克拉申第二语言习得理论(精品).ppt
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1、The Monitor ModelSong XuejiaoIntroductionThe Five HypothesesCausative Variables Taken into Account in the Monitor ModelEvaluation Introduction Stephen Krashen is professor emeritus at the University of Southern California,who moved from the linguistics department to the faculty of the School of Educ
2、ation in 1994.Introduction He is a linguist,educational researcher,and activist.Dr.Krashen has published more than 350 papers and books,contributing to the fields of second language acquisition(SLA),bilingual education,and reading.He is credited with introducing various influential concepts and term
3、s in the study of second language acquisition,including the acquisition-learning hypothesis,the input hypothesis,the monitor hypothesis,the affective filter,and the natural order hypothesis.Introduction 斯蒂芬斯蒂芬克拉申克拉申(Stephen Krashen)1941(Stephen Krashen)1941年出生于美国芝加哥,现为美国南加州大年出生于美国芝加哥,现为美国南加州大学荣休教授,他
4、毕生致力于第二语言获得学荣休教授,他毕生致力于第二语言获得的研究,这为他赢得了世界了性声誉。克的研究,这为他赢得了世界了性声誉。克拉申在拉申在2020世纪中叶以来提出的第二语言学世纪中叶以来提出的第二语言学习得的习得的“输入假说模式输入假说模式”,这是近几十年,这是近几十年来影响广泛、解释全面又很具争议性的理来影响广泛、解释全面又很具争议性的理论。论。The Five Hypotheses任何科学理论都是由一系列的假设组成的The Five HypothesesThe Monitor Model The AcquisitionLearning Hypothesis语言习得-学得假说The In
5、put Hypothesis语言输入假说 The Affective Filter Hypothesis情感过滤假说The Monitor Hypo thesis监控假说The Natural Order Hypothesis自然顺序假说The Five Hypotheses 早在1970 年代初克拉申就提出了“监控模式”(The Monitor Model),该模式以“监控假说(The Monitor Hypothesis)”为核心;80 年代中叶,克拉申对之进一步扩充修订,转为以“输入假说”(The input hypothesis)为中心,形成了“输入假说模式”。The Five Hyp
6、othesesThe acquisition-learning hypothesis The acquisition-learning distinction has already been considered in Chaper9(the role of formal instruction).The distinction lies at the heart of Krashens theory.It is applicable to the process of internalizing new L2 knowledge,to storing this knowledge,and
7、also to using it in actual performance.The Five Hypotheses1.Acquisition occurs subconsciously as a result of participating in natural communication where the focus is on meaning.2.In storage,acquired knowledge is located in the left hemisphere of the brain(in most users)in the language areas;it is a
8、vailable for automatic processing.1.Learning occurs as a result of conscious study of the formal properties of the language.2.Learnt knowledge is metalinguistic in nature.It is also stored in the left hemisphere,but not necessarily in the language areas;it is available only for controlled processing
9、.The acquisition-learning distinctionThe Five HypothesesIn performance,acquired knowledge serves as the major source for initiating both the comprehension and utterances.Learnt knowledge is available for use only by the MonitorThe Five Hypotheses 克拉申理论的出发点和核心,是他对“习得”和“学得”的区分,以及对它们各自在习得者第二语言能力形成过程中所起
10、的作用的认识。“习得”是潜意识过程,是注意意义的自然交际的结果,儿童习得母语便是这样的过程。习得的语言系统处于大脑左半球语言区,是自发语言运用的根本。与之相对的是“学得”,这是个有意识的过程,即通过课堂教师讲授并辅之以有意识的练习、记忆等活动,达到对所学语言的了解和对其语法概念的“掌握”。“学得”的系统虽然在大脑左半球,但不一定在语言区。克拉申认为,只有“习得”才能直接促进第二语言能力的发展,才是人们运用语言时的生产机制;而对语言结构有意的了解作为“学得”的结果,只能在语言运用中起监控作用,而不能视为语言能力本身的一部分。The Five Hypotheses 启示我们语言外语学习和母语习得是
11、不同的两个概念,外语学习理论不能照搬母语习得理论。改善环境,提高效率。克拉申在习得一学习假设中指出习得比学得更重要。所以外语教师在教学过程中就要想方设法增加学生习得的成分,使学生学得更轻松自然。要做到这一点,给学生创造真实的语言环境非常重要The Five HypothesesThe Natural Order Hypothesis The Natural Order Hypothesis draws on the SLA research literature that learners may follow a more or less invariant order in the acq
12、uisition of formal grammatical features.The Five Hypotheses-ing进行式进行式名词复数名词复数连系动词连系动词(“to be”)助动词助动词(进行式进行式,如如“He is going”)冠词冠词(a,the)不规则的过去式不规则的过去式规则的过去式规则的过去式第三人称单数第三人称单数-S所有格所有格S这种自然顺序是通过分析第这种自然顺序是通过分析第二语言习得的实验研究而得出二语言习得的实验研究而得出的的,它启示我们它启示我们,教学大纲并教学大纲并不一定按照这种顺序来制定。不一定按照这种顺序来制定。即即,在教学中在教学中,并不一定先并
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