《西方文明史》PPT课件.ppt

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1、西方文明史西方文明史第十一講：中古歐洲社會第十一講：中古歐洲社會劉慧教授【本本著著作作除除另另有有註註明明外外，採採取取創創用用CC姓姓名名標標示示非非商商業業性性相相同同方方式式分分享享臺臺灣灣3.0版版授授權權釋釋出出】1MedievalSocietyPopulation 1000-1300 France 6 million to 14 million Germany 4 million to 11 million England 2 million to 5 million(The peasants,the urban dwellers,)the nobility21.Thenobili

2、tyRoman senatorial class,city councilors,barbarian leaders:social status had an economic basisMerovingian and Carolingian period:Knigsnhe(closeness to the king)All free men had military obligation10th c:counts private,territorial power 11th c:castellans joined the nobilityTheir armed retainers monop

3、olized the use of force12th c:knights joined the nobility;the nobility became militarizedEconomic,political,military factors32.12-13th-cnobleknightsandknightlynobles10th c knights were Military retainers,defined by their military functionNot necessarily professionals:Some household knights were pros

4、,but there were also occasional knights,agrarian knightsLow birth,mostly possessing little or no landLate 11th c:cavalry charge with couched lanceLate 12th c:knights and nobles coalesced1180s:dubbing as coming-of-age ceremony for noble youthsTraining,equipment,trappings increasingly expensiveA new i

5、mage for the knight:4Cavalry charge with couched lance:on the battlefield/jousting in a tournament51)11-12th c:emphasis by the church of the Christian warriorThe crusades:1096-99,1147-49The military orders:the Hospitallers 1113;the Templers 1119;the Teutonic Knights 11902)A more courtly environment

6、and household discipline3)Celebration of knightly prowess in literary worksChivalry:a common code of conduct took shapeUpholding the virtues of courage,honour and serviceGradually became good manners:courtliness,courteous(civility,urbanity)63.Mid13thcto15thcIn England 1066-:200 barons c.1200:4,500-5

7、,000 knights c.1300:1,500 knights(+1,500 esquires)Distraint of knighthood 1240s,50sSocial and economic position could be achieved throughinheriting the patrimony and wealth and service to the king;not necessarily through a knightly vocation.Knightly ethos was still entrenched:seal and heraldry1)The

8、Parliamentary peerageDukes(1337 duke of Cornwall),earls(11th c)and barons(11th c;1387),marquess(1385),viscount(1440)60-70 families2)The gentryKnights,esquires(14th c),gentlemen(15th c)9,000 families3)Yeomen and the rest7Seals:widely used in England by 13008MedievalpoetryLatin poemsVernacular poems:1

9、.Northern France:epics(chansons de geste)The Song of Roland2.Southern France:lyric poetryCourtly love.Secret,distant,unrequited3.Epic+lyric=romanceThe Trojan War,Alexander the Great,King ArthurSupernatural world of Celtic myths Theme 1:love.Old and new values in conflictTheme 2:Christian purity and

10、dedication quests9RomanceMarie de France(d.c.1190)Chrtien de Troyes(c.1135-1183)Wolfram von Eschenbach,Gittfried von Strassburg Tristan and IseultErec et EnideLe Chevalier de la Charrette Lancelot and GuinevereYvainPerceval or Le conte del GraalAdventure;code of chivalryThe church,the crusades,the m

11、ilitary orders The chivalric orders in the Later Middle Ages Don Quixote;Wagner and the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood JohnWilliamWaterhouse(1849-1917)TristanandIseult1916 10版權聲明頁碼作品版權標示作者/來源4De Graafschap in de Middeleeuwen/Alfred Stern(http:/www.graafschap-middeleeuwen.nl/adel/ridder.html)，2012.06.07

12、visited.4WIKIPEDIA(http:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Accolade_by_Edmund_Blair_Leighton.jpg)，2012.06.07 visited.5Flickr/rb3m(http:/ visited.5Flickr/James Laing(http:/ visited.6WIKIPEDIA(http:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HRH_Prince_Richard_Duke_of_Gloucester.JPG)，2012.06.07 visited.11頁碼作品版權標示作者/來源8Londo

13、n School of Hygiene&Tropical Medicine(http:/timeline.lshtm.ac.uk/1920.html)，2012.06.07visited.依據著作權法第 46、52、65 條合理使用。8Portable Antiquities Scheme(http:/finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/425831)，2012.06.07 visited.8Portable Antiquities Scheme(http:/finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/487955)，2012.06.07 visited.10WIKIPEDIA(http:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_william_waterhouse_tristan_and_isolde_with_the_potion.jpg#)，2012.06.07 visited.12