouting does not avoid packet loss and require coordinationbetween candidate nodes to forward the packet.In this paper,we propose Melody,a variant of the opportunistic routingdisseminates the multicast messages se

42、nt from the RSU to thedestination area using unicast or multicast overlay paths.InfotainmentInternetsource LMAMAGMulticastVehicleOrdinaryVehicleTunnel PMIPData Membership Messages(MLR)22 nd ITS-最新资料推荐最新资料推荐-World Congress,Bordeaux,France,59 October 2019 Algorithm1-Extended PMIPv6 for Geocast transmi

43、ssion Melody operatesin three phases:a neighbor discovery,relay phase,anddissemination phase.In what follows,we explain the proceduresof each phase.3.1 Neighbor DiscoveryIn Melody,eachvehicle in the network has to maintain a list of its neighbors.To do so,vehicles periodically broadcast Hello messag

44、es inevery second.A Hello message announces the position,thevelocity,the connectivity degree and the multicast membershipstatus(i.e.,whether the node belongs to a multicast group ornot)of the node.The connectivity degree is the number ofneighbors of the node at the time of sending the Hello message.

45、By including the membership status in the Hello message,it isnow not necessary for the multicast members to periodicallybroadcast multicast joining requests,which is forwarded in theentirenetworktoannouncethemembershipstatus.Theconsequenceofusingthesingle-hopHellomessagesforannouncement of membershi

46、p,is obviously low overhead,but alsothe membership status of a node is known only by its is one hopneighbors.It is indeed enough for Melody,which is anopportunistic routing algorithm.3.2 RelayPhaseIt is1111/2121possible that the majority of the multicast members are far fromthe roadside infrastructu

47、re that receives the data from themulticast server(in the Internet).The objective of the relayphase is then to quickly and reliably deliver data packets fromthe RSU to the geographical areas,where the multicast membersreside.Unliketraditionalopportunisticrouting,Melodybuilds a hop-by-hop overlay pat

48、h until the data packet reachesthegeographicalarea(s).Eachrelaythatreceivesthemulticast message retransmits it by specifying the next relaynodeinthepacket.ReceiveMLQ;ifNodeisMulticastMemberInDestArea or HasMulticastNeighborsInDestAreathen Set Timer to respond with MLR;while TimerNotExpired doif MLR

49、heard on the link then return;end end Send MLR;elseForward MLQ;end 22 nd ITS World Congress,Bordeaux,France,59 October 2019 The neighboring node,which is closest to thecenter of the destination area and which has the maximum numberof neighbors(highest connection degree),is selected as thenext relay

50、for the packet(SeeFigure 3).Choosing theforwarder,which has a high connection degree,provides a highchance to guarantee that the packets reach the maximum numberof multicast members.It should be noted that since Melodytargets urban road,the destination area might be segments of-最新资料推荐最新资料推荐-differen