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1、第十章第十章醇和醚醇和醚一、1.将下列化合物按伯仲叔醇分类,并用系统命名法命名。OH2.CH3CH3CCH3OH3.OH仲醇,2戊醇4.叔醇,叔丁醇5.叔醇,3,5二甲基3己醇6.HOCH2CH2CH2OHOHOH仲醇,4甲基2己醇伯醇 1丁醇伯醇 1,3丙二醇OHOHOH.987.仲醇,异丙醇仲醇,1苯基乙醇仲醇,2壬烯5醇二、预测下列化合物与卢卡斯试剂反应速度的顺序。1正丙醇 22甲基2戊醇 3二乙基甲醇解:与卢卡斯试剂反应速度顺序如下:2甲基2戊醇二乙基甲醇正丙醇三、比较下列化合物在水中的溶解度,并说明理由。1.4.CH3CH2CH2OHCH2OHCHOHCH2OH42.HOCH2CH2
2、CH2OH5.CH3CH2CH313.CH3OCH2CH3解:溶解度顺 235理由:羟基与水形成分子间氢键,羟基越多在水中溶解度越大,醚可与水形成氢键,而丙烷不能。四、区别下列化合物。1.CH2=CHCH2OH2.CH3CH2CH2OH3.CH3CH2CH2Cl解:烯丙醇丙醇 1氯丙烷溴水浓硫酸2.烯丙醇褪色丙醇不变溶解1氯丙烷不变不溶CH3CH2CHOHCH3CH3CH2CH2CH2OH(CH3)3COH解:2丁醇 1丁醇 2甲基2丙醇卢卡斯试剂 3苯乙醇苯乙醇解:与卢卡斯试剂反应,苯乙醇立即变浑,苯乙醇加热才变浑。2丁醇十分钟变浑1丁醇加热变浑2甲基2丙醇立即变浑五、顺2苯基2丁烯和 2甲
3、基1戊烯经硼氢化氧化反应后,生成何种产物解:CH3C6H5C=CCH3HB2H6NaOH,H2O2B2H6NaOH,H2O2CH3C6H5CHCHOHCH3CH3HOCH2CHCH2CH2CH3CH3CH2=C CH2CH2CH3六、写出下列化合物的脱水产物。1.CH3CH2C(CH3)2OHAl2O3CH3CH=C(CH3)22.(CH3)2CCH2CH2OHOHH2SO41(CH3)2C=CHCH2OHmoleH2OCH=CHCH33.CH2CHCH3OHH+4.CH2CHCH(CH3)2OHH+CH=CHCH(CH3)25.CH3CH2C(CH3)C(CH3)CH2CH3OHOHAl2O
4、3CH3CH3CH3CH=CC=CHCH3七、比较下列各组醇和溴化氢反应的相对速度。1苄醇,对甲基苄醇,对硝基苄醇CH2OHCH2OHCH2OHCH3解:反应速度顺序:NO2CH2OHCH2OHCH2OHCH3NO2八、1、3丁烯2醇与溴化氢作用可能生成那些产物试解释之。解:反应产物和反应机理如下:CH2=CHCHCH3OHHBrCH2=CHCHCH3Br+BrCH2CH=CHCH3CH2=CHCHCH3OHH+CH2=CH+CHCH3OH2H2OCH2=CH+CHCH3Br-CH2CH=CHCH3Br-CH2=CHCHCH3Br 2、2丁烯1醇与溴化氢作用可能生成那些产物试解释之。解:反应产
5、物和反应机理如下:HOCH2CH=CHCH3HOCH2CH=CHCH3H2O+HBrH+BrCH2CH=CHCH3+H2O+CH2=CHCHCH3OHCH2CH=CHCH3+CH2CH=CHCH3Br-BrCH2CH=CHCH3CH2=CHCHCH3Br-CH2=CHCHCH3OH九、反应历程解释下列反应事实。解:反应历程如下:1.(CH3)3CCHCH3OH(CH3)3CCHCH3OHCH3CH3CCH3CHCH3+85%H3PO4(CH3)3CCH=CH2(CH3)3CCHCH3+(CH3)2CHC=CH2CH3H+(CH3)2C=(CH3)2H+(CH3)3CCH=CH2CH3CH3CH
6、3C+CHCH3H+(CH3)2CHC=CH2CH3+(CH3)2C=(CH3)22.CH2OHH+CH2+CH2OHH+CH2OH2H2OCH2+H+CH2CH2+H+CH2+H+CH3H+十、用适当的格利雅试剂和有关醛酮合成下列醇(各写出两种不同的组合)。12戊醇CH3CHOCH3MgBr+CH3CH2CH2MgBrOCHCH2CH2CH2CH3CH3CHCH2CH2CH3OMgBrH2O.H+CH3CHCH2CH2CH3OH+CH3CHCH2CH2CH3OMgBrH2O.H+CH3CHCH2CH2CH3OH22甲基2丁醇CH3CH2MgBr+CH3COCH3CH3H2O,H+CH3CH2
7、CCH3OMgBrCH3H2O,H+CH3CH2CCH3OMgBrCH3CH3CH2CCH3OHCH3CH3CH2CCH3OHCH3MgBr+CH3COCH2CH331苯基1丙醇MgBr+OCHCH2CH3CHCH2CH3H3O+OMgBrCHCH2CH3OHCHO+CH3CH2CH2MgBrCHCH2CH3H3O+OMgBrCHCH2CH3OH 42苯基2丙醇CH3CH3MgBr+CH3CCH3OHCH3CCH3OHCH3COC6H5+CCH3H2O,HOMgBrMgBr+CH3CH3COCH3+CCH3H2O,HOMgBr十一、合成题 1甲醇,2丁醇合成 2甲基丁醇解:CH3CHCH2CH
8、3OHOCH3OHPCl3CH3CHCHCH3Cl+Mg,(C2H5)2OCH3CHCH2CH3MgCl+H2O,HCH3CH3CH2CHCH2OHCH2OCH3CHCH2CH3MgCl 2正丙醇,异丙醇 2-甲基2戊醇CH3CH2CH2OHCH3CHCH3OHPCl3CH3CH2CH2ClCH3COCH3Mg,(C2H5)2OCH3CH2CH2MgClOCH3CH2CH2MgCl+CH3COCH3H2O,H+CH3CH3CCH2CH2CH3OH3甲醇,乙醇正丙醇,异丙醇解:CH3OHCH3OHCH3CH2OHCH3CH2OHPCl3OPCl3O+CH3ClCH2OMg,(C2H5)2OCH3
9、MgClCH3CH2ClCH3CHOMg,(C2H5)2OCH3CH2MgClCH3CH2MgClCH3MgClCH2OCH3CHOH2O,H+H2O,H+CH3CH2CH2OHCH3CHCH3OH42甲基丙醇,异丙醇 2,4二甲基2戊烯解:CH3CHCH3OHCH3CH3CHCH2OHCH3COCH3OCH3COCH3PCl3CH3CH3CHCH2ClMg,(C2H5)2OCH3CH3CHCH2MgClCH3CH3CH3CHCH=CCH3H2O,H+CH3CH3H2SO4CH3CHCH2CCH3OH5丙烯甘油三硝酸甘油酯Cl25000解:CH3CH=CH2ClCH2CH=CH2CCH2CHC
10、H2OHOH OHHOClCH2CHCH2ClOH ClCa(OH)2ClCH2CHCH2ONaOH,H2O3HNO3H2SO4CH2CHCH2ONO2ONO2ONO26苯,乙烯,丙烯 3甲基1苯基2丁烯解:CH3CH=CH2AlCl3OCH3COCH3CH2CH3-H2+CH2=CH2CH=CH2HBr/ROORCH2CH2BrMg,(C2H5)2OCH3CH2CH2CCH3OHCH2CH2MgClCH3H2SO4CH2CH=CCH3CH3COCH3H2O,H+十二、完成下面转变。1乙基异丙基甲醇 2甲基2氯戊烷解:CH3CH3CH2CHCHCH3OHHCl,ZnCl2CH3CH3CH2CH
11、2CCH3Cl23甲基2丁醇叔戊醇解:CH3CH3CHCHCH3OHH2SO4CH3CH3CH=CCH3H2O,H+CH3CH3CH2CCH3OH3异戊醇 2-甲基2丁烯H2O,H+CH3CHCH2CH2OHCH3C=CHCH3CH3CH3十三、用指定的原料合成下列化合物(其它试剂任选)。1.解:(CH3)3COH(CH3)3COH+PBr3O(CH3)3CCH2CH2OH(CH3)3CBrMg,(C2H5)2O(CH3)3CMgBr(CH3)3CCH2CH2MgBrH2O,H+(CH3)3CCH2CH2OH2.OCH2CH2CH3OH(1)OCH2CH2CH3OH+CH3CH2CH2MgBr
12、H2O,H+CH2CH2CH3CH2CH2CH3H2SO4-H2OB2H6H2O2,OH-OH(2)OOHH2/NiH2SO4CF3CO3H-H2OCH2CH2CH3OCH3CH2CH2MgBrH2O,H+OH3.OHOCH3CHOHCH2CH3C2H5OHOCH3解:(CH3)SO4,NaOHC2H5Cl,AlCl3OCH3CO,HClCHOC2H5MgBrOCHC2H5H32O,H+CHOHCH2CH3C2H5OCH3C2H5 (2)OHOCH3OCH3OCH3C2H5ClBr2/FeBrMg,醚C2H5OCH3OCH3C2H5MgBrCH3CH2CHOCH(OH)CH2CH3C2H5C2
13、H5CH34 五个碳以下的有机物C CH3OH解:CH2=CHCH=CH2+CH2=CH2HBrBrMg,(C H)O2 5 2MgBr+CH3COCH3CH3H2O,H+C CH3OH十四、某醇 C5H12O 氧化后生成酮,脱水则生成一种不饱和烃,将此烃氧化可生成酮和羧酸两种产物的混合物,推测该化合物的结构。解:化合物的结构为:CH3CH3CHCHCH3OCH3CH3CHCHCH3OHH2OOHCH3CH3CHCCH3OCH3CH3C=CHCH3OCH3COCH3+CH3COOH十五、从某醇依次和溴化氢,氢氧化钾醇溶液,硫酸和水,K2Cr2o7+H2SO4作用,可得到 2丁酮,试推测原化合物
14、的可能结构,并写出各步反应式。解:化合物结构式为:CH3CH2CH2CH2OHCH3CH2CH2CH2OHKOH(C2H5OH)+HBrCH3CH2CH2CH2BrH2O,H2SO4CH3CH2CHCH3OHCH3CCH2CH3OCH3CH2CH=CH2十六、有一化合物(A)的分子式为 C5H11Br,和氢氧化钠水溶液共热后生成 C5H12OB),(B)具有旋光性,能与钠作用放出氢气,和硫酸共热生成C5H10(C),(C)经臭氧化和还原剂存在下水解则生成丙酮和乙醛,是推测(A),(B),(C)的结构,并写出各步反应式。解:H CH3C CHCH3BrH CH3NaOHaqC CHCH3BrH2
15、SO4CH3CH3CH=CCH3O3H CH3C CHCH3OHZn,H2OCH3CHO+CH3COCH3(A):CH3CH3CH3十七、新戊醇在浓硫酸存在下加热可得到不饱和烃,将这个不饱和烃臭氧化后,在锌纷存在下水解就可以得一个醛和酮,试写出这个反应历程及各步反应产物的结构式。解:CH3CH3CCH3CH3CH3CCH3CH3C=CCH3Zn,H2OCH3CH3HCH2OHH+CH3CH3CCH3+CH2OH2H2O+CH2CH3CH3CCH2CH3+H+O3CH3CCH3CH3OOCOHCH3CO+CH3COH十八、由化合物(A)C6H13Br 所制得格利雅试剂与丙酮作用可生成 2,4二甲
16、基 3乙基 2戊醇。(A)可发生消除反应生成两种异构体(B),(C),将(B)臭氧化后再在还原剂存在下水解,则得到相同碳原子数的醛(D)酮(E),试写出各步反应式以及(A)-(E)的结构式。解:各步反应式结(A)-(B)的结构式如下:CH3CH2CH3(A)+CH3COCH3CH3COHCHCHCH3CH3(A):CH3CH2CHCHCH3Br CH3KOH/C2H5OHCH3CH2CH=CCH3CH3CH3CH=CHCHCH3(B)(C)CH3CH2CHOCH3CH2CH=CCH3O3Zn,H2OCH3CH3COCH3+CH3十九、写出下列醚的同分异构体,并按习惯命名法和系统命名法命名。1.
17、C4H10OCH3OCH2CH2CH3CH3OCH(CH3)2C2H5OCH2CH3甲基正丙基醚,1甲氧基丙烷甲基异丙基醚,2甲氧基丙烷乙醚,乙氧基乙烷甲基正丁基醚,1甲氧基丁烷甲基仲丁基醚,2甲氧基丁烷甲基异丁基醚,2甲基1甲氧基丙烷甲基叔丁基醚,2甲基2甲氧基丙烷2.C5H12OCH3OCH2CH2CH2CH3CH3CH3OCHCH2CH3CH3OCH2CHCH3CH3CH3CH3O CCH3CH3CH3CH2OCH2CH2CH3CH3CH2OCHCH3CH3二十、分离下列各组化合物。1,1,乙醚中混有少量乙醇:解:加入金属钠,然后蒸出乙醚。2,戊烷 1戊炔 1甲氧基3戊醇C5H12HCC
18、CH2CH2CH3AgNO3(NH30C5H12CH3OCH2CH2CHCH2CH3OHAgCCCH2CH2CH3HNO3HCCCH2CH2CH3CH3OCH2CH2CHCH2CH3OHH2SO4炔与硝酸银反应生成炔银分出,加硝酸生成炔。液相用浓硫酸处理,戊烷不溶于浓硫酸分出,醇溶于硫酸,用水稀释分出醇(醚)。二十一、完成下列各组化合物的反应式。1碘甲烷+正丙醇钠2溴乙烷+2丁醇钠3正氯丙烷+2甲基2丁醇钠42甲基2氯丙烷+正丙醇钠CH3I+NaOCH2CH2CH3+CH3OCH2CH2CH3CH3CHCH2CH3OC2H5CH3CH3CH2CH2OCCH2CH3CH3CH3CH2BrCH3C
19、HCH2CH3ONa+CH3CH2CH2ClCH3CH3CClCH3NaOCCH2CH3CH3CH3+NaOCH2CH2CH3CH2=C(CH3)2OCH3HIOH+ICH3二十二、合成题。1乙烯,甲醇乙二醇二甲醚,三甘醇二甲醚CH2=CH2+O2Ag2500CH2COCH2CH3OH,H+CH OCH CH OH322(CH3)2SO4,NaOHCH3OH3CH2OCH3OCH2CH2OCH3CH2CH3OCH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2OHCH3OCH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH3(CH3)2SO42乙烯二乙醇胺CH2CH2ONH2CH2CH2OHCH2
20、OCH2NH(CH2CH2OH)2NH33.甲烷二甲醚200C10MPa0CH4+O2CuCH3OHH2SO4CH3OCH34.丙烯异丙醚CH3CH=CH2+H2OH+CH3CHCH3OHH2SO4(CH3)2CHOCH(CH3)25.苯,甲醇 2,4-硝基苯甲醚CH3OH+NaClCl2,FeCH3ONaCl2OCH3NO2CH3ONaNO2HNO3H2SO4NO26乙烯正丁醚NO2CH2=CH2+HBrCH3CH2BrH2O,H+Mg,(C2H5)2OCH CH MgBr32H2SO4CH2CH2OCH3CH2CH2CH2OHCH3CH2CH2CH2OCH2CH2CH2CH3二十三、乙二醇
21、及其甲醚的沸点随相对分子量的增加而降低,试解释之。CH2OHCH2OHCH2OCH3CH2OCH3CH2OCH3CH2OH沸点 1970C沸点 1250C沸点 840C解:乙二醇分子内有两个羟基,通过分子间氢键缔合成大分子,而单甲醚只有一个羟基,氢键作用减少。对于二甲醚,分子中已没有羟基,不能形成分子间氢键。所以乙二醇沸点最高,乙二醇二甲醚沸点最低。二十四、下列各醚和过量的浓氢碘酸加热,可生成何种产物1甲丁醚22甲氧基戊烷2甲基1甲氧基丁烷CH3ICH3I+CH3CH2CH2CH2I+注意,这里有重排问题CH3CHCH2CH2CH3ICH3CH3I+CH3CCH2CH3I二十五、有一化合物的分
22、子式为 C6H14O,常温下不与钠作用,和过量的浓氢碘酸共热生成碘烷,此碘烷与氢氧化银作用则生成丙醇,试推测此化合物的结构,并写出反应式。解:HICH3CH2CH2OCH2CH2CH3AgOH2+CH3CH2CH2ICH3CH2CH2OHAgI二十六、有一化合物分子式为 C7H16O,并知道:1,1,在常温下不和金属钠作用2,2,过量浓氢碘酸共热生成两种物质为 C2H5I 和 C5H11I,后者用AgOH 处理后所生成的化合物沸点为 1380C。试根据表 102,推测其结构,并写出各步反应式。解:沸点为 1380C 的物质为正戊醇。此化合物为乙基正戊基醚。2CH3CH2OCH2CH2CH2CH
23、2CH3AgOHHIC2H5I+ICH2CH2CH2CH2CH3HOCH2CH2CH2CH2CH3AgI二十七、有一化合物分子式为 C20H21O4N,,与热的浓氢碘酸作用可生成碘代甲烷,表明有甲氧基存在。当此化合物 4.24mg 用 HI 处理,并将所生成的碘代甲烷通入硝酸银的醇溶液,得到,问此化合物含有几个甲氧基解:碘化银分子量为,11,62mgAgI 为,根据分子式指导此化合物分子量为 339,为,可见此化合物有四个甲氧基。二十八、写出环氧乙烷与下列试剂反应的方程式:1.有少量硫酸存在下的甲醇2.有少量甲醇钠存在下的甲醇。1.H+CH2O+CH2CH2O+HCH2CH3OH-H+CH3OCH2CH2OHH2.CH3OCH2CH2OHCH2OCH2+CH3O-CH3OCH2CH2O-CH3OHCH3OCH2CH2OH+CH3O-环氧乙烷在酸催化及碱催化产物是相同的,但是,1,2环氧丙烷产物是不同的。酸催化:H+CH3CHO+CH2CH3CHO+HCH2CH3OHH O CH3CH3CHCH2OH-H+CH3CHCH2OHOCH3CH3碱催化:CHOCH3OHCH2+CH3O-CH3CHCH2OCH3O-CH3CHCH2OCH3OH+CH3O-
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