雅思模拟试卷-阅读.pdf

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1、READING PASSAGE 1READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13,Questions 1-13,which are based on ReadingPassage 1 on pages 3 and 4.Questions 1-6Reading Passage 1 has six paragraphs,A-F.Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.Write the corr

2、ect number,i-ix,in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.List of HeadingsList of Headings The appearance and location of different seaweeds The appearance and location of different seaweeds The nutritional value of seaweeds The nutritional value of seaweeds How seaweeds reproduce and grow How seaweeds repr

3、oduce and grow How to make agar from seaweeds How to make agar from seaweeds The under-use of native seaweeds The under-use of native seaweeds Seaweed species at risk of extinction Seaweed species at risk of extinction Recipes for how to cook seaweeds Recipes for how to cook seaweeds The range of se

4、aweed products The range of seaweed products Why seaweeds dont sink or dry outWhy seaweeds dont sink or dry out123456Paragraph AParagraph BParagraph CParagraph DParagraph EParagraph F3Seaweeds of New ZealandSeaweeds of New ZealandA Seaweed is a particularly wholesome food,which absorbs and concentra

5、tes tracesof a wide variety of minerals necessary to the bodys health.Many elements mayoccur in seaweed-aluminum,barium,calcium,chlorine,copper,iodine and iron,toname but a few-tracesnormally produced by erosion and carried tothe seaweed bedsby river and sea currents.Seaweeds are also rich in vitami

6、ns;indeed,Inuits obtaina high proportion of their bodily requirements of vitamin C from the seaweeds theyeat.The health benefits of seaweed have long been recognized.For instance,thereis a remarkably low incidence of goiter among the Japanese,and also among NewZealands indigenous Maori people,who ha

7、ve always eaten seaweeds,and this maywell be attributed to the high iodine content of this food.Research into historicalMaori eating customs shows that jellies were made using seaweeds,nuts,fuchsia andtutu berries,cape gooseberries,and many other fruits both native to New Zealandand sown there from

8、seeds brought by settlers and explores.As with any plant life,some seaweeds are more palatable than others,but in a survival situation,mostseaweeds could be chewed to provide a certain sustenance.B New Zealand lays claim to approximately 700 species of seaweed,some of whichhave no representation out

9、side that country.Of several species grown worldwide,New Zealand also has a particularly large share.For example,it is estimated thatNew Zealand has some 30 species of Gigartina,a close relative of carrageen of Irishmoss.These are often referred to as the New Zealand carrageens.The substance calleda

10、gar which can be extracted from these species gives them great commercialapplication in the production of seameal,from which seameal custard(a food product)is made,and in the canning,paint and leather industries.Agar is also used in themanufacture of cough mixtures,cosmetics,confectionery and toothp

11、astes.In fact,during World War II,New Zealand Gigartina were sent to Australia to be used intoothpaste.C New Zealand has many of the commercially profitable red seaweeds,severalspecies of which are a source of agar(Pterocladia,Gelidium,Chondrus,Gigartina).Despite this,these seaweeds were not much ut

12、ilized until several decades ago.Although distribution of the Gigartina is confined to certain areas according tospecies.And even then,the east coast,and the area around Hokianga,have aconsiderable supply of the two species of Pterocladia from which agar is also made.New Zealand used to import the N

13、orthern Hemisphere Irish moss(Chondrus crispus)from England and ready-made agar from Japan.D Seaweeds are divided into three classes determined by colour-red,brown andgreen-and each tends to live in a specific position.However,expect for theunmistakable sea lettuce(Ulva),few are totally one colour;a

14、nd especially whendry,some species can change color significantly-a brown one may turn quite black,or a red one appear black,brown,pink or purple.Identification is neverthelessfacilitated by the factthat the factorswhich determine where aseaweed will groware quite precise,and they tend therefore to

15、occur in very well-defined zones.Although there are exceptions,the green seaweeds are mainly shallow-water algae;the browns belong to the medium depths;and the reds are plants of the deeper water,furthest from the shore.Those shallow-water species able to resist long periodsof exposure to sun and ai

16、r are usually found on the upper shore,while those lessable to withstand such exposure occur nearer to,of below,the low-water mark.Radiation from the sun,the temperature level,and the length of time immersed alsoplay a part in the zoning of seaweeds.Flat rock surfaces near mid-level tides arethe mos

17、t usual habitat of sea-bombs,Venus necklace,and most brown seaweeds.Thisis also reddish-purple lettuce.Deep-water rocks on open coasts,exposed only atvery low tide,are usually the site of bull-kelp,strapweeds and similar toughspecimens.Kelp,or bladder kelp,has stems that rise to the surface from mas

18、sive bases or holdfasts,the leafy branchesand long ribbons of leaves surging with the swells beyond the line of shallow coastalbreakers or covering vast areas of calmer coastal water.E Propagation of seaweeds occurs by seed-like spores,or by fertilization of eggcells.None have roots in the usual sen

19、se;few have leaves;and none have flowers,fruits or seeds.The plants absorb their nourishment through their leafy fronds whenthey are surrounded by water;the holdfast of seaweeds is purely an attaching organnot an absorbing one.F Some of the large seaweeds stay on the surface of the water by means of

20、air-filled floats;others,such as bull-kelp,have large cells filled with air,oftenreduce dehydration either by having swollen stems that contain water,or they may(like Venus necklace)have swollen nodules,or they may have a distinctive shapelike a sea-bomb.Others,like the sea cactus,are filled with a

21、slimy fluid or havea coating of mucilage on the surface.In some of the larger kelps,this coating isnot only to keep the plant moist,but also to protect it from the violent actionof waves.5 5Questions 7-10Questions 7-10Complete the flow-chart below.Complete the flow-chart below.Choose NO MORE THAN TH

22、REE WORDS from the passage for each answer.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes7-10 on your answer sheet.Write your answers in boxes7-10 on your answer sheet.Gigartina seaweedGigartina seaweed(other name(other name：7 )7 )ProducesProduces8 8 Is

23、Is usedused toto make ismake is usedused toto makemake 9 -medicines,9 -medicines,suchsuch As 10 As 10Is used to make -cosmeticsIs used to make -cosmeticsA type of custard -sweetsA type of custard -sweets-toothpastes-toothpastesQuestions 11-13Questions 11-13Classify the following characteristics as b

24、elong toClassify the following characteristics as belong to A brown seaweed A brown seaweed B green seaweed B green seaweed C red seaweed C red seaweedWrite the correct letter,A,B or C,in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet.Write the correct letter,A,B or C,in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet.11 can su

25、rvive the heat and dryness at the high-water mark11 can survive the heat and dryness at the high-water mark12 grow far out in the open sea12 grow far out in the open sea13 share their site with karengo seaweed13 share their site with karengo seaweed6READING PASSAGE 2READING PASSAGE 2You should spend

26、 about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26,which are based on ReadingYou should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26,which are based on ReadingPassage 2 on pages 6 and 7.Passage 2 on pages 6 and 7.TWO WINGS AND A TOOLKITTWO WINGS AND A TOOLKITA research team at Oxford University discover the remarkab

27、le toolmaking skillsof New Caledonian crownsBetty and her mate Abel are captive crows in the care of Alex Kacelnik,an expertin animal behavior at Oxford University.They belong to a forest-dwelling speciesof bird(Corvus moneduloides)confined to two islands in the South Pacific.NewCaledonian crows are

28、 tenacious predators,and the only birds that habitually usea wide selection of self-made tools to find food.One of the wild crows cleverest tools in the crochet hook,made by detaching aside twig from a larger one,leaving enough of the larger twig to shape into a hook.Equally cunning is a tool crafte

29、d from the barbed vine-leaf,which consists of acentral rib with paired leaflets each with a rose-like thorn at the top,whichremains as a ready-made hook to prise out insects from awkward cracks.The crows also make an ingenious tool called a padanus probe from padanus tree leaves.The tool has a broad

30、 base,sharp tip,a row of tiny hooks along one edge,and atapered shape created by the crow nipping and tearing to form a progression of threeor four steps along the other edge of the leaf.What makes this tool special isthat they manufacture it to a standard design,as if following a set of instruction

31、s.Although it is rare to catch a crow in the act of clipping out a padanus probe,we do have ample proof of their workmanship:the discarded leaves from which thetools are cut.The remarkable thing that these counterpart leaves tell us isthat crows consistently produce the same design every time.With n

32、o in-between ortrail versions.Its left the researchers wondering whether,like people,theyenvisage the tool before they start and perform the actions they know are neededto make it.Research has revealed that genetics plays a part in the lesssophisticated toolmaking skills of finches in the Galapagos

33、islands.No one knowsif thats also the case for New Caledonian crows,but itshighly unlikely thattheir toolmaking skills are hardwired into the brain.“The picture so far pointsto a combination of cultural transmission-from parent birds to their young-andindividual resourcefulness”,says Kacelnik.In a t

34、est at Oxford,Kacelniks team offered Betty and Abel an originalchallenge-food in a bucket at the bottom of a well.The only way to get thefood was to hook the bucket out by its handle.Given a choice of tools-a straightlength of wire and one with a hooked end-the birds immediately picked the hook,show

35、ing that they did indeed understand the functional properties of the tool.7But do they also have the foresight and creativity to plan the construction of theirtoolsIt appears they do.In one bucket-in-the-well test.Abel carried off the hook,leaving Betty with nothing but the straight wire.What happen

36、ed next wasabsolutely amazing,says Kacelnik.She wedged the tip of the wire into a crackin a plastic dish and pulled the other end to fashion her own hook.Wild crows donthave access to pliable,bendable material that retains its shape,and Bettys onlysimilar experience was a brief encounter with some p

37、ipe cleaners a year earlier.In nine out of ten further tests,she again made hooks and retrieved the bucket.The question of whats going on in a crows mind will take time and a lot moreexperiments to answer,but there could be a lesson in it for understanding our ownevolution.Maybe our ancestors,who su

38、ddenly began to create symmetrical tools withcarefully worked edges somemillion years ago,didnt actually have thesophisticated mental abilities with which we credit them.Close scrutiny of thebrains of New Caledonian crows might provide a few pointers to the specialattributes they would have needed.I

39、f were lucky we may find specificdevelopments in the brain that set these animals apart,says Kacelnik.One of these might be a very strong degree of laterality-the specialization of oneside of the brain to perform specific tasks.In people,the left side of the braincontrols the processing of complex s

40、equential tasks,and also language and speech.One of the consequences of this is thought to be right-handedness.Interestingly,biologists have noticed that most padanus proves are cut from the left side of theleaf,meaning that the handedness.The team thinks this reflects the fact that theleft side of

41、the crows brain is specialized to handle the sequential processingrequired to make complex tools.Under what conditions might this extraordinary talent have emerged in these twospecies They are both social creatures,and wide-ranging in their feeding habits.These factors were probably important but,ir

42、onically,it may have been theirshortcomings that triggered the evolution of toolmaking.Maybe the ancestors ofcrows and humans found themselves in a position of where they couldnt make thephysical adaptations required for survival so they had to change their behaviorinstead.The stage was then set for

43、 the evolution of those rare cognitive skillsthat produce sophisticated tools.New Caledonian crows may tell us what thosecrucial skills are.8 8Questions 14-17Questions 14-17Label the diagrams below.Label the diagrams below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Choose NO MORE

44、 THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.Write your answers in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.THREE TOOLS MADE BY CROWSTHREE TOOLS MADE BY CROWS9 9Questions 18-23Questions 18-23Do the following statements agree with the information giv

45、en in Reading PassageDo the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage2 2In boxes 18-23 on your answer sheet,writeIn boxes 18-23 on your answer sheet,write TRUE if the statements agree with the information TRUE if the statements agree with the information FALSE if the s

46、tatements contradicts the information FALSE if the statements contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this18 there appears to be a fixed patter for the padanus18 there appears to be a fixed patter for the padanusprobes construc

47、tion.probes construction.19 there19 there isis plentyplenty ofof evidenceevidence toto indicateindicate howhow thethe crowscrows manufacturemanufacture thethe padanuspadanusproveprove20 crows20 crows seemseem toto practicepractice a a numbernumber ofof timestimes beforebefore makingmaking a a usable

48、usable padanuspadanus probeprobe21 the21 the researchersresearchers suspectsuspect thethe crowscrows havehave a a mentalmental imagesimages ofof thethe padanuspadanus probeprobebefore they create it.before they create it.22 research into how the padanus probe is made as helped to explain the22 resea

49、rch into how the padanus probe is made as helped to explain thetoolmaking skills of many other bird species.toolmaking skills of many other bird species.23 the23 the researchersresearchers believebelieve thethe abilityability toto makemake thethe padanuspadanus probeprobe isis passedpassed downdownt

50、o the crows in their genesto the crows in their genesQuestions 24-26Questions 24-26Choose THREE letters,A-GChoose THREE letters,A-GWrite the correct letters in boxes 24-26 on you answer sheet.Write the correct letters in boxes 24-26 on you answer sheet.AccordingAccording toto thethe informationinfor