初中英语语法基础知识总结.pdf
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1、初中英语 语法基础知识总结一、名词1可数名词可数名词是指能计数事物名称的词,包括个体名词和集体名词,有单、复数形式。复数名词构成法如下:以 s,x,ch,sh 结尾的名词加-es(除 stomach)。以辅音字母加 y 结尾的名词,要变 y 为-ies。但以元音字母加 y 结尾时直接加-s。以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词须直接加-s 的,如:beliefs,proofs。变 f 或 fe 为-ves 的,如:knives,leaves,wives,lives,thieveswolves,shelves,。注意handkerchief 的复数可直接加-s。也可变 f 为-ves。以 o 结尾直接加
2、-s,如:zoos,pianos,kilos,photos,autos,radios。加-es,如:Negroes,heroes,potatoes。复数不规则的名词,如:manmen,womanwomen,footfeet,goosegeese,oxoxen,childchildren,toothteeth 等。单复数形式一样的名词,如:Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,means,works 等。2不可数名词不可数名词一般没有单复数之分,它包括物质名词、抽象名词和专有名词。以-ics 结尾的表示学科名称的名词一般用做单数。某些以-s 结尾的表示单一事物的专有名词常用做单
3、数。3名词的所有格1(1)“s”所有格。一般名词后加“s”。如:Toms brothersbag。以-s 或-es 结尾的复数名词,在名词右上方加“”。如:theworkers organization。以-s 结尾的专有名词所有格,若以读音Z结尾,一般可在名词右上方加“”,也可加“s”。如:Dickens/Dickenss cup。如果一样东西为两个人共有,则只有后一个名词加“s”;如果不是共有的,两个名词后都要加“s”。如:Tom and Marys room(共有);Marys and Toms cups(不共有)。(2)表示无生命东西的名词,通常采用of+名词的结构来表示所有关系,总的
4、来讲 of 所有格是s 所有格的一种替换形式。如:theclassroom of the school。(3)表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命东西的名词,也可以加“s”来构成所有格。如:todays newspaper。一、基本型写出下列名词的复数形式:1.pencil-box _ 2.wife _ 3.Sunday_4.city_ 5.dress _6.Englishman _7.match _ 8.Chinese _9.zoo _10.exam_ 11.German _12.I have a lot of _(作业)to do every day.13.His _(裤子)ar
5、e new,but mine are old.114.It is the best one of the _(照片)in my family.15.Are they building any _(图书馆)in the city16.Can you cut this big pear into two _(半)17.At the end of _(八月),you must get ready for thenew school year.二、提高型来源:1st is _ Day all over the world.A.Childs B.Childs C.ChildrensD.Childrens
6、10th is _ Day in China,isnt itA.TeachersB.TeachersC.TeacherD.Teacher of_ is made of _.A.Glass;glassB.A glass;glassC.Glasses;glasses D.A glass;glasses is _ news.A.such a good B.a very good C.so good a D.such good_ it is!Lets go swimming.A.a fine weatherB.fine dayC.a fine dayD.bad weather like Chinese
7、 _.A.food and peoples B.foods and people C.foods and peopleD.food and people and I go to school _ every day.A.on feetB.on footC.by footsD.by buses117.What are you listening to,Jane _ or _A.a music;a newsB.music;newsC.music;newsD.music;a news many _ and _ are there in your classA.boy student;girl one
8、sB.girls students;boys onesC.boys student;girl oneD.girl students;boy ones9.A group of _ are talking with two _ over there.A.Frenchmen;GermansB.Frenchmen;GermenC.German;FrenchmenD.Germans;Frenchmans10.That bus driver drank two _.A.glass of waterB.glasses of watersC.cups of teaD.cup oftea11.Mrs.Smith
9、 is an old friend of _.A.Bobs motherB.Bobs mothersC.mother of BobD.Bobmothers12.The tall man with a big nose is _ teacher.A.Tom and CarlB.Toms and CarlsC.Tom and Carls a few _ came to visit some _ in Shantou.A.German;places of interestB.Germans;places of interestsC.Germans;places of interestD.Germen
10、;places of interest autumn comes,_ of most trees turn yellow and then falldown.A.leafB.leafsC.leave D.leaves1二、冠词1不定冠词 a,an表示 one 或 every。如:You have a mouth。表示某一类人、事或物,相当于 any。如:A spade is a tool。用于某些固定词组中。如:a bit,a lot of。泛指某人或某物。如:A boy is waiting for her。用在 rather,many,what 等词之后。如:You are rather
11、a fool。注意:名词以元音音素开头时,前面若加不定冠词,要用“an”。2定冠词 the表示上文已提到过或下文将要提到的人或事物。如:I am veryinterested in the book。表示独一无二的人或事物。如:the world,the sun,the moon,the earth。用在序数词、形容词最高级及对两人或物进行比较时起特定作用的比较级前。如:the young,the second story,the largest room。用在以-ese,-ch,-sh 等结尾和表示国家、党派等专有名词前,以及在江、河、湖、海、山川、群岛的名词前。如:the Changjia
12、ng River,the Great Lake。用在方位名词前以及某些表示时间的词组或习惯语中。如:in thewest,on the right。用在形容词前表示一类人。如:the young,the dead。1在姓氏复数形式前,表示全家人,或这一姓氏的夫妇俩。如:TheGreens are sitting at the breakfast table。用在单数可数名词前,表示某一类人或事物。如:The horse is ause-ful animal。在艺术、文娱活动名称前通常用定冠词。如:go tothe cinema。3不加冠词(1)一般专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词
13、前不加冠词。如:America,China,Shanghai Railway Station。但是当一个抽象名词或物质名词被限定时,前面加the。如:The milk in thebottle has gone bad 抽象名词或物质名词前或后加上表示其特殊性质或类别的修饰词,指概念的“一种”、“一类”、“一次”等时,用不定冠词。如:After a swim,he had a rest。(2)可数名词前有物主代词、指示代词、不定代词、名词所有格等限制时,不加冠词。如:This book is mine。(3)季节、月份、日期、一日三餐前一般不加冠词。如:Summer isthe warmest
14、 season of the year。如果月份等被一个限定性定语修饰,就要加冠词。如:Jack joined the Army in the spring of 2002。(4)表示语言学科名称、球类运动的名词前一般不用冠词。如:Heis studying French in Paris。但是在 the Chinese language,theEnglish lan-guage 等中要用定冠词。(5)在以“普通名词或形容词最高级+as”开始的让步状语从句中,前面不加冠词。如:Shortest as he is。1用适当的冠词填空,不需要冠词的空白处填“”1.Tomorrow is _ Tea
15、chers Day and well make _ cardfor our English teacher.2.The bus is running about seventy miles_ hour.3.Mary is interested in _ science.4.Some people dont like to talk at _ table.5.Last night I went to_ bed very late.6.Dont worry.We still have _ little time left.7.What _ beautiful day!And what _ fine
16、 weather!8.In _ winter it is cold in _ Beijing and warm in_Shanghai.9.John is_ cleverest boy in his class.10.We cant live without _ water or _ air.11.Tomorrow Mr.Smith will leave Paris,_capitalof_ France,for Washington by_ air.12.We were having_ lunch when they came in.13.This is _ book you gave me
17、last week.14.What did you do _ last Saturday15.March 8 is _ Womens Day.16.If _ weather is fine tomorrow,we will go to the park.17.I prefer playing _ piano to playing _basketball.118.At _ age of five,he read a lot of books.19.Tom and Lucy are of _ same age.20._ harder we study,_ more we learn.三、数词1基数
18、词(1)2199 之间的二位数由十位数加个位数再加连字符构成。如24 可写成 twenty-four。(2)101999 之间的三位数由 hundred 加 and 再加二位数或末位数构成。加 489 可写成 four hundred and eighty-nine。(3)表示确切数目时,基数词 hundred,thousand,million,billion不加 s。如 several hundred,ten million。但是表示不确定数目时,要用复数形式。如 hundreds of。(4)表示“在几十年代”用“in+the+逢十的数词复数”。如inthe1980s 或 80s。2序数词
19、一般由基数词加-th 构成,前面一般加定冠词 the。如 the twohundredth。以 y 结尾的基数词构成序数词时,把 y 改成 i,再加-eth。如 thefiftieth。不规则的序数词有 first,second,third,fifth,eighth,ninth,twelfth。3其他几种数词1(1)分数由基数词和序数词合成,分子用基数词,分母用序数词。分子大于 l 时,分母的序数词要用复数形式。如11/3 读做 three and two thirds1/3 读做 one(a)third;但 1/2 读做 one(a)half,1/4 读做 one(a)quarter。(2)
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