废水管理情况说明书-节能Wastewater Management Fact Sheet-Energy Conservation.docx
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1、Waste water Management Fact Sheet-Energy Conservation废水管理情况说明书节能EPA 832-F-06-024 Office of Water July 2006INTRODUCTION 引言Continual increases in energy costs in the United States affect wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) just as they do other facilities. Energy costs can account fbr 30 percent of th
2、e total operation and maintenance (O&M) costs of WWTPs (Cams 2005), and WWTPs account fbr approximately 3 percent of the electric load in the United States. Furthermore, as populations grow and environmental requirements become more stringent, demand fbr electricity at such plants is expected to gro
3、w by approximately 20 percent over the next 15 years (Cams 2005). Energy conservation is thus an issue of increasing importance to WWTPs. This fact sheet describes possible practices that can be implemented to conserve energy at a WWTP.与对其他设施一样,美国能源本钱的持续增长影响污水处理厂(WWTP) o能源本钱 可占WWTP总运营和维护(O&M)本钱的30%,
4、而WWTP约占美国电力负荷的3%。另 外,随着人口增长和环境要求变得更加严格,预计这些处理厂电力需求在未来15年内将 增长约20%o因此,节能是WWTP 一个越来越重要的问题。本情况说明书描述可在WWTP 实施的节约能源的可能做法。APPLICABILITY 适用Evaluating a facility fbr energy efficiencies and adopting an energy conservation plan often result in increased treatment efficiency, along with the potential fbr incr
5、eased treatment capacity, an increased ability to meet effluent limitations, reduced O&M requirements, and reduced energy costs.评估设施的能源效率和采用节能计划通常可提高处理效率,且可能增加处理处理、提 高满足排放限制的能力、降低O&M需求和降低能源本钱。The main requirement on the part of the WWTP staff is a commitment to spend the initial time needed to evalu
6、ate the system, to follow through with the development of an energy conservation plan, and to implement the plans recommendations.对WWTP工作人员的主要要求是承诺花费评估系统所需的时间,跟进节能计划制订, 实施计划建议。(ASPS)或能量回收设备投资,可就地产能。之后这种能源可局部或全部用于运行现场工 艺或为建筑物供电,或在有适当电网输送系统时销售给其他用户。可能的ASPS包以生物 气体燃料内燃机、微型涡轮机(图2)、风力涡轮机、燃料电池和太阳能电池。一些可用 的
7、ASPS不节能,而采用就地发电代替异地发电。Figure 2. Microturbine Schematic 微涡轮机示意图The city of Pacifica, California, recently began operating 1,800 solar panels to supply a portion of the Calera Creek Water Recycling Planfs electric needs. The solar panels provide 10 to 15 percent of the treatment planfs energy needs. T
8、he facility estimates $100,000 per year in energy savings (Manekin, 2006).最近开始运行1800块太阳能电池板,满足Calera Creek水再生厂的局部电力需求。 太阳能电池板提供处理厂10%到15%的能源需求。这一设施估计每年节能$ 100000oMaking improvements to the wastewater treatment plant and the collection system has also been found to result in energy savings. In partic
9、ular, installation of an equalization basin allows the plant to even out pumping needs, and so allows fbr peak shaving by running pumps during off-peak hours (Fuller, 2003). Reducing infiltration and inflow in the collection system also can pay for itself in energy savings. By rehabilitating damaged
10、 or deteriorated sewer lines and eliminating improper connections to the system, the overall flow to the WWTP is reduced, thus reducing the amount of energy required to treat the flows.也发现改进废水处理厂和集水系统可节能。特别是安装平衡池可使处理厂平衡泵需求, 从而可以通过在非高峰时间运行泵“调峰”。减少集水系统中渗流和流入也可从节能中收回 本钱。通过修复受损或恶化的污水管线,消除与系统的不当连接,进入WWTP
11、的总流量 减少,从而减少处理这些流量所需的能量。Another improvement to a wastewater treatment that can result in large energy savings is a overflow protection Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system. These systems use computers to automate process monitoring and operational control. Because such systems mon
12、itor energy usage, cost savings can be realized, along with the savings associated with enhanced process control (Fuller 2003). SCADA systems can monitor and control the activity of wastewater systems from a single location. Immediate detection of problems through diagnostic displays enables quick i
13、ntervention for fast resolution. Operators can easily compensate fbr seasonal flow and wet weather by automatically adjusting set points. Centralized control and monitoring of distribution and collection systems provides data fbr water modeling and energy use optimization, as well as predictive main
14、tenance of distributed equipment. In addition to monitoring treatment processes, SCADA systems can provide continuous monitoring and control of plant operations such as:另一个可节约大量能源的废水处理改进是溢流保护监控和数据采集(SCADA)系统。 这些系统使用计算机,实现自开工艺监测和操作控制。由于这样的系统监测用能,可实现 本钱节约,以及与增强过程控制相关的节约。SCADA系统监测和控制单一位置的废水系 统活动。通过诊断显示
15、即时检测问题,可快速干预,快速解决。操作员可通过自动调整设 定点,易于补偿季节性流量和多雨气候。分布和采集系统的集中控制和监测提供数据,用 于水建模和能源使用优化,以及预测性维护。除了监测处理工艺,SCADA系统也是连续 监测和控制处理厂运行,例如:Wastewater collection systemsRemote operationsProgrammable logic controllers systemsWater distribution废水收集系统远程操作可编程控制器系统配水Creating the most efficient electric supply purchasin
16、g strategy, optimizing load profiles, and reducing costs制定最有效的电力供应采购策略、优化负荷变化和降低本钱At many facilities, the administrators are unaware of the rate structures of their electric bills. Electricity is typically billed in two ways: (1) by the amount of energy used over a specific period, measured in kilow
17、att-hours and (2) by demand, the rate of the flow of energy, measured in kilowatts.在很多设施中,管理人员不知道其他电费单的费率结构。电费通常以两种方式计费: (1)按特定时期内使用的能量,以千瓦时为单位;(2)按需求,即能量的流量,以千瓦为单 位。Electric utilities structure their rates on the basis of the users required voltage level, the electricity usage at different hours of
18、 the day, and the peak demand. A WWTP might be operating equipment when electricity is at peak rates, resulting in unnecessary costs. Plant personnel should become familiar with the energy rate structure to determine whether they can operate equipment at o.peak hours or reduce energy consumption dur
19、ing peak-demand hours.电力公司根据用户所需的电压水平、一天中不同时间的用电量和高峰需求确费率构成。 电力处于高峰时,WWTP可能正在运行设备,导致不必要的本钱。处理厂人员应熟悉能源 费率结构,确定是否可以在非高峰时间操作设备,或在高峰需求时间减少能源消耗。For example, the WSSC revised its power purchasing to optimize energy costs at WWTPs. The WSSC purchases blocks of power supply (kilowatt-hours) at a wholesale,
20、competitive level. This provides for a predictable base load cost. The WSSC purchases its remaining kilowatt hours on the spot market. The WSSC also purchases energy (kilowatt-hours) and capacity (kilowatts) separately. As market prices shift, the electric utility shifts the WWTPs load accordingly (
21、Taylor 2005). An example of shifting loads is the use of system storage to store wastewater during periods of highest load rather than operating pumps. The stored wastewater can then be pumped and treated during periods of low demand.例如,WSSC修改其电力采购,优化WWTP能源本钱。WSSC以批发、有竞争力 水平购买电源组合(千瓦时)。这提供可预测的基础负荷本钱
22、。WSSC在现货市场上购其 余负荷。WSSC也分别购买能源(千瓦时)和容量(千瓦)。随着市场价格的变化,电力 公司相应地改变WWTP负荷。改变负荷的一个例子是在最高负荷期间使用系统储存储存 废水,而不是运行泵。之后可在低需求期间泵送和处理储存的废水。Another example, EBMUD has also changed the way it purchases electricity. EBMUD used to buy electricity solely from Pacific Gas and Electric at an average cost of $0.11 per ki
23、lowatt-hour. Now EBMUD purchases electricity from the Western Area Power Administration, which markets hydroelectric power, at an average cost of $0.06 per kilowatt-hour (Cohn 2005). It should be noted that there are risks associated with purchasing electricity on the spot market. Correct market for
24、ecasts are essential, and WWTPs must deal with price volatility in the market.另一个例子是EBMUD也改变其购买电力的方式。EBMUD过去只从Pacific Gas and Electric购买电力,平均本钱为每千瓦时0.11美元。现在EBMUD从销售水力发电的西 部地区电力管理局购买电力,平均本钱为每千瓦时0.06美元。需要注意的是,存在与从 现货市场上购买电力的相关风险。正确的市场预测至关重要,WWTP必须应对市场价格波 动。A technology often used to supplement energy
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