专题19 阅读理解之主旨大意题-2023年高考英语一轮复习《考点题型技巧》精讲与精练高分突破系列（通用）(原卷版).docx

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1、专题19阅读理解之主旨大意题考点题型技巧号考向分析主旨大意题旨在考查考生通过对原文快速浏览正确获取语篇的大意，并对文章的主题、 标题、段落、中心思想加以归纳理解以及辨别主要信息和次要信息的能力。要求考生在阅读 短文时，能够提炼文章的中心情节，体会作者的主要意图，充分运用逻辑概括能力，透过字 里行间获取文章最具代表性的观点、中心论点及作者的情感倾向。般:考点导航.从考查对象上划分，主旨大意题可分为两种篇章主旨：针对全文的主题进行提问。主题句出现在首段的居多，其次是末段或为几段主 题的综段落主旨：针对某一段或几段的主题提问。主题句可能是段落的首句、末句，也可能需要 从上下文中寻找或总结。1 .从考

2、查内容上划分，主旨大意题可分为三种主题类(内容)，考查文章或段落的主旨大意；目的类，考查文章或段落的写作目的；标题类，要求考生选出文章的最佳标题。设问特点：1 .考查全文主旨或段落大意。2 .正确选项概况范围大小恰当，主旨判断准确。3 .错误选项的特点常常是太大、太窄或者偏离主题，主观臆断。4 .常以 main idea, best idea, subject, mainly discuss 等词提问。常考问题：(1)中心思想类The main point /idea of the passage is.The passage is mai nly about.B. The harm of w

3、orkplace incivility to children.C. The different styles of parenting practices.D. The effects of high expectations from children.CLittle black taxis, often run-down and falling apart from decades of use, have for a long time been a main feature of Cairos chaotic urban landscape. But their days may b

4、e numbered, thanks (o a new taxi replacement programme aimed al knocking out older, potentially unsafe vehicles.The government-sponsored action, launched earlier this year, allows drivers of taxis 20 years or older, mostly Fiats and Peugeots, to trade their cars for shiny new all-white ones at gener

5、ous rates of financing. Drivers can choose between five different locally manufactured car models.According to officials, more than 11,000 brand new taxis, sporting trademark checked stripes on the sides, have already hit the streets of the capital, and theyve been welcomed enthusiastically by passe

6、ngers. Many people say that not only are (he new taxis more comfortable, but they also make (he streets of Cairo far more presentable. Furthermore, taxi fares have only increased by a small amount.The poor condition of most black and white taxis is almost legendary. Passengers often have to deal wit

7、h windows and doors that do not open and close, and heavy, thick petrol gases. Air conditioning is unheard of. The new all-white taxis, meanwhile, arc cleaner, more fucl-cfficicnt and provide air conditioning on request. Furthermore, all the new taxis come equipped with functioning fare meters, whic

8、h avoids arguments and sometimes fights with passengers!The government hopes to replace all of the capitals 40,000 elderly black cabs soon, but not everyone in Cairo will be happy to see them go. Hotel manager Ibrahim Al-Toukhy says that the old black cabs were weak and run-down, and maybe even a li

9、ttle dangerous, but they were part of the city, and part of Cairos character.1. Which of the followings can replace the underlined word “chaotic” in paragraph 1?A. disorderlyB. fantasticC. busyD. silentWhich of (he following statements is TRUE about the new taxis?A. They are much more presentable.B.

10、 Their passengers have to pay dramatically more.C. They are much more energy-saving.D. Only few of them provide air conditioning.2. What does the passage mainly talk about?A. The road traffic condition of CairoA taxi renewal programme launched in CairoB. The problems with old black Cairo taxis.C. Va

11、rious views on the new taxi replacement in CairoDDuring the rosy years of elementary school（小学），I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status. I was the queen of the playground. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They rose in the ranks

12、 not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself.Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the stat

13、us seekers. The likables plays-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump-start interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work. Then theres the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence: status born of power and even dishonorable be

14、havior.Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed, Dr. Prinsteins studies show unpleasant consequences. Those who were highest in status in high school, as well as those least liked in elementary school, arc “most likely to engage（从事）in dangerous and risky behavior.*In one study, Dr. Prinstein examin

15、ed the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents, scoring （he least liked, the most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys（调查研究）.“We found that the least well-liked teens had become more aggressive over time toward their classmates. But so had those who were high in status. It cle

16、arly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment, high status has just the opposite effect on us.Dr. Prinstein has also found （hat （he qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play date-sharing, kindness, openness carry over to later years and make you better able to relate an

17、d connect with others.In analyzing his and other research, Dr. Prinstein came to another conclusion: Not only is likability related to positive life outcomes, but it is also responsible for (hose outcomes, too. Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of life experiences that

18、 help somebody gain an advantage, he said.33. What is the second paragraph mainly about?A. The classification of the popular.B. The characteristics of adolescents.C. The importance of inlerpersonal skills.D. The causes of dishonorable behavior.35. What is the best title for the text?A. Be Nice-You W

19、ont Finish LastThe Higher the Status, the BeerB. Be the Best-You Can Make ItMore Self-Control, Less AggressivenessEMarian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beachs Bar Louie counter by herself quietly reading her e-book as she waits for her salad. What is she reading? None of your business! Lunch is BechtePs

20、 “me time. And like more Americans, shes not alone.A new report found 46 percent of meals arc eaten alone in America. More than half(53 percent)have breakfast alone and nearly half(46 percent)have lunch by themselves. Only at dinnertime are we eating together anymore, 74 percent, according to statis

21、tics from the report.4tI prefer to go out and be out. Alone, but together, you know? nBcchtcl said, looking up from her book. Bechtel, who works in downtown West Palm Beach, has lunch with coworkers sometimes, but like many of us, too often works through lunch at her desk. A lunchtime escape allows

22、her to keep a boss from tapping her on the shoulder. She returns to work feeling energized. “Today, I just wanted some time to myself, “she said.Just two seats over, Andrew Mazoleny, a local videographer, is finishing his lunch at the bar. He likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or cha

23、t up the barkeeper with whom hes on a first-name basis if he wants to have a little interaction(交流).“I reflect on how my days gone and think about the rest of the week,“ he said. Its a chance fbr self-reflection. You return to work recharged and with a plan.”That freedom (o choose is one reason more

24、 people like to eat alone. There was a time when people may have felt awkward about asking for a table for one, but those days are over. Now, we have our smartphones to keep us company at the table. uIt doesnt feci as alone as it may have before al the advances in technology,said Laurie Demerit, who

25、se company provided (he statistics for the report.31. What is the text mainly about?A. The trend of having meals alone.B. The importance of self-reflection.C. The stress from working overtime.D. The advantage of wireless technology.FImagine someone who has spent the majority of their life sitting wi

26、th a sign on the side of the road and that very person giving someone their last 20 dollars. Thats exactly what Marine Corps veteran (退伍军人)Johnny Bobbitt, 34, did in October in Philadelphia.Bobbitt served in the U.S. Marine Corps and worked as a paramedic (医务辅助人员)in Vance County, N. C. before he bec

27、ame homeless. Nobody knew how he got to where he was because he was discreet about that.One night in October, Bobbitt was sitting roadside with a sign in Philadelphia as usual, when Kate McClure of Florence Township, N. J. was driving home down Interstate 95 and ran out of gas. Scared and nervous, s

28、he got out of the car to head to the nearest gas station. As McClure was heading to the nearest gas station, she ran into Bobbitt and he (old her to get back in the vehicle and lock the door. Minutes later, he appeared with a red gas can. Hed used his last $20 to buy her gas.After that unexpected me

29、eting, McClure and her boyfriend, Mark DAmico, who both live in New Jersey, visited Bobbitt several times to deliver gift cards, cash, snacks and toiletries. They then decided to create a fiind raising page so he wouldnt have to spend the holidays sleeping on (he street.McClure started the GoFundMe

30、page on November 10. With (he page, the couple hoped to raise $10,000, enough money fbr his rent, a reliable vehicle and up to six months expenses. Bobbins story ran in a local paper. By November 15, more than 10.000 local people had madedonations through the GoFundMe page and more than $300,000 had

31、 been raised.On Thanksgiving, Bobbitt was resting in a hotel, his feet up on the bed, drawing up a grand plan for his new life, thanks to several thousand dollars raised to repay him for a good deed.4. What does the underlined word “discreet“ in paragraph 2 most probably mean?B. Cautious.D. Optimist

32、ic.B. got to the way homeD. was in search of gasA. Doubtful.C. Guilty.5. McClure met Bobbitt when she.A. couldnt find a gas stationC. couldnt unlock her car6. It can be known from the text that.A. Bobbitts story obtained wide attentionBobbitt became world-famous overnightB. the GoFundMe page collect

33、ed over $4(X),0(K) for Bobbittthe GoFundMe page was started to help people like Bobbin7. What is the best title for the text?A. A Homeless Veteran Paid Kindness FonvardA Homeless Veteran Had a Generous HeartB. A Homeless Veterans Kindness Paid OffA Small Kindness Made a Big DifferenceGWhen we meet s

34、omeone for the first time, we usually get a vague sense of what kind of person they are by the way they shake hands, talk, or walk. In the age of social networking, however, first impressions are sometimes made even before we actually meet someone in personthat is, by looking at their profile photo.

35、According to a recent study, these social images say a lot about our personality. In the study, presented in a paper at (he International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, a group of researchers from the University of Pennsylvania in the US used software to analyze the profile pictures of 66,

36、000 users of US social plalfbnn Twitter and 3,200 of their tweets. At the same time, about 434 participants were asked to complete a survey about their personality type. The researchers wanted to find out if there was a connection between personality traitslike openness,extroversion, and neuroticism

37、(神经质)and a persons profile picture.According to the results, open people are more likely to pose in an unusual way and use objects such as glasses or a guitar in their profile photo because they enjoy new and exciting experiences. Meanwhile, neurotic people often hold back their negative emotions. T

38、hey try to avoid showing their face： Instead, they use an image of something like a pet, a car or a building.Apart from the objects in profile pictures, (he colors used in them also give us some hints about the photos owner. For example, extra verts were found to have the most colorful profile image

39、s, as they want to emphasize (heir personality and show themselves off. the researchers wrote.Although social media photos usually represent an extension of ones self they also allow a user to shape his or her own personality and idealized view,“ according to the researchers. So, when choosing a pro

40、file photo, maybe wc should ask ourselves first what kind of image wed like to convey. After all, first impressions always last.28. What helps form the first impressions with the development of network?A. Shaking handsB. GreetingsC. Profile picturesD. GesturesWhats (he purpose of the study?A. To ana

41、lyze the users preference.B. To conduct a survey about personality type.C. To explore (he formation of first impression.D. To seek out the link between characters and profile photos.29. According (o the study, an outgoing person may.A. choose a puppy dog as an imageB. share a distinct pose in his ph

42、otoC. fill his profile photo with light colorsD. care little about his image30. What is the best title for the text?A. Be Mindful of Your PersonalityC. First Impressions Make a DifferencePersonalityB. Make Use of Your Social ImageD. Profile Photos Reveal YourThe passage mainly discusses.The last but

43、 one paragraph is chiefly concerned with.?Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?(2)标题类Which of the following is the best title of the passage?The best title fbr the passage would be .(3)目的类The authors main purpose in writing the passage is to .The passage is m

44、eant to .In writing this passage, the author mainly intends to.【答题技巧】怎样理解段落及文章整体的主旨大意文章是由段落组成的。段落是发展一个主题的一群句子，段落围绕着中心思想展开，而 段落的中心思想又是为文章整体的中心思想服务的。寻找具体段落的中心思想的方法是：通 过分析篇章结构，找出每小段的主题句，通过主题句找出文章的主题。找准文章的主题句是 确定文章主旨大意的关键。主题是文章要表达的中心思想，文章的主题句通常都有一个话题, 它是文章的核心。主题句定位法是一种行之有效的方法。但是由于文章的不同，表现的手法也各有不同，主题句出现的

45、位置也不是一成不变的。 在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过寻找短文的主 题句来归纳出文章的主题。主题句在文章中的位置通常有三种情况：开头、中间、结尾(含 在开头结尾同时出现、首尾呼应的主题句)。因此，仔细阅读这类文章或段落的首尾句是关 键。做主旨大意类试题多采用浏览法(skimming),浏览时，一般不需逐句细读，只选读文章 的首段、尾段，或每段的首句和尾句，重点搜索主题线索和主题信息。文章主题常常可以通过文章的写作方法来体现，有以下五种情况：1 .中心主题句出现在文首开门见山，提出主题，随之用细节来解释、支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想。这是 英语中最常见的

46、演绎法写作方式，即由般到特殊，先提出观点，后举例论证，主题句则出 现在段首的写作方法。新闻报道通常就采用这种写法。新闻报道的苜句通常称为“新闻导语”，“导语”实际上就 是主题句，是对全文内容的高度概括。大意题、标题一般可在第一句话找到答题依据。2 .主题句出现在文尾在细节后，归纳要点、印象、结论、建议或结果，以概括主题。这是英语中最常见的归 纳法写作方式，即细节表述的句子在前，概括性的句子居后，主题句则常位于末段。3 .首尾呼应的写作方法为突出主题，作者先提出主题，结尾时再次点出主题，这种首尾呼应的写作方式也较为 多见。通常，前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复，后面的往往有进一步的引中或发展的意

47、 味。4 .中心主题隐含在全文之中，没有明确的主题句阅读这样的文章，就要求考生根据文章的细节来分析，概括出段落的主题，从而推导出 文章的主旨。分析的方法是，先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几个方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上 有什么联系，然后加以归纳形成主题。该类型的试题则迎刃而解。5 .主题句出现在文章的中间通常前面只提出问题，文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出，而 后乂作进一步的解释、支撑或发展.怎样给阅读文章整体加注标题高度概括法对文章主旨大意的考察，不仅可以直接以理解段落及文章的主旨大意的形式出现，而且 也可以用选择或拟定文章标题的形式出现。因此，选择文章标题，首先可以按照主旨大意

48、的 确定方式，先弄清文章的主旨大意，再定标题。标题位于文章之首，用来高度概括文章内容，点明文章主题。它是段落中心思想最精练 的表达形式。标题可帮助读者迅速推测出整篇文章的主要内容，抓住文章的中心，把握作者 的观点和意图。那么如何选择文章的标题呢？首先，要考虑标题对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何。一般要求能覆盖全文内容，体现文章主旨。要避免下列一种情况：概括不够（多表现为部分代整体，从而导致范围 太小）；过度概括（多表现为脱离本文章内容的发挥）；以事实、细节替代抽象具体的大 意。其次，要考虑标题的针对性，即标题范围要恰当，针对性强。要在阅读原文的基础上,仔细考虑所选标题与文章主题是否有密切的关系。既不能太大，也不能太小，太大则中 心就不突出，太小也发挥不了应起的作用；精确度高，不能随意改变语言的表意程度及色彩。 它可以是单词、短语，也可以是句子。再次要注意标题的醒目性，标题的选择要简洁、突出、新颖，标题是文章的点睛之笔， 是文章的灵魂和门面。标题的好坏往往影响了文章的可读性，读者常常从标题上决定文章的 阅读取舍。故标题一般比较醒目，甚至比较离奇，以此来吸引读者对文章的兴趣。最后要注意，要恰当地选好标题，还需要了解标题的基本拟定方法。一般说来，拟定标 题是以话题为核心，与控