考研英语长难句分析之_特殊句式.pdf

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1、-第五讲特殊句式及长难句解析第五讲特殊句式及长难句解析1简单句、并列句、复合句从句:名词性：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句形容词性：定语从句定语从句副词性：状语从句-时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、比拟、方式2省略句、比拟构造、倒装句、分割构造英语中还有一些特殊句式，出现在阅读理解中，势必会成为我们理解文章的障碍。但是，特殊句式还是有语法规律的，因此，如果我们能熟练应用特殊句式的语法规律，在阅读中一眼就能识别并领会这些特殊语法现象，障碍就根本克制了。1.1.省略句省略句资料 4747To err is human;to forgive,divine.Brevity is t

2、he soul of wit.文体畅晓，其智乃见。省略是将句子中的赘述局部删去，防止重复，使句子更简洁，加强表达容的连贯性和逻辑性。被省略的局部大多是 主语主语、谓语谓语或谓语中的助动词谓语中的助动词等。文章中的省略现象会使句子成分短缺，造成句子不完整，如果看不出句子中省略了什么成分，就容易造成对文章的理解困难。省略句一般只有当各组成局部有共同的成分才有共同的成分才可能出现省略。对于这类句式，其难点在于发现省略成分，一旦找出并补充完整，句意理解就会大大简化。省略句如果出现在翻译中，在翻译的时候，一定要把省略的局部翻译出来，否则会扣分。A A：andand 连接的并列句的省略连接的并列句的省略材

3、料 4848 页：Until these issues are resolved,a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected,and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.2002分析：很明显，and with it possibly the only way to solve our problem，是一个省略句，with 做状语一般表示伴随，这一个分句只有一个状语加一个名词构造，构不成一个完整的句子。实际上，与前句一样的成分才会被省略，前一句的谓语局部是：wil

4、l continue to be rejected.所以，后一分句补充完整就是：with the rejection of the technology of behavior,possibly the only way tosolve our problem will continue to be rejected.练习：1.The reasons for poverty are many,but for the most part center on illiteracy,the lack ofopportunities and in some cases pure laziness.(主

5、语 the reasons)2.He majors in English,and I,in French.(谓语 major)3.Self-confidence gives you light when you are in dark and encouragement when you are dismay.(省略主谓)B B：状语从句中的省略：状语从句中的省略规则：当主句的主语与从句主语一致时候，且从句的谓语动词是 Be 动词时候，从句可省略 主谓。See 材料 48 页 1.让步状语从句 2 时间状语从句3If handled properly and not misused,the c

6、lone technology will only bring more benefit thandisaster to mankind.(条件状语从句)4Some people look as if afraid of nothing.(方式状语从句)5The puter is still not yet able to do the work as well as an intelligent secretary.比拟真题例句真题例句 1 1Actually we know of no type of astronomical body in which the conditions ca

7、n befavorable to life e*cept planets like our own revolving round a sun.这是复合句。in which 引导定语从句，修饰astronomical body.介词 e*cept 引起的短语作状语。在介词短语 like our own 后面省略了 planet.revolving 为现在分词短语作定语，修饰 our ownplanet.翻译时根据汉语习惯，将状语提前译出。译文 事实上，除了像地球这样围绕太阳旋转的行星以外，我们不知道是否在其他类型.z.-的天体上也有适合生命存在的条件。真题例 2：Failing hips ca

8、n be replaced,clinical depression controlled,cataracts removed in a30-minute surgical procedure.【解析】本句是由三个并列构造的短句组成，其中后两个分句clinical depression controlled和cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure 都承第一个分句省略了can be。此句注意不要将后两个平行构造的分句看成了独立主格构造。【翻译】髋骨出了问题可以更换，临床的忧郁症可以控制，白障仅用30 分钟的外科手术便可以切除。2 2比

9、拟构造比拟构造英语比拟构造最主要分为两种一：平级 asas 构造，这种构造的根本模式是：as+形容词或副词原级+as,通常表示事物之间*方面一样；翻译：A 和 B 一样；和 B 一样，A否认形式 not as/soas,表示两者程度不等，not as/so as 前者不如后者 A 不如 BPeople are not so honest as they once were.not so much as与其 不如See 材料 48 页二：比拟级 than 构造，表达事物之间差异1 1）less than(与其不如，可等同于not as much as)等等。See 材料 49 页Science,

10、in practice,depends far less on the e*periments it prepares than on thepreparedness of the minds of the men who watch the e*periments.See 材料51页【分析】less.than可以理解为“不是而是。【翻译】在实践中，科学不是依靠事先有准备的试验，而是依靠实验观察者有所准备的头脑。2 2）morethan 构造，这种构造的根本模式是：形容词或副词比拟级+than，其否认形式多用 not as/soas,形容词或副词比拟级前常用much,far,a little,

11、a bit,a lot,a great deal 等词语修饰；See 材料 50 页The ple*ity of the human situation and the injustice of the social order demand far more fundamentalchanges in the basic structure of society itself than some politicians are willing to admit in theirspeeches.和有些政客们在演讲中愿意公开成认的事实相比,人类生存状态和社会不公正现象目前已经非常复杂,这种复杂

12、性要求社会构造进展根本性改革.Medicine is more an art than a science.3)3)no more thanSee 材料 51 页The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach,for they are both controlled by the brain.译文：心脏和胃一样都无智力可言，因为它们都是由大脑控制的。4)4)no lessthanthe more people online,the more potential customers there arethe more people online

13、,the more potential customers there are。The moreThe more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure,which today isan electronic infrastructure,the better the better off youre going to be.【分析】本句主干使用了the morethe more越越的构造。you have 是省略了引导词的定语从句，修饰先行词foreign capital;现在分词构造

14、 helping you build your ThirdWave infrastructure 作 foreign capital 的后置定语。逗号之前是由 which 引导的非限定性定语从.z.-句 which today is an electronic infrastructure，修饰前面的 Third Wave infrastructure。【翻译】你拥有的用于建造第三次浪潮根底设施 今天主要指电子根底设施 的外国资金越多，你将越富有。3 3倒装构造倒装构造倒装是一种语法手段，用以强调*一句子构造句子构造或*一句子成分一句子成分。倒装分为两种：将主语和谓语完全颠倒过来，叫做 完全倒

15、装完全倒装；只将助动词包括情态动词移至主语之前，叫做局部倒装局部倒装。Then began a hot debate between the two parties.(完全倒装)Never have we found him in such a good mood.局部倒装理解倒装句的有效对策是找到句中的主语、谓语，进而将谓语动词复原到主语之后按照正常语序再来完整的理解该句话。See 材料 51 页 例句分析：see 材料 59 页Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more

16、regionalpetition.【解析】本句是全部倒装句，正常语序为The pictureis emerging from the 1980 census,倒装的原因是这个句子主语the picture 后面的现在分词构造 developing more and more regionalpetition 作 nation 的后置定语。句末是由as 引导的时间状语从句，表示一种伴随状态。【翻译】1980 年美国人口普查说明：国家部地区间的竞争越来越剧烈了。4.4.分隔构造分隔构造所谓分隔构造，就是两个语法或语义关系密切的成分之间插入了其他成分插入了其他成分，造成原本应该紧靠一起的两个成分相别

17、离的现象。常见的分隔形式有：1.主语与谓语的分隔主语与谓语的分隔This success,coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined,ledEricsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive e*ercise than an intuitive one.【分析】本句主干是This successled Ericsson to conclude,逗号之间的过去分词构造coupledw

18、ith later research将主语 This success 和谓语 led 分隔开，构成了分隔构造。此分隔构造中现在分词短语 showing作定语，修饰 later research；由 that 引导的宾语从句 that memory itself isnot genetically determined,作 showing 的宾语。主句的宾语 Ericsson 之后的不定式构造 toconclude作宾语补足语，此不定式构造中又包含一个宾语从句that the actis morethan,作 conclude 的宾语，其中包含一个morethan的比拟构造。【翻译】这项成功以及

19、后来说明记忆本身并不是由基因决定的研究使埃里克逊得出这样的结论：记忆是一种认知行为，而不是天生的。2.谓语动词与宾语的分隔谓语动词与宾语的分隔、See 材料 54 页3.定语或定语从句与先行词的分隔等Here is an e*ample,which I heard at a nurses convention,of a story which works well because theaudience all shared the same view of doctors.【分析】本句主干是 Here is an e*ampleof a story。e*ample 和其定语 of a sto

20、ry 之间插入了一个非限定性定语从句which I heard at a nurses convention，形成分隔构造，给阅读带来障碍。story后面又跟一个由which 引导的定语从句which works well because the audience all sharedthe same view of doctors，此定语从句中又包含一个because 引导的原因状语从句。【翻译】下面以一个我在一个护士大会上听到的故事为例。这个故事的幽默效果很好，因为听众对医生都有同样的看法。此外 还有介词与其宾语被分隔、同位语或同位语从句与先行词的分隔等。、.z.-对于分隔构造，只有从构造

21、上构造上和语义语义上弄清它才能防止理解上的错误，在阅读时，一定要把语义相关的局部找到并且联系起来把语义相关的局部找到并且联系起来，这样才能真正理解句子意思。简言之，只有先找出了整个句子的主干主干，句子理解起来就不难了。5.5.否认句否认句Not no hardly 不考 考啥？由思维习惯所形成的固有思维定势，使否认比肯定难于理解。通常，否认难点有以下三类：Until否认构造、双重否认、否认转移否认转移。UntilUntil否认构造否认构造，指notuntil这个句型。但这个构造经常以变体的形式使用，就是把 until局部提到句首，变成until,not.,在对该句理解时until局部理解为直到

22、，not理解为去掉not的肯定。Until recently,scientists have been unable to devise a drill which would be capable of cutting throughhard rock at great depths.【分析】这个句子构造并不复杂，但很容易被误解。这句话很容易按照英文字面顺序被错误的理解为“直到最近，科学家们一直不能设计出。但注意，这里的Until recently，scientistshave been unable要理解为“直到最近，科学家们才能。【翻译】直到最近，科学家们才得以设计出一种可以钻透极深处坚

23、硬岩石的钻头。双重否认双重否认是指句子中有两个否认成分，两者互相抵消，表示肯定意义。Ill-mannered tourist guides are hardly unknown in Kunming.【分析】并不罕见。否认转移否认转移，其难点在于对句中否认容的理解，为了更便于理解句子的意思，我们可以把主句的否认词移至从句或从句的否认词转至主句进展理解。Dont cry because it is over,but smile because it happened.【分析】我们看到，这里形式上是否认谓语cry，但实际上是否认原因从句。因此，这句不能理解成“别哭，因为已经完毕了。【翻译】不要因为

24、感情完毕而伤心落泪，要因为曾经经历而微笑面对。一言九鼎，但安特吉Entergy公司显然不是这样。这家公司是新英格兰地区的主要能源供给商。当它在上周宣布摒弃一个长久的允诺的时候 即不再遵守该州严格的核能规定，其这一举动理所当然引起了佛蒙特州Vermont人们的强烈愤慨。相反，公司的所作所为恰恰背离它当初曾许下的承诺：在联邦法院上挑战佛蒙特州法规的合宪性。为了竭力维持佛蒙特基Yankee核电站的运行，背信弃义是它采取的局部手段。这可谓惊世之举。这种冲突自 2002 年以来就出现了苗头。在 2002 年，公司购置佛蒙特州仅有的一所核电站 位于佛蒙镇上的一个日益老化的反响堆。作为让州政府批准这项购置协

25、议的条件，公司同意在 2012 年以后向该州的管理部门申请经营权。在2006 年，佛蒙特州更进一步，要求核电站的任何执照延期必须经过佛蒙特州立法部门的审批。当时，公司也照着做了。或许是 Entergy 公司从未真正想履行这些承诺，或者是根本没有预见未来会发生的状况。事故接连不断发生，包括 2007 年冷却塔局部垮塌以及地下管道系统发现了泄露，让人们对佛蒙特Yankee核电站的平安性及Entergy公司的管理产生了严重疑心 尤其在公司在对管道泄露问题上做出了误导性表述之后，人们更加疑心。佛蒙特州的参议院被Entergy 公司的行为激怒了，在去年以 26 票对 4 票否决了 Entergy 公司的

26、一个延期申请。.z.-现在，公司突然声称，因为 2006 年制定的法案，2002 年的那个协定便失效了，并且只有联邦政府才具有对核电站问题的监管权。这个案件涉及的法律问题还很模糊：尽管最高法院已经规定各州在核电站的监管上有一定的权力，但是法律学者认为佛蒙特州的情况将会提供一个先例，来验证这些权力可能延伸到何种程度。当然，人们真正担忧的是，如果各州都制定自己的法规，随之便产生修补性法规。但是，如果Entergy 公司能够遵守诺言的的话，这种争论也就没有意义了。该公司似乎已经得出结论，它在佛蒙特州已名誉扫地，则和州政府打一场官司也不担忧会遭受更大的损失。但是，这样做还是会产生严重的影响。公众出于信

27、任，才允许经营核电站。Entergy 公司在美国还经营其他 11 个反响堆，其中包括普利茅斯Plymouth的“朝圣者Pilgrim核电站。公司保证让 Pilgrim 核电站平安运转，并向联邦政府申请，批准其延长20 年的经营许可。但是，当核研究委员会 NRC 在审查公司申请的时候，应该切记 Entergy公司的哪些诺言还靠得住。考研英语语法精讲讲义考研英语语法精讲讲义(4)(4)：特殊句型之倒装：特殊句型之倒装新屠皓民阅读：1256 评论：0 收藏与千万沪友一起交流外语学习心得，赶快注册吧！根本句型根本句型主谓宾定状表I like watching the romantic movies i

28、n my spare time.He is a famous teacher in this university.谓语动词的助动词watch-dowatched-didwatches-doeshas/have watched-has/havehad watched-hadcan watch-can全部倒装 谓语动词放置在主语之前An old man lives in the city center.=In the city center lives an old man.z.-A temple stands on the mountain.=On the mountain stands a

29、temple.全部倒装？强调句中的地点副词或状语There goes the bus.In the city center lives an old man.Under the tress sat a wounded soldier.With economic growth has e centralization:fully 76 percent of Japans 119 million citizens live in cities wheremunity and the e*tended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated,t

30、wo-generation house-holds.考研阅读全部倒装难点：分词构造的倒装(a)All kinds of sea animal bodies are buried in the deep sea.(b)Our teacher was walking at the head of the line.Buried in the deep sea are all kinds of sea animal bodies.Walking at the head of the line was our teacher.(a)Added to the stress is their opport

31、unity for stress.(2008)(b)Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional petition,aspopulation growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.局部倒装 主语和谓语动词位置不变，将谓语动词的助动词放置到主语的前面。Only with you can I feel happy.Little does he care about what I

32、said.什么时候需要局部倒装？1句首出现否认词 never,nor,seldom,little,hardly,scarcely,rarely,few 等I never trust you.=Never do I trust you.He seldom believes the information from the Internet.=Seldom does he believe the information from the Internet.z.-(2)否认词组在句首He no longer works for the money,but for the personal devel

33、opment.=No longer does he work for the money,but for the personal development.(3)only+状语/状语从句在句首We can achieve the goal only in this way.=Only in this way can we achieve the goal.(a)Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own.(b)Only when

34、the meeting was over was he able to meet his friend.(4)so 或 so 引导的短语放在句首要局部倒装He saw the film.So did she.【So he did.】-She is a student.-So am I.He ran so fast that we couldnt catch up with him.=So fast did he run that we couldnt catch up with him.She speaked so loudly that everyone could hear her cle

35、arly.=So loudly did she speak that everyone could hear her clearly.Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role,too and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterdays“babyboom generation reached its child-bearing years.5让步状语从句的倒装Although I am young,I can live by myself.=Young as I am,I can live by myself.

36、=Young though I am,I can live by myself.Although he is a child,he has learned to earn a living.=Child as he is,he has learned to earn a living.=Child though he is,he has learned to earn a living.Although I like you very much,=Much as I like you,=Though as I like you,Odd though it sounds,cosmic infla

37、tion is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in.z.-elementary-particle physics,and many astrophysics have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it istrue.特殊句型Hardly whenNo soonerthan一就No sooner(Hardly)had we reached home than(when)it began to rain.Hardly had the football match begun when it started snowing.No sooner had he arrived at the station than the train began to leave.z.